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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 





































































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THE 


1 ^ 
-f ' l 


American Manual 

OF 


USEFUL, INTERESTING, AND INSTRUCTIVE INFORMATION, 
EMBRACING OVER SIXTY DIFFERENT SUBJECTS; 


AMONG WHICH ARE 


Law, Finance, Politics, Weights, Measures, Capacities, Distances, 
Chemistry, Astronomy, Meteorology, Synonyms, 
Populations, Foreign Statistics, Etc. 



• BY 

WILLIAM H. STARKEY. 



PHILADELPHIA AND NEW YORK. 



1 882 . 






I 


ACj f05 


Entered According to Act of Congress, in the Year 1882 , by 

WILLIAM H. STARKEY, 

in the Office of tiie Librarian of Congress, Washington, E>. C. 


THE LIBKAMy] 
or CONGkEfSi 

^4181 If gram | 








% 


i 


PREFACE. 


While the utility of a reliable book of this nature is undoubted, very few have 
any adequate idea of the difficulties encountered or the time consumed by the 
publisher in its compilation. 

The uses of such a book are manifold. For the student reading, the business 
man in times of doubt, the politician in case of argument, and the lawyer for 
quick reference, it is ever ready in time of need; while five minutes devoted to 
it a day would improve the mind and memory of many who now think them¬ 
selves well posted. 

In the preparation of the American Manual it has also been the aim to 
steadily keep in view the information constantly needed by all classes of people, 
so as to enable them to refer quickly, instead of wading through whole libraries 
to find that which is here presented. 

It is often the case that a person wishing to draw up some legal paper, as 
a bill of sale, a contract, or a lease, hesitates to do so for fear he may omit 
some small word or technical term which might invalidate the instrument, and 
so is obliged to go to the expense of employing a lawyer to do it for him. These 
are only a few specimen cases in which this department will be found useful. 
To know how to draw up a note, a draft or a receipt, should be learnt by every 
<me. It will save them much time, avoid confusion, and prevent them from 
giving written papers which can be construed to mean entirely contrary from 
what it was intended they should. The Homestead Laws of the State whereof 
one is a resident should be known, as well as of those of the States adjacent. 

In loaning or borrowing money, the interest laws will come into play; while 
of the interest tables themselves it would be superfluous to speak, seeing that 
nearly all banks and large business houses make use of them in their daily 
transactions. Per cent, being a subject so imperfectly understood, we have 
added a valuable table, by means of which the per cent, on any article can bo 
easily determined. The wages table for employers, and the foreign money table 
for merchants doing an export or import business will also be found handy. 

The statistical department has been prepared to meet the wants and wishes 
of all classes, whether it be a politician, a statistician or a student of history. 
These tables have been prepared with great care, and those relating to the 
government and populations have been compiled entirely from official sources; 
so that though perhaps a few errors may have crept in, they will be found very 
few, and the work can be relied upon as being as free from such as any publi¬ 
cation of a similar nature that has ever been published. 



4 


PREFACE. 


The practical mechanic, as well as the business man, will find much to assist 
him in the weights, measures and capacities, and the traveling public can at 
once turn to the distance tables and find the exact number of miles from place 
to place. The calendar for two hundred years under the head “miscellaneous” 
will enable any one to discover the precise day of the week on which any date, 
past, present or to come, will fall. 

To the young man or young lady about to enter society, and indeed to many 
of the older, the etiquette department will prove a valuable friend. If it is 
carefully studied and its teachings remembered, it will be the means of saving 
many pangs of mortification to those who would thoughtlessly commit errors- 
which might be the cause of estranging from them people who would otherwise 
be good friends. Aside from all refining influences, it is policy to be possessed 
of good manners. 

When the value of synonyms are once understood their need will be ever 
after felt, and indeed should be at hand at all times, to enable one to express 
himself with conciseness and decision. There is no department that will prove 
more useful than this. 

The number of people who mispronounce words, and many of them of the 
simplist kind, has induced us to add the last department. It will well repay 
anyone to occasionally glance over these few pages, if they wish to become good 
talkers or writers. 

In the Science department it has not been our aim to delve deeply into the 
subject, but simply to enter an opening wedge and cause a demand for further 
knowledge. There is nothing that will afford greater pleasure to the careful 
reader than to obtain a knowledge of the mysteries that surround him in his 
daily life. What querries suggest themselves when we consider that all about 
us, all we feel, all we see, all we eat, drink, and wear; the high mountains, the 
green fields, the running waters, all, all are but a combination of gasses, con¬ 
stantly undergoing change. It is a study that once entered upon, will be 
followed while life lasts. 

And now, thanking the many who have so kindly assisted us in our labor, 
We present it to the public in the full confidence that it will meet many wants, 
and in the hope that it will find a resting place on the shelves of many private 
libraries throughout the land. 



ALL COMMUNICATIONS in regard to the American Manual should be addressed, “W, H. 
Starkey, 116 North Ninth Street, Philadelphia, Pa.” 





LEGAL. 


NOTES AND DRAFTS.—Notes on demand, notes on demand, with 
interest, note on time, joint note, bank note, note not negotiable, 
negotiable note payable in merchandise, joint negotiable note pay¬ 
able at a bank, note negotiable by endorsement, note negotiable 
without endorsement, judgment note, statement of account, receipt 
on account, receipt in full, inland drafts, due bill, order for money. 

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT.—General form of an agreement, 
agreement for building a house, agreement for the sale and delivery 
of personal property. 

BILL OF SALE.—Form of a common bill of sale. 

BONDS.—Form of a common bond, with condition. 

DEEDS.—Form of a deed without covenants, form of a deed with 
full covenants, form of a quit-claim deed, proof of deed. 

MORTGAGES.—Form of a mortgage, satisfaction of mortgage. 

CHATTLE MORTGAGES.—Form of common chattle mortgage, form 
of sale on chattle mortgage. 

LANDLORD AND TENANT.—Form of a landlord’s lease, form of a 
tenant’s agreement, form of notice to quit, by landlord, form of 
notice to quit, by tenant. 

PARTNERSHIP.—Form of articles of partnership. 

MILLS.—General form of a will, disposing of both real and personal 
property. 

ASSIGNMENTS.—General form of an assignment. 

EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALES. 

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS on Open Accounts, Notes, Judg¬ 
ments, Etc. 





















\ 







NOTES AND DRAFTS. 

A note made on Sunday is not void in all the states. 

A note obtained by fraud, or even from one intoxicated with intent to defraud, 
cannot be collected. 

If a note be stolen it does not release the maker—he must pay it. 

An endorser of a note is exempt from liability, if not served with notice of its 
dishonor within reasonable time of its non-payment. 

A note by a minor is voidable. 

Notes bear interest only when so stated, but do bear interest from date of 
maturity. 

Principals are responsible for their agents. 

Each individual in partnership is responsible for the whole amount of the debts 
of the firm. 

Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

It is a fraud to conceal a fraud. 

The law compels no one to do impossibilities. 

An agreement without consideration is void. 

Signatures in lead pencil are good in law. 

A receipt for money is not legally conclusive. 

The acts of one partner bind all the others. 

Contracts made on Sunday can be enforced in some states. 

A contract made with a minor is voidable. 

The maker of an “ accommodation ” bill or note (one for which he has received 
no consideration, having lent his name or credit for the accommodation of the 
holder), is not bound to the person accommodated, but is bound to all other parties 
precisely as if there was a good consideration. 

Checks or drafts must be presented for payment without unreasonable delay. 

If the drawee of a check or draft has changed his residence, the holder must 
use due or reasonable diligence to find him. 

If one holds a check as payee or otherwise transfers it to another, he has a right 
to insist that the check be presented that day, or, at farthest, on the day following. 

A note endorsed in blank (the name of the endorser only written) is transfera¬ 
ble by delivery the same as if made payable to bearer. 

If the time of payment of a note is not inserted, it is held payable on demand. 
Notes payable “ on demand ” are not entitled to grace. 

An endorsee has a right of action against all whose names were on the bill 
when he received it. 

If the letter containing a protest of non-payment be put into the post-office, any 
mis-carriage does not affect the party giving notice. 

If two or more persons as partners are jointly liable on a note or bill, due notice 
to one of them is sufficient. 

If a note or bill is transferred as security, or even as payment of a pre-existing 
debt, the debt revives if the bill or note be dishonored. 

All claims which do not' rest upon a seal or judgment must be sued within six 
years from the time when they arise. 

Part payment of a debt which has passed the statutory limitation revives the 
whole debt, and the claim holds good for another period of six years from the date 
of such partial payment 


( 7 ) 


8 


NOTES AND DRAFTS. 


If when a debt is due the debtor is out of the State, the “six years ” do not 
begin to run until he returns. If he afterward leave the State, the time forward 
counts the same as if he remained in the State. 

An oral agreement must be proved by evidence. A written agreement proves 
itself. The law prefers written to oral evidence, because of its precision. 


NOTE ON DEMAND. 

$300.75 New York, February 14th, 1882. 

On demand, I promise to pay Samuel Smith, or order, three hundred dollars 
and seventy-five cents, value received. Win. Cox. 


NOTE ON DEMAND, WITH INTEREST. 

$205.50 Brooklyn, August 29th, 1883. 

For value received, I promise to pay John Fuller, or bearer, two hundred and 
five dollars and fifty cents, on demand, with interest. John Hawkins. 


NOTE ON TIME. 

$275. Jersey City, April 27th, 1883. 

Ninety days after date I promise to pay Messrs. Kinlock & Lewis, or order, two 
hundred and seventy-five dollars, value received. Paul Jones. 


A JOINT NOTE. 

$333.74 New York, June 6th, 1882. 

Six months after date we severally and jointly promise to pay George Griscom, 
or order, three hundred and thirty-three dollars and seventy-four cents. 

Andrew Duncan. 
Theodore Lane. 


BANK NOTE. 

$800. Newburgh, July 12,1881. 

Sixty days from date I promise to pay S. G. & B. Jones, or order, at the 
Chemical Bank, eight hundred dollars, value received. N. C. Goldsmith. 

Remarks. —The above are the usual form of notes. A note on demand is due 
at any time when demanded. A note payable to S. S. or order, may be sold or 
negotiated if S. S. writes his name upon the back, and if payable to S. S. or bearer , 
it can be sold without being endorsed, and will be good to the holder. In the 
State of Pennsylvania the words “ without defalcation ,” or “ discounnt” are 
inserted after dollars. In Missouri, the words “ negotiable and payable , without 
defalcation or discount ” must be added to the words “ for value received.” 

When two or more persons sign a note “ severally or jointly,” they are each 
responsible for its payment. The words “ value received ” should be written on a 
note to make it valid. 

A person endorsing a note, or writing his name across the back, becomes 
responsible for its payment. If, however, the person thus endorsing is not notified 







JUDGMENT NOTE. 


0 


when the note becomes due, of its non-payment by the drawer, he can no longer 
be held responsible for its payment. A partial payment of a note should always 
be endorsed on the same. 


JOINT NEGOTIABLE NOTE PAYABLE AT A BANK. 

Trenton, November 10, 1884, 

Four months after date, we promise to pay William Alfred Porter, or order, 
eleven hundred dollars, at the Workingmen’s Bank, Trenton.) 

Messrs. Power & Strength. 


NEGOTIABLE NOTE PAYABLE IN MERCHANDISE. 

$300. 

Thirty days after date, for value received, I promise to pay to Morris Lloyd, or 
•order, three hundred dollars in merchantable corn, at the current price. 

Walter Stelwagon. 


NOTE NOT NEGOTIABLE. 

$700. New York, September 4,1882. 

Ten days after date, I promise to pay Herbert Janney seven hundred dollars, 
value received. Romeo Hamlet. 


NOTE NEGOTIABLE BY ENDORSEMENT. 

$310. Brooklyn, July 7th, 1883. 

Twenty days after date, I promise to pay to the order of Morris Long, three 
hundred and ten dollars, value received. Clarence Duke. 


NOTES NEGOTIABLE WITHOUT INDORSEMENT. 

$1000. • New Orleans, September 29,1883. 

Two months after date, I promise to pay to Jeremiah Noodle, or bearer, one 
thousand dollars, value received. Lemuel Needle. 


FORM OF JUDGMENT NOTE. 

$900. 

For value received, I promise to pay to Jezabel Moon, or order, the sum of nine 
hundred dollars, ninety days after date 5 and I hereby nominate, constitute, and 
appoint the said Jezabel Moon, or any attorney-at-law of this State, my tiue and 
lawful attorney irrevocable, for me, and in my name, to appear in any Court of 
Record of this State, at any time after the above promisory note becomes due, and 








10 


INLAND DRAFTS. 


to waive all process and service thereof, and to confess judgment in favor of the 
holder hereof for the sum that may be due or owing hereon, with interest and 
costs, and waiving all errors, etc. 

In Witness whereof , I have hereunto set my hand and seal at the city of Boston, 
state of Massachusetts, this 4tli day of June, one thousand eight hundred and 
eighty-two. E. D. Alcorn, [seal.] 

Scaled and delivered in the presence of 
M. Byrd, J. Booth. 

The principal difference between a Sealed Note and one without a Seal is, that 
the former must be first paid in the settlement of a decedent’s estate, and is not 
barred by the statute of limitation. 


STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT. 


Messrs. Clancey, Eolger & Co., 


New York, July 1st, 1882. 


In account with Elard Briede. 


I)r. 

Jan. 7tli, To Merchandise as per bill rendered,.$ 45.00 

Feb. 14th, “ “ “ . 28.50 

March 20th, “ • “ “ . 104.00 

June 24th, “ “ “ . 80.00 


■ $257.50 

Cr. 

Feb. 4th, By Merchandise, .$68.00 

June 1st, “ 20.00 

“ 8th, “ 45.00 133.00 


Balance, 


$124.50 


RECEIPT ON ACCOUNT. 

New York, April 27th, 1883. Received from George Hines, Seventy-five 
i.oLurs on account. John F. Fuller. 


RECEIPT IN FULL. 

New York, May 11th, 1884. Received from Messrs. Allen & Jones, Three 
hundred and four dollars and thirty-four cents, in full of account to date. 

$104.34 William Meyer. 

A receipt like the first acknowledges the partial payment of a debt, and one 
like the second, of all claims excepting negotiable notes. 















ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 


11 


INLAND DRAFTS. 

A draft is much the same as an order. An order is generally given upon 
individuals in the vicinity of the parties concerned, while a draft is an order upon 
individuals more distant. 

$500. Newrurg, October 11, 1883. 

Thirty days from date, pay Lloyd & Porter, or order, five hundred dollars, and 
charge the same to Jay L. Gould. 

Mr. Jacob Sneeze, New York. 

$300. New York, November 5,1884. 

At sight, pay Jeremiah Doolittle, or order, three hundred dollars, and place 
the same to the debt of Robert Seymour. 

Messrs. Hall, Park & Co., New York. 


DUE BILL. 

$27. Albany, February, 7th, 1882. 

Due John Smith twenty-seven dollars, on demand, value received. 

Benjamin Brown. 


FORM OF A COMMON BILL. 

Mr. John Bull, To Syril Sumner, Dr. 

March 12th, 1883. To 15 Bushels of Apples, at 25 cts. - - $3.75 

Received Payment, Syril Sumner, * 


ORDER FOR MONEY. 

Philadelphia, December 20th, 1883. 

Mr. George Strong, 

Please pay Daniel Nelson, or order, seventy-six dollars, and place the same to 
the debt of Peter S. Hand. 

Remarks— Orders may be written payable to B. C. or order, or to B. C. or 
bearer. If written in the former manner, B. C. can dispose of it, provided he 
writes his name upon the back. If payable to B. C. or bearer, it will be good to 

the holder. 


ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 

An agreement is a contract, by which a certain peison oi persons agiees or 
contracts to perform certain duties within a specified time. It is of much import¬ 
ance, in all matters upon which may arise a difference of opinion, or misunder¬ 
standing, that contracts be reduced very explicitly to writing. 

Agreements should show that they are made for a reasonable consideration,. 

otherwise they are void in law. 








12 


ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT. 


- The contract expires at the end of a year, unless it is expressly stipulated that 
the agreement is binding for a longer time. 

While a seal is not absolutely necessary, it is much safer to have one attached. 

. A signature should always be written with pen and ink, for safety, although a 
pencil signature is legal. 

Misrepresentation, or discovery of fraud, or changing of date by one party to 
the agreement, renders the contract void. 

Agreements should state explicitly, within what time its conditions are to be 
complied with. Always duplicate copies of an agreement, that each party may 
retain a copy. 


GENERAL FORM OF AN AGREEMENT. 

This agreement, made this first day of June, one thousand eight hundred and 
eighty-three, between A. B., of the city of New York, in the county of New York 
and state of New York, of the first part, and C. D., of the city of Brooklyn, in the 
county of Kings, state of New York, of the second part. 

Witnesseth, that the said A. B., in consideration of the covenants on the part 
of the party of the second part hereinafter contained, doth covenant and agreeto 
and with the said C. D., that [here insert the agreement on the part of A. B.] 

And the said C. D., in consideration of the covenants on the part of the party 
of the first part, doth covenant ana agree to and with the said A. B., that [here 
insert the agreement on the part of C. D.] 

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals, the day and year 
first above written. 

Sealed and delivered in 
presence of E. F. 

G. H. 

[This clause may be inserted when required :] 

And it is further agreed, between the parties hereto, that the party that shall 
fail to perform this agreement on his part will pay to the other the full sum of 
-dollars, as liquidated, filed and settled damages. 


A. B. [seal. 
C. D. [seal. 


FORM OF AN AGREEMENT FOR BUILDING A HOUSE. 

Memorandum.—That on this-day of-, it is agreed between I. J. of- 

and Iv. L. of-, in manner following, viz: the said K. L., for the considerations 

hereinafter mentioned, doth for himself, his heirs, executors, and administrators, 
covenant with the said I. J., his executors, administrators, and assigns, that he, 

the said K. L., or his assigns shall and will, within the space of-next after 

the date hereof, in a good and workmanlike manner, and at his own proper charge 

and expense, at-, well and substantially erect, build, and finish, one house, or 

messuage, according to the draft, scheme and explanation hereunto annexed, with 
such stone, brick, timber, and other materials, as the said I. J., or his assigns shall 
provide for the same. In consideration whereof, the said I. J. doth for himself, 
his executors and administrators, covenant with the said K. L., his executors, 
administrators, and assigns, well and truly to pay unto the said Iv. L., his execu¬ 
tors, ad m bust rat ors, and assigns, the sum of $-, lawful money of the United 

States in manner following, viz.:-part thereof at the beginning of the said 

work,-another part thereof when the said work shall be half done, and the 
















BILL OF SALE. 


remaining in full foi the said work, when the same shall be completely finished. 

" he ’ the saicl I ' J -> his executors, administrators or assigns,shall and 

n i mm ime to time, as the same shall be required, at his and their own proper 
expense, find and provide stone, brick, timber, and other materials necessary for 
ma mg, building, and finishing the said house. And for the performance of all 
and every the articles and agreements above mentioned, the said I. J. and K. L. 
co hereby bind themselves, their executors, administrators, and assigns, each to 
the other, in the penal sum of $-, firmly by these presents. 

In witness, etc. [as in General Form .] 


FORM OF AN AGREEMENT FOR THE SALE AND DELIVERY 

OF PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

This agreement, made this-day of--, one thousand eight hundred and 

eighty-three, between-, of the city of-of the first part, and-of the said 

city, of the second part, 

Witnesseth, that the said-, in consideration of the covenants on the part of 

the said , doth covenant to and with the said-, that he will deliver to the 

said • at his storehouse in-- aforesaid, one thousand bushels of wheat , of good 

merchantable quality, on or before the-day of-next. 

And the said-, in consideration of the covenants on the part of the said- 

doth covenant and agree to and with the said-, that he will pay to the said- 

at the rate of-for each bushel of wheat so delivered, immediately on the com¬ 

pletion of the delivery thereof. 

It witness, etc. [as in General Form.] 


BILLS OF SALE. 

A written agreement, by which one party transfers to another, for a consider¬ 
ation on delivery, all his right, title, and interest in personal property, is a Bill of 
Sale. 

The ownership of personal property, in law, is not changed until the delivery, 
and the purchaser takes actual possession of such property, though in some States 
a bill of sale is prima facie evidence of ownership, even against creditors, unless 
the sale was fraudulently made, for the purpose of avoiding the payment of debts 


FORM OF A COMMON BILL OF SALE. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, M. K., of the town of-, in the 

county of-, and State of-, of the first part, for and in consideration of 

the sum of-dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me paid by O. P., 

of, etc., of the second part, the receipt wdiereof is hereby acknowledged, have liar- 
gained and sold, and by these presents do grant and convey unto the said party of 
the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns, the one equal undivided 

half of six acres of wheat now growing on the farm of Q. R., in the town of- 

aforesaid, one gray horse, three oxen and two lambs, belonging to me and now in 
my possession at the place last aforesaid; to have and to hold the same unto the 
said party of the second part, his executors, administrators and assigns, forever. 





























14 


BONDS. 


/ 


And I do, for myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, covenant and agree, 
to and with the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators and 
assigns, to warrant and defend the sale of the said property, goods and chattels 
hereby made, unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators 
and assigns against all and every person and persons whatsoever. 

In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this-day of 

-, one thousand eight hundred and-. 


Signed, sealed, and delivered ) 
in presence of S. T. $ 


M. X. [seal.] 


BONDS. 

A written admission of an obligation on the part of the maker, whereby he 
pledges himself to pay a certain sum of money to another person or persons at a 
specified time, for some bona fide consideration, is a Bond. The person who gives 
the bond is called an obliger; the person who receives the same is called an 
obligee. 

The above defined is a single Bond, but generally conditions are added to the 
bond, by which the person giving the same must perform some specific act, which 
invalidates the bond; otherwise it remains in full force and effect. 

The penalty attached to the bond is usually sufficient to cover debt, interest, 
and costs, being generally placed at twice the amount of the real debt, the fact 
being stated that such penalty is the sum fixed upon as liquidated or settled 
damages, in event of failure to meet payments according to the condition of the 
bond. 

The bond may be drawn as to have the penalty attached to either the obligee 
or obliger. 

Though under ordinary circumstances the bond is in full effect, an act of 
Providence, rendering its accomplishment impossible, relieves the party obligated 
from an enforcement of the penalty. 

Action must be brought, on such instrument, within such time as provided by 
the statutes of the different States. 


FORM OF COMMON BOND, WITH CONDITION. 

Know all men by these presents, that I., U.Y., of the town of-in the county 

of-and State of-, am held and firmly bound unto W. X., of, etc., in the 

sum of-dollars, lawful money of the United States, to be paid to the said W. 

X., his executors, administrators or assigns; for which payment, well and truly to 
be made, I bind myself, my heirs, executors and administrators, firmly by these 
presents. 

Sealed with my seal, dated the-day of- one thousand eight hundred 

and- 

The condition of the above obligation is such that if the above bounden U. V., 
his heirs, executors or administrators, shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, 
unto the above named W. X., his executors, administrators or assigns, the just and 

full sum of-dollars, in-equal annual payments, from the date hereof, with 

annual interest, then the above obligation to be void; otherwise to remain in 
full force and virtue. 

Sealed and delivered in the \ TT r 

presence of Y. Z. 5 U.V. t SEAL 4 

















DEEDS. 


15 


\ 


DEEDS. 

A deed is an instrument in writing by which lands and appurtenances thereon 
are conveyed from one person to another, signed, sealed, and properly subscribed. 
A deed maybe written or printed on parchment or paper, and must be executed by 
parties competent to contract. 

One witness is required in New York, and two witnesses are required in Ver¬ 
mont, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Georgia, 
Illinois and Indiana. Should the deed be proven by witnesses, two are also 
required in Tennessee, Delaware and South Carolina. In the other States no 
witnesses are necessary, the deed being acknowledged by a person duly authorized 
by law. 

There must be a reality to grant, and a sufficient consideration to render a deed 
valid. 

The following requisites are necessary to enable a person to legally convey 
property to another: 1st. He or she must be of sane mind; 2d. Of age; 3d. He or 
she must be the rightful owner of the property, and 4tli, a citizen. 

The grantor is the person who makes the deed, and the grantee, the person who 
receives the deed. The wife of the grantor, in the absence of any statute regulat¬ 
ing the same, must acknowledge the deed, or else, after the death of her husband, 
she will be entitled to a one-third interest in the property; as dower during her 
life. Her acknowledgment of the deed must be of her own free will and accord, 
and the officer, before whom the acknowledgment is taken, must sign his name as 
a witness to the fact that her consent was without compulsion. 

Special care should be taken to have the deed properly acknowledged and 
witnessed, and the proper seal attached to each signature. 

The deed takes effect upon its delivery to the proper authorized person. 

Any alterations or interlineations in the deed should be noted at the bottom of 
the instrument, and properly witnessed. After the acknowledgment of a deed, 
the parties have no right to make the slightest alteration. An alteration after the 
acknowledgment, in favor of the grantee, vitiates the deed. 

By a general warranty deed, the grantor agrees to warrant and defend the 
the property conveyed against all persons whatsoever. A Quit Claim Deed 
releases what interest the grantor may have in the land, but does not warrant and 
defend against others. 

Deeds, upon their delivery, should be recorded in the Recorder’s office without 
delay. 


FORM OF A DEED WITHOUT COVENANTS. 

This indenture, made the-day of-in the year of our Lord, one thousand 

eight hundred and-, between A. B., of the city of New York, of the first part, 

and C. D., of, etc., of the second part. 

Witnesseth: That the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of 

the sum of-dollars, to him in hand paid, by the said party of the second part, 

the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged: Hath bargained and sold, and by 
these presents doth bargain and sell, unto the said party of the second part, and to 
his heirs and assigns, for ever, all, etc. [Here describe the property .] Together 
with all and singular, the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging, 
or in anywise appertaining; and the reversion and reversions, remainder and 
remainders, rents, issues and profits thereof; and also all the estate, right, title, 
interest, claim or demand whatsoever of him, the said party of the first part, either 
in law or equity, of, in, and to the above bargained premises, and eveiy part and 
parsel thereof, to have and to hold to the said party of the second pait, his heirs 









16 


DEEDS. 


and assigns, to the sole and only proper use, benefit and behoof of the said party of 
the second part, his heirs and assigns forever. In witness whereof, we have here¬ 
unto set our hands and seals, the day and year first above written. 


Sealed and delivered in the) 
presence of K. K. > 

L. L. ) 


A. B. [seal.] 
C. D. [seal.] 


FORM OF A DEED WITH FULL COVENANTS. 

Know all men by these presents, that we, John A. and Mary his wife, of the 
town of Dover, in the county of Dutchess, State of New York, for and in con¬ 
sideration of the sum of-dollars, to us in hand now here paid, have granted, 

bargained, sold, and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell and convey unto 
David D., of the same place, all that certain parcel of land, situate in the said 
town of Dover, and described as follows: [Here insert boundaries ], with all the 
appurtenances, and all the right, title, interest, claim and demand of us, or either 
of us, in the premises; to have and to hold the same, with the appurtenances, 
unto the said David D., and his heirs, in fee simple, forever. And I, the said 
John A., for myself and my heirs, do hereby covenant and agree, to and with the 
said David D., and his heirs and assigns, that I am now the owner of the said 
premises, and am seized of a good and indefeasible estate of inheritance therein, 
and that I have full right and power to sell and convey the same in fee simple 
absolute; that the said premises are full and clear of all incumbrances; that the 
said David D., his heirs and assigns, may forever hereafter, have, hold, possess and 
enjoy the same, without any suit, molestation or interruption, by any person 
whatever lawfully claiming any right therein, and that I, the said John A., and 
all persons hereafter claiming under me, will at any time hereafter, at the request 
and expense of the said David D.,his heirs or assigns, make all such further 
assurances for the more effectual conveying of said premises, with the appur¬ 
tenances, as may be reasonably required by him of them; and that I, the said 
John A., and my heirs, will warrant and defend the said premises, with the 
appurtenances, unto the said David D., and his heirs and assigns forever. 

In testimony, etc., [as in preceding deed.] 


FORM OF A QUIT-CLAIM DEED. 

Know all men by these presents, that we, James B., [of etc.], and Mary, the 

wife of the said James B., in consideration of the sum of-dollars, to us in 

hand paid by Amos E., [of, etc.], the receipt whereof we do hereby acknowledge, 
have bargained, sold, and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell, and 
quit-claim, unto the said Amos E., and to his heirs and assigns forever, all our 
and each of our right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and 
in equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy of, in, and to all that certain 
farm and piece of land, etc., [ lere describe it], with all and singular, die hered¬ 
itaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging. 

In witness, etc., [as above.] 







MORTGAGES. 


17 


PROOF OF DEED. 

Lake County , ss 

On this day of in the year-, John A., with whom I am personally 

acquainted, came before me, and, being by me duly sworn, deposes and 

says, that he is a resident of the town of-, in the county of -; that he 

saw James B., execute the within conveyance; that he, the said John A., 
subscribed his name thereto as a witness, and that he knew the said James B. to 
be the person described in, and who executed the said conveyance. 

William C., Commissioner of Deeds of Lake County 


MORTGAGES. 

A mortgager is one who makes a mortgage; a mortgagee is one to whom a 
mortgage is made. 

A mortgage is the pledging of an estate for the security of a debt, and becomes 
void when the debt is paid. Any person owning an interest in, or the whole of an 
estate, is at liberty to mortgage his or her claim upon or interest in it, provided 
he or she is not under age. A married woman cannot make a mortgage without 
the consent of her husband. It frequently happens that embarrassed persons give 
as many as five mortgages, to as many different persons, on their estates. A first 
mortgage, however, takes precedence of all subsequent mortgages or conveyances, 
provided it is recorded. All mortgages must be recorded in the clerk's office of the 
county in which the property lies. 

When the mortgage is paid a certificate to that effect from the mortgagee or his 
legal representatives, duly acknowledged by a commissioner of deeds, must be 
presented to the clerk of the town or county office in which the mortgage is 
recorded, who will file it, and the mortgage is at an end. 

A mortgage to secure the purchase money, made at the time of the purchase, 
takes precedence of any previous judgment against the mortgager. 

A mortgage sometimes conveys to the mortgagee the power to sell; in such 
cases the morgagee may sell the property without the aid of any court. Such sale, 
however, will not do away with a judgment or mortgage obtained prior to the sale. 
All such sales must be made at public auction. 


FORM OF A MORTGAGE. 




This indenture, made the 
eight hundred and eighty- 




— day of-in the year of our Lord, one thousand 

between G. G., of the city of Yew York, merchant, 
and L. liis wife, of the first part, and II. II., of said city, merchant, of the second 
part, Witnesseth: That the said parties of the first part, for and in consideration 

of the sum of-dollars, lawful money of the United States, to them in hand 

paid, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, 
aliened, released, conveyed and confirmed, and by these presents do grant, bargain, 
sell, alien, release, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part, and 
to his assigns forever, all that certain lot, [describe it] together with all and singu¬ 
lar the hereditaments and appurtenances thereunto belonging, or in any wise 
appertaining and the reversion and reversions, remainder and remainders, rents, 
issues and profits thereof; and also all the estate, right, title, interest, dower, 
possession, claim and demand whatsoever of the said parties of the first part, of, 
in and to the same, and every part thereof, with the appurtenances, to have and to 
n 

















18 


MORTGAGES. 


hold the raid hereby granted premises, with the appurtenances, unto the raid party 
of the second part, his heirs and assigns, to his and their only proper use', benefit 
and behoof forever. Provided always, and these presents are upon this condition, 
that if the said parties of the first part, their heirs, executors, administrators or 
assigns, shall pay unto the said party of the second part, his executors, administra¬ 
tors or assigns, the sum of-dollars on or before the-day of-, which will 

be in the year-, with interest computed at — per centum, according to the 

condition of a bond of the said G. G. to the said II.II., bearing even date herewith; 
then these presents shall become void, and the estate hereby granted shall cease 
and utterly determine. But if default shall be made in the payment of the said 
sum of money, or the interest, or of any part thereof, at the time hereinbefore 
specified for the payment thereof, the said parties of the first part, In such case, do 
hereby authorize and fully empower the said party of the second part, his execu¬ 
tors, administrators and assigns, to sell the same hereby granted premises, at 
public auction, and convey the same to the purchaser, in fee simple, agreeable to the 
acts in such case made and provided, and out of the moneys arising from such sale, 
to retain the principle and interest which shall then be due on the said bond, 
together with all costs and charges, and pay the overplus (if any) to the said G. G., 
party of the first part, his heirs, executors, administrators or assigns. 

In witness whereof, the parties to these presents have hereunto set their hands 
and seals, the day and year iirst above written. 

Sealed and delivered in the ) George Good, [seal.] 

presence of > 

Henry Brown. ) Lottie Good, [seal.] 


SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE. 


[County of New York , .ss.] 


I, T. S., of-, do hereby certify that a mortgage, bearing date the-day 

of-one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, made and executed by B. A. 

and C. A., his wife, to secure the payment of his bond for-dollars, with 

interest, bearing even date with said mortgage, recorded in the office of the clerk 

of the county of-, in lib.-of mortgages, page-, on the-day of- 

1883, is paid. 

Dated the-day of-, 1883. 


T. S. 

[County of New York , ss. 

On the-day of--, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-three, before 

me came T. S., to me known to be the individual described in, and who executed 
the above certificate, and acknowledged that he executed the same. 

M. M., Commissioner of Deeds. 


CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 

A mortgage on personal property, given by a debtor to a creditor, as security 
for the payment of a sum that may be due, is a Chattel mortgage. 

The property mortgaged may remain in the possession of either party, while 
the mortgage is in force. In order to hold the property secure against other 
creditors, the mortgagee, or person holding the mortgage, must have a true copy 




















MORTGAGES. 19 

filed in the Clerk’s or Recorder’s office of the place where the mortgagor, or person 
giving the mortgage resides, and where the property is when moraged. 

A justice of the peace, according to the laws of some States, in the voting 
precinct where such property mortgaged is located, must acknowledge and sign 
the mortgage, taking a transcript of the same upon his court docket, while the 
mortgage itself should be recorded, the same as real estate transfers. 

When the person giving the mortgage retains possession of the property, he may 
empower the party holding the mortgage with authority to take the goods and chat¬ 
tels mortgaged into his posession at any time he may deem the same insufficient 
security for his claims; or if he shall be convinced that an effort is being made to 
remove such property, whereby he would be defrauded of his claim, or for other 
reasons, when he may deem it necessary to secure his claim, he can proceed to take 
possession of it; and said property, after having given legal notice of sale, accord¬ 
ing to the law of the State governing the same, he is allowed to sell at public sale, 
to the highest bidder. Out of the money obtained therefrom, he can retain 
sufficient to liquidate his demand and defray the necessary expenses, turning over 
any moneys remaining, to the mortgagor. 


FORM OF A COMMON CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 

This Indenture, made the-day of-- eighteen hundred and-, between 

G. H. [of etc.] of the first part, and J. K. [of etc.] of the second part, witnesseth : 

That the said party of the first part, in consideration of the sum of-dollars, to 

him duly paid, hath sold, and by these presents doth grant and convey to the said 
party of the second part, and his assigns, the following described goods, chatties, 

and property \jiere describe goods ] now in my possession, at the-day of- 

aforesaid; together with the appurtenances, and all the estate, title and interest 
of the said party of the first part therein. This grant is intended as a security for 

the payment of-dollars, with interest, on or before the expiration of-- from 

the date hereof; and the additional sum of-dollars, with interest on the- 

day of- 18 -: which payment, if duly made, will render this conveyance 

void. 

In witness whereof I have hereunto set hand and seal, this-day of-in 

the year one thousand eight hundred and-. 

Sealed and delivered in the ) q jj 

presence of L. M. ^ 


CONDITIONAL CLAUSE AS TO POSSESSION. 

And provided also that, until default by the party of the first part in the per¬ 
formance of the conditions aforesaid, it shall and may be lawful for him to keep 
possession of the property above mentioned and described, and to use and enjoy 
the same; but if the said party of the first part shall attempt to sell the same, or 

any part thereof, or to remove the same out of the county of-, without notice 

to the said party of the second part, or his assigns, and without his or their assent 
to such sale or removal, to be expressed in writing, then it shall be lawful for the 
said party of the second part, or his assigns, to take immediate possession of the 
whole of said property, to his or their own use. 




















20 


LANDLORD AND TENANT. 


FORM OF A NOTICE OF SALE ON CHATTEL MORTGAGE. 

MORTGAGE SALE. 


By virtue of a chattel mortgage executed by A. B. to C. I)., dated the-day 

of-, 18 —, and liled in the office of the Register of the city of-[or the County 

( lerk of the county of-, or the Town Clerk of the town of-] on the -day 

of-, in the year aforesaid, and upon which default lias been made, I shall sell 

the property therein mentioned and described, viz: [here describe property] at 

public auction, at the house of-, in the city [or town] of-- aforesaid, on the 

-day of-instant [or next], at ten o’clock i:i the forenoon of that day. 

Dated at -- the ■-day of -. 


C. D., Mortgagee, 
[or L. M,, Assignee. 


LANDLORD AND TENANT. 


No particular form of wording a lease is necessary. It is important,.however, 
that the lease state, in a plain, straightforward manner, the terms and conditions 
of the agreement, so that there may be no misunderstanding between the landlord 
and tenant. 

The lease must state all the conditions, as additional verbal promises avail 
nothing in law. It is held, generally, that a written instrument contains the 
details, and states the bargain entire, as the contracting parties intended 

The tenant can sublet apart, or all, of his premises, unless prohibited by the 
terms of his lease. 

A lease by a married woman, even if it be upon her own property, at common 
law, is not valid ; but, by recent statutes, she, in many States,may lease her own 
property and have full control of the same ; neither can the husband effect a lease 
that will bind her after his death. Ilis control over her property continues only so 
long as he lives. 

Neither a guardian or minor can give a lease, extending beyond the ward’s 
majority, which can be enforced by the lessee; yet the latter is bound unless the 
lease is annulled. 

If no time is specified in a lease, it is generally held that the lessee can retain 
possession of the real estate for one year. A tenancy at will, however, may be 
terminated in the Eastern States by giving three months’ notice in writing ; in the 


Middle and Southern States, six months; and in the Western States, one month ; 
though recent statutes in some States have modified the above somewhat. 

The lease that specifies a term of years without giving the definite number, is 
without effect at the expiration of two years. A lease for three or more years, 
being signed by the Commissioner of Deeds, and recorded in the Recorder’s office, 
is an effectual bar to the secret or fraudulent conveyance of such leased property; 


and it further obviates the necessity of procuring witnesses to authenticate the 
validity of the lease. 

Duplicate copies of a lease should always be made, and each party retain a copy 
of the same. 

A new lease invalidates an old one. 

A landlord misrepresenting property that is leased, thereby subjecting the 
tenant to inconvenience and loss, such damages can be recovered from the 
landlord by deduction from the rent. 

A lease on property that is mortgaged ceases to exist when the person holding 
such mortgage forcloses the same. 

A landlord consenting to take a substitute releases the first tenant. 











LANDLORD AND TENANT. 


21 


here there is nothing but a verbal agreement, the tenancy is understood to 
commence at time of taking possession. "Where there is no time specified in the 
lease, tenancy is regarded as commencing at the time of delivering the writings. 
If it is understood that the tenant is to pay the taxes on the property he occupies, 

such fact must be distinctly stated in the lease, as a verbal promise is of no 
effect. 


FORM OF A LANDLORD’S AGREEMENT OF LEASE. 

This is to certify that I have this-day of-, 18 —, let and rented unto 

John M., my house and lot, known as No.-in-street, in the city of-, 

with the appurtenances, and the sole and uninterrupted use and occupation 

thereof, for one year, to commence the-day of-next, at the yearly rent of 

dollars, payable quarterly, on the usual quarter days; rent to cease in case 
the premises are destroyed by fire. Hob exit S. 


FORM OF A TENANT’S AGREEMENT. 


This is to certify that I have hired and taken from Mr. James B., his house 
and lot, known as No.-in-street, in the city of-, with the appur¬ 
tenances, for the term of one year, to commence the first day of-next, at the 

yearly rent of-dollai’s, payable quarterly on the usual quarter days. And I do 

hereby promise to make punctual payment of the rent in manner aforesaid, except 
in case the premises become untenantable from fire or any other cause, when the 
rent is to cease ; and do further promise to quit and surrender the premises at the 
expiration of the term, in as good state and condition as reasonable use and wear 
thereof will permit, damages by the elements excepted. 

Given under my hand and seal, the-day of-, 18 —. 


In presence of ) 
W. C. S 


Charles G. [seal.] 


FORM OF A NOTICE TO QUIT BY LANDLORD. 

t ,, ; . .. . , * 

Please to take notice that you are hereby required to surrender and deliver up 

possession of the house and lot known as No.-in-street, in the city of-, 

which you now hold of me ; and to remove therefrom on the first day of-next, 

pursuant to the provisions of the statute relating to the right and duties of land¬ 
lord and tenant. 

Dated this-day of-. IS—. 

To Mr. I,. M. Yours, etc., C. II., Landlord. 


FORM OF A NOTICE TO QUIT BY TENANT. 

Please to take notice, that on the first day of-next, I shall quit possession 

and remove from the premises I now occupy, known as house and lot No. , in 

-street, in the city of 

To Mr. C. II. 


Y^ours, etc., 


L. M. 





























22 


PAKTXERSHIP. 


PARTNERSHIPS. 

An agreement between two or more persons to invest their labor, time, and 
means together, sharing in the loss or profit that may arise from such investment, 
is termed a partnership. 

This partnership may consist in the contribution of skill, extra labor, or 
acknowledged reputation upon the part of one partner, while the other, or others, 
contribute money, each sharing alike equally, or in fixed proportion, in the profits, 
or an equal amount of time, labor, and money, may be invested by the partners, 
and the profits equally divided; the test of partnership being the joint participation 
in profit, and joint liability to loss. 

A partnership formed without limitation is termed a general partnership. An 
agreement entered into for the performance of only a particular work, is termed 
a special partnership; while the partner putting in a limited amount of capital, 
upon which he receives a corresponding amount of profit, and is held correspond¬ 
ingly responsible for the contracts of the firm, is termed a limited partnership, the 
conditions of which are regulated by statute in different States. 

A partner signing his individual name to negotiable paper, which is for the use 
of the partnership firm, binds all the partners thereby. Negotiable paper of the 
firm, even though given on private account by one of the partners, will hold all 
the partners of the firm when it passes into the hands of holders who are ignorant 
of the facts attending its creation. 

Partnership effects may be bought and sold by a partner; he may make con¬ 
tracts; may receive money; endorse, draw, and accept bills and notes; and while 
this may be for his own private account, if it apparently be for the use of the firm, 
his partners will be bound by his action, provided the parties dealing with him 
were ignorant of the transaction being on his private account; and thus representa¬ 
tion or misrepresentation of a partner, having relation to business of the firm, will 
bind the members in the partnership. 

An individual lending his name to a firm, or allowing the same to be used after 
he has withdrawn from the same, is still responsible to third persons as a partner. 

A partnership is presumed to commence at the time articles of co-partnership 
are drawn, if no stipulation is made to the contrary, and the same can be discon¬ 
tinued at any time, unless a specified period of partnership is designated in the 
agreement; and even then he may withdraw by giving previous notice of such 
withdrawal from the same, being liable, however, in damages, if such are caused 
by his withdrawal. 

Should it be desired that the executors and representatives of the partner con¬ 
tinue the business in the event of his death, it should be so specified in the articles, 
otherwise the partnership ceases at death. Should administrators and executors 
continue the business under such circumstances, they are personally responsible 
for the debts contracted by the firm. 

If it is desired that a majority of the partners in a firm have the privilege of 
closing the affairs of the company, or in any way regulating the same, such fact 
should be designated in the agreement; otherwise such right will not be presumed. 

Partners may mutually agree to dissolve partnership, or a dissolution may be 
„ effected by a decree of a Court of Equity. Dissolute conduct, dishonesty, habits 
calculated to imperil the business of a firm, incapacity, or the necessity of partner¬ 
ship no longer continuing, shall be deemed sufficient causes to invoke the law in 
securing a dissolution of partnership, in case the same cannot be effected by 
mutual agreement. 

After dissolution of partnership, immediate notice of the same should be given 
in the most public newspapers, and a notice likewise should be sent to every person 
having special dealings with the firm. These precautions not being taken, each 
partner continues liable for the act of the others to all persons who have no 
knowledge of the dissolution. 


WILLS. 


23 


FORM OF ARTICLES OF COPARTNERSHIP. 

Articles of copartnership made this tenth day of November, 1883, by and 
between Edward Dale and Henry Allen, both of the city of Philadelphia, Pa. 

The said parties hereby agree to form and do form a copartnership, for the 
purpose of carrying on the general produce and commission business, on the 
following terms and articles of agreement, to the faithful performance of which 
they mutually engage and bind themselves. The style and name of the copartner¬ 
ship shall be Dale & Allen, and shall commence on the first day of January, 1884. 

Each of the said parties agree to contribute to the funds of the partnership the 
sum of $1,000 in cash, which shall be paid in on or before the first day of January, 
1884; and each of the said parties shall devote and give all his time and attention 
to the business, and to the care and superintendence of the same. 

All profits which may accrue to the said partnership shall be divided, and all 
losses happening to the said firm, whether from bad debts, depreciation of goods, 
or any other cause or accident, and all expenses of the business, shall be borne by 
the said parties equally. 

All the purchases, sales, transactions, and accounts of the said firm shall be 
kept in regular books, which shall always be open to the inspection of both parties, 
and their legal representatives, respectively. An account of stock shall be taken, 
and an account between the parties shall be settled as often as once a year, and as 
much oftener as either party may desire and in writing request. 

Neither of the said parties shall subscribe any bond, sign or endorse any note of 
hand, accept, sign or endorse any draft or bill of exchange, or assume any other 
liability, verbal or written, either in his own name or in the name of the firm, for 
the accommodation of any other person or persons whatsoever, without the 
consent in writing of the other party; nor shall either party lend any of the funds 
of the copartnership without such consent of the other party. 

Neither party shall be engaged in any other business, nor shall either party 
withdraw from the joint stock any more than $100 per quarter or $400 per year. 

On the dissolution of this copartnership, if the said parties or their legal 
representatives cannot agree in the division of the stock then on hand, the whole 
copartnership effects, except the debts due the firm, shall be sold at public 
auction, at which both parties shall be at liberty to bid and purchase like other 
individuals, and the proceeds to be divided after paying the debts of the firm. 

For the purpose of securing the performance of the foregoing agreements, it is 
agreed that either party, in case of any violation of them or either of them by 
the other, shall have the right to dissolve this copartnership forthwith on his 
becoming informed of such violation. 

In witness whereof the said parties have hereunto set their hands and seals the 
day and year, first above written. 

J J ’ Edward Dale, [seal.] 

Henry Allen, [seal.] 


WILLS. 

The legal declaration of wdiat a person determines to have done with his 
property after death, is termed a Will. 

All persons of sufficient age, possessed of sound mind, excepting mamed 
women in certain States are entitled to dispose of their property by Will. 
Children at the age of fourteen, if males, and females at the age of twelve, 
can thus dispose of personal property. 



24 


WILLS. 


No exact form of words is necessary in order to make a Will good at law; 
though much care should be exercised to state the provisions of the will so plainly 
that its language may not be misunderstood. The person making the Will is 
termed the testator; if a female, a testatrix. 

A Will is of no force or effect until the death of a testator, and can be can¬ 
celled or modified at any date by the maker. The last Will made annuls the force 
of all preceding Wills. 

The law regards marriage and offspring resulting, as a prima facie evidence of 
revocation of a Will made prior to such marriage, unless the wife and children are 
provided for by the husband in some other way, in which case the Will remains in 
full force. 

To convey real estate by Will, it must be done in accordance with the law of the 
State where such land is located; but personal property is conveyed in harmony 
with the law that obtains at the place of the testator’s residence. 

There are two kinds of Wills, namely, written or verbal, or noncupative. The 
latter or spoken Wills, depending upon proof of persons hearing the same, generally 
relate to personal property only, and are not recognized in all the States, unless 
made within ten days previous to the death. Verbal or unwritten Wills are usually 
unsafe, and even when well authenticated, often make expensive litigation; hence 
the necessity of having the wishes of the testator fully and clearly defined in a 
written Will. 

To give or make a devise of property by Will and subsequently dispose of the 
same, without altering the Will to conform to such sale, destroys the validity of 
the entire Will. 

A Will made by an unmarried woman is legally revoked by marriage; but she 
can take such legal steps in the settlement of her property, before marriage, as will 
empower her to dispose of the same as she may choose, after marriage. 

Vo husband can make a Will that will deprive the wife of her right of dower in 
the property; but the husband can Will the wife a certain amount in lieu of her 
dower, stating it to be in lieu thereof. Such bequest, however, will not exclude 
her from her dower, provided she prefers it to the bequest made in the Will. 
Unless the husband states distinctly that the bequest is in lieu of dower, she is 
entitled to both. 

Property bequeathed must pay debts and encumbrances upon the same before 
its distribution can be made to the legatees of the estate. 

Though property may be willed to a corporation, the corporation cannot accept 
such gift unless provision is made for so doing in its charter. A Will may be 
revoked by marriage, a codicil, destruction of the Will, disposing of property 
devised in a Will, or by the execution of another Will. 

The person making a Will may appoint his executors, but no person can serve 
as such executor if he or she be an alien at the time of proving of the Will; if he 
under twenty-one years of age, a convict, a drunkard, a lunatic, or an imbecile. 
No person appointed as an executor is obliged to serve, but may renounce his 
appointment by legal written notice, signed before two witnesses, which notice 
must be recorded by the officer before whom the Will is proved. 

In case a married woman possesses property, and dies without a Will, her 
husband is entitled to administer upon such property in preference to any one else, 
provided he be of sound mind. 

Any devise of property made to a subscribing witness is invalid, although the 
integrity of the Will in other respects is not affected. 

In all Wills the testator’s full name should be made at the end of such. If he 
be unable to write, he may have his hand guided in making a mark against the 
same. If he possesses a sound mind, and is conscious at the time of the import of 
this action, such mark renders the Will valid. 


WILLS. 


2.3 


Witnesses should always write their respective places of residence after their 
names, their signatures being written in the presence of each other, and in the 
presence of the testator. 

It should be stated also, that these names are signed at the request of, and in 
presence of the testator, and in the presence of each other. 

The following States require two subscribing witnesses: Missouri, Illinois, 
Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas, North Carolina, Tennessee, Iowa, Utah, Texas, 
California, New Jersey, Delaware, Indiana, Virginia, and New York. Three 
witnesses are required to authenticate a Will in the following States: Florida, 
Mississippi, Maryland, Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Wisconsin, Oregon, 
Minnesota, Michigan, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Maine, New 
Hampshire and Vermont. Proof of signature of the testator by the oath of two 
reputable witnesses is sufficient to establish the validity of a Will in the State of 
Pennsylvania; no subscribing witnesses being absolutely necessary. 

Witnesses are not required to know the contents of a Will. They have simply 
to know that the document is a Will, and witness the signing of the same by the 
testator. 


Codicils. —An addition to a Will, which should be in writing, is termed a 
codicil. A codicil is designed to explain, modify, or change former bequests made 
in the body of the Will. It should be done with the same care and precision as 
was exercised in the making of the Will itself. 


GENERAL FORM OF A WILL—DISPOSING OF BOTH REAL 

AND PERSONAL ESTATE. 

In the name of God, Amen. S I, A. 13., of the city of Erie, county of Erie, 
State of Pennsylvania, being in good bodily health, and of sound and disposing 
mind and memory, calling to mind the frailty and uncertainty of human life, and 
being desirous of settling my wordly affairs, and directing how the estates with 
which it has pleased God to bless me shall be disposed of after my decease, while 
I have strength and capacity so to do, do make and publish this, my last will and 
testament, hereby revoking and making null and void all other last wills and 
testaments by me heretofore made. And, first, I commend my mortal being to 
Him who gave it, and my body to the earth, to be buried with little expense or 
ostentation by my executors hereinafter named. 

And to my worldly estate, and all the property, real, personal or mixed, of 
which I shall die seized and possessed, or to which I shall be entitled at the time 
of my decease, I devise, bequeath and dispose thereof in the manner following, 
to wit: 

Imprimis. My will is that all my just debts and funeral charges shall, by my 
executors hereinafter named, be paid out of my estate, as soon after my decease as 
shall by them be found convenient. 

Item. I give, devise and bequeath to my beloved wife, C. B., all my household 
furniture, my pair of horses and coach and their harness, and also fifteen thousand 
dollars in money, to be paid to her by my executors hereinafter named, within six 
months after my decease; to have and to hold the same to her and her executors, 
administrators and assigns forever. 1 also give her the use of my dwelling-house 
and lands, to have and to hold the same to her for and during her natural life. 


i 



26 


ASSIGNMENTS. 


Item. I give and bequeath to my honored mother, A. T., two thousand dollar.? 
in money, to be paid to her by my executors hereinafter named, within six months 
after my decease; to be for the sole use of herself, her heirs, executors, admin:. - 
trators and assigns. 

Item. I give, devise and bequeath to my son, E. B., my house and lands and 

its appurtenances, situated in-, and all profit, income and advantage that may 

result therefrom, from and after the decease of my beloved wife, C. B., to have and 
to hold the same to him, the said E. B., his heirs and assigns from and after the 
decease of my said wife, to his and their use and behoof forever. 

Item. All the rest and residue of my estate, real, personal or mixed, of which 
I shall die seized and possessed, or to which I shall be entitled at the time of my 
decease, I give, devise and bequeath to my son, E. B., and to his heirs and assigns 
forever. And 

Lastly. I do nominate and appoint my said sons, E. B. and F. B., to be the 
executors of this my last will and testament. 

In testimony whereof, I, the said A. B., have, to this my last will and testa¬ 
ment, contained on three sheets of paper, and to every sheet thereof, subscribed 
my name, and to this, the last sheet thereof, I have subscribed my name, and 

affixed my seal, this-day of-, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight 

hundred and eighty —. 

A. B. [seal.] 

The above instrument, consisting of three sheets, was now here subscribed by 
A. B., the testator, in the presence of each of us, and was at the same time 
declared by him to be his last will and testament, and we, at his request, sign our 
names hereto as attesting witnesses. 

L. S., residing at-, in- county,-State. 

II. B., residing at-, in-county,-State. 

[Or, if the witnesses do not see the testator subscribe the will, it may be 
attested by his acknowledgement in the following form:] 

The above instrument, of three sheets, was, at the date thereof, declared to us 
by the testator, A. B., to be his last will and testament; and he then a knowl- 
edged to each of us that he had subscribed the same ; and we, at his request, sign 
our names hereto as attesting witnesses. 

L. S., residing at-, in-county,-State. 

II. B., residing at-, in-county,-State. 


ASSIGNMENTS. 

Only when made in good faith is an assignment valid. Any interested party 
can test its validity in an action. If the assignment was made to-evade debts due 
to creditors it will be set aside, but such fraud must be proven before a jury, else 
it will stand. 

An assignment for the benefit of his creditors must be an unconditional 
surrender by a debtor of all his effects. To secretly hold back any property is 
fraudulent, and punishable by statute. 
















An insolvent debtor is allowed to prefer one creditor to the exclusion of all 
others. if he does so in good faith. Even should another creditor commence suit 
against him, he can still prefer one. 

An insolvent debtor making an assignment in trust to pay certain creditors, 
who are to transfer the residue to the debtor, is void as to the remaining creditors, 
even if evidence is offered that there will be no surplus. 

An assignment authorizing the assignee to change, at discretion, the order of 
preference of creditors, is void. 

An immediate delivery of the property must accompany an assignment for the 
benefit of creditors. 

Assignees and trustees are entitled to the same compensation that is allowed to 
administrators, executors and guardians. 

Assignments, and assignments of mortgage must be acknowledged and recorded, 
5 ike all other conveyances of property. 


GENERAL FORM OF ASSIGNMENT. 

TO BE WRITTEN OR ENDORSED ON TIIE BACK OF ANY INSTRUMENT. 

Know all men by these presents, that I, the within-named O. P., m considera- 

tion of-dollars to me paid by R. S., have assigned to the said R. S., and his 

.assigns, all my interest in the within written instrument, and every clause, article 
or thing therein contained; and I do hereby constitute the said R. S. my attorney, 
in my name, but to his own use and at his own ri.jk and cost, to take all legal 
measures which may be proper for the complete recovery and enjoyment of tfie 
assigned premises, with power of substitution. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this -day of 

-, one thousand eight hundred and eighty-. 

O. P. [SEAL.I 

Executed and delivered ^ 
in the presence of > 

T. W. ) 


EXEMPTIONS FROM FORCED SALES. 


Showing Property Exempt from Attachment, or Levy and Cale on 
Execution, according to the Laws of different States. 


Alabama. —Home worth $2,000, and personal property to the value of 

* 

Arkansas. —Home worth $2,000, said home Being the residence of a house¬ 
holder or head of family, and personal property to the value of $2,000. 










28 


HOMESTEAD LAM'S. 


> 


California.—Home worth $5,000, if declaration of homestead is properly fded 
in Recorder’s office of the county where situated, by a husband or wife, or other head 
of a family, except in the following cases: 1st, Where the judgment was obtained 
before the declaration of homestead. 2d, On judgment for liens of mechanics, 
laborers, or vendors of the land. 3d, On debts secured by mortgage on the land, 
executed by husband and wife, or an unmarried claiment. 4th, On debts secured 
by mortgage on the land before the declaration of the homestead. The other 
exemptions are necessary household, table, and kitchen furniture, including one 
sewing machine and piano, in use, or belonging to a woman ; provisions sufficient 
for one month ; farming utensils or implements of husbandry,; also two oxen, or 
horses, or mules, with harness ; one wagon and food for said cattle for one month ; 
all seed, grain, or vegetables, actually provided for planting or sowing within the 
ensuing six months, not exceeding $100 in value; tools, of a machanic necessary to 
his trade; instruments and libraries of a professional man necessary to his profes¬ 
sion ; the cabin or dwelling of a miner not exceeding $500 in value, together with 
all his tools, implements or appliances necessary for mining operations, not exceed¬ 
ing $500 in value, and two horses or cattle, with food for same for one month, 
when used for mining purposes; two horses or other cattle, with harness, and hack, 
carriage or cart, with which a man earns his living; and the horse vehicle and 
harness of a physician or minister of the gospel, with food for one month; four 
cows with their sucking calves, and four hogs with their sucking pigs; poultry to 
the value of $50; earnings of debtor for services rendered within thirty days before 
levy, necessary for the use of his family residing in the State, supported by his 
labor; shares in a homestead corporation not exceeding $1,000 in value, when the 
holder does not own a homestead. 

Colorado.—Home worth $2,000, and to the head of a family owning and 
•occupying the same, various articles of personal property. The tools, working 
animals, books and stock in trade, not exceeding $300 in value, is exempted to any 
person not the head of a family, when used and kept for the purpose of carrying 
on a business or trade. 

Connecticut.—No Home exempted. The following personal property is 
exempt. Necessary apparel, bedding, and household furniture ; implements of the 
debtor’s trade; one cow and ten sheep, value not to exceed $150; specified amounts 
of family stores, one stove, one horse, saddle and bridle, buggy and harness, to the 
value of $200, of any practicing physician or surgeon; one sewing machine in use, 
pew in church, and a library to the value of $500; one boat used in fishing to the 
value of $200. 

Dakota.—Home of eighty acres, with buildings, or one acre and house in 
village or city, and personal property, defined by statute, to the value of $1,500. 

Delaware.—No Home exempted. Personal property to the value of $275: 
family library, pictures, pew in church, lot in cemetery, wearing apparel of debtor 
and family, and tools, implements, and fixtures necessary to carry on business 
worth not over $75. Head of family in addition, is allowed on other personal 
property not enumerated above, two hundred dollars. 

District of Columbia.—No Home exempted. Personal property of llie 
following value, except for servant’s or laborer’s wages due, are exempted. 
Yf earing apparel, household furniture to the value of $300 ; fuel and provision for 
three months; mechanics’ tools or implements of trade to value of $200, with stock 
to same amount; library and instruments of a professional man to value of $300: 
a farmer’s team and other utensils to value of $100; family pictures and library t( 
value of $400. 

Florida.— Farm, or house and lot and personal property to the value of $1.000, 
an additional $1,000 worth of property is exempt from all debts incurred prior to 
May. 10, 18C5. 




HOMESTEAD LAWS. 


2 <> 


Georgia.— Home worth $2,000, and personal property to the value of $1,( 00 , 
to he valued at the time they are set apart. 

Idaho. Home worth $2,COO to the head of a family, and furniture, teams, 
tools, stock, and other personal property to the value of $300, is exempt, except 
upon a judgment recovered for its price, or upon a mortgage thereon. 

Illinois.— Lot of ground and buildings thereon occupied as a residence by the 
debtor, being a householder and having a family, to the value of $1,000. Exemption 
continues after the death of the householder for the benefit of widow and family, 
some one of them occupying the homestead until youngest child shall become 
twenty-one years of age, and until death of widow. Xo release or waiver of ex¬ 
emption is valid, unless in writing and subscribed by such householder and wife 
(if lie have one) and acknowledged as conveyances of real estate are required to be 
acknowledged. The following articles of personal property owned by the debtor 
are exempt from execution, writ of attachment, and distress for rent: The 
necessary wearing apparel, bibles, school books and family pictures of every person; 
$10C worth of other property, to be selected by the debtor; [and in addition, when 
the debtor is the head of a family and resides with the same, $300 worth of other 
property, also to be selected by the debtor: Provided, such selection shall not he 
made from money, salary or wages due the debtor.] Wages of a laborer who is 
head of a family cannot be garnisheed except the sum due him be in excess 
of $25. 

Indiana. —Home to the amount of $300, and personal property to like amount. 
Xo property shall be sold by virtue of an execution for less than two-thirds of its 
appraised cash value, unless this provision is waived in contract. 

Iowa. —Farm of forty acres, or house and lot in city, provided the same is used 
for a home, and to value of $500. All wearing apparel kept for actual use and 
suitable to the condition of the party, trunks and other receptacles to hold the 
same; one musket or rifle; the proper tools, instruments, or books, of any farmer, 
mechanic, surveyor, clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse, 
or the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two yoke of 
cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper harness or tackle, by use of 
which any physician, public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer habitually 
earns his living; private library, pictures and paintings. If the debtor is the head 
of a family there is further exempt: One cow, calf, horse, fifty sheep and the wool 
therefrom, five hogs and all pigs under six months; the necessary food for animals 
exempt for sixty days; all flax raised by the defendant and the manufactures 
therefrom; bed and bedding necessary, all cloth manufactured by the defendant 
not exceeding 100 yards in quantity; household and kitchen furniture to value of 
$100; all spinning wheels and looms, and other instruments of domestic labor kept 
for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for family use for six months. 
The word family does not include strangers or boarders; the earnings of such 
debtor for personal services, or those of his family at any time within ninety days 
' next preceding the levy. None of the foregoing exemptions are for the benefit of 
a single man not the head of a family, or of a non-resident, nor of those who have 
started to leave the State, but their property is liable to execution, with the 
exception in the two former cases of ordinary wearing apparel and trunks; and in 
the latter case of such wearing apparel and property as the defendant may select, 
not to exceed $75, to be selected by the debtor and appraised; but any pei son 
coming to the State with the intention of remaining, is a resident. 

Kansas.— Home of 100 acres of farm land, or house and one acre in city or 
town, provided it is used as a residence by the family of the ow nei, togethc i v ith 
all the improvements. The value is not limited, but may be worth a million 
dollars. Xo personal property is exempt for the wages of a servant, mechanic, 


30 


HOMESTEAD LAWS. 


laborer, or clerk. The following personal property is exempt to heads of families: 
Library, pictures, and musical instruments used by the family; all wearing 
apparrel, beds and bedding used by the family; one cooking stove and appendages, 
and all cooking utensils, together with all other stoves and appendages necessary 
for use of family; one sewing machine, spinning wheel, and all other household 
furniture, not exceeding in value $500; two cows, ten hogs, one yoke of oxen, and 
cue horse or mule, a span of horses or mules, and twenty sheep and their wool; 
necessary food fertile support of the stock for one year; one wagon, two plows, 
draw, and other farming utensils not exceeding in value $300; food for the family 
fer one year; the tools and implements of any mechanic, miner, or other person, 
kept for the purpose of carrying on his business, and in addition thereto stock in 
trade not exceeding $400 in value; library, implements, and office furniture of any 
professional man. 

Kentucky. —Home not exceeding in value $1,000, and the following 
personal property: Wearing apparel, and the usual household and kitchen furni¬ 
ture, to the value of $100; one work beast or yoke of oxen, two cows and calves, 
and live sheep; one sewing machine. 

Louisiana.— Home of 160 acres of land and personal property, in all to the 
value of $2,COO; must be occupied as a residence, and bona fide owned by the 
debtor, having a family, a person or persons depending upon him for support. 

Maine.—Home worth $500, necessary apparel, and bed and bedding for every 
two members cf the family; one cooking stove, all stoves used for warming build¬ 
ings, and other necessary furniture to value of $50; one sewing machine; all tools 
necessary for the debtor’s occupation; library not exceeding in value $150; one 
cow, one heifer, ten sheep, and the wool and lambs from same, two swine, one pair 
of working cattle, or in lieu thereof one pair of mules, or two horses, not exceed¬ 
ing in value $300; all produce of farms until harvested ; corn and grain for use of 
family not exceeding thirty bushels; all potatoes raised or purchased for family 
use; one barrel of flour, and enough hay to winter all exempted stock; all flax 
raised on one-lialf acre for use; lumber to the amount of $10; twelve cords of fire 
wood, five tons of anthracite coal, fifty bushels of bituminous coal, and all char¬ 
coal for use in family; one church pew ; one horse sled to value of $20; one harness 
worth $20 for each horse or mule; one cart or truck wagon, one harrow, one plow, 
one yoke, two chains, and one mowing machine; for fishermen, one boat not 
exceeding two tons burden. 

Maryland. —No home exempted. The personal property exempted is that 
which is actually necessary for the sustenance of the family, the tools or imple¬ 
ments that are necessary to earn a livelihood, and wearing apparel. 

Massachusetts.— Home worth $800, to a man having a family, and occupy¬ 
ing the same as a home. The necessary wearing apparel, bed and bedding; stove 
to value of $20; sewing machine in actual use, and other household furniture 
necessary for use of family to the value of $100; library to value of $50; one cow, 
six sheep, one swine, and two tons of hay; implements, tools and fixtures neces-' 
sarv to the carrying on of his trade or business, to value of $100; materials and 
stock designed and procured by him, and necessary for carrying on his trade or 
business, to value of $100; necessary provisions for the family to the value of $50; 
the boat, fishing tackle, and nets of fishermen, actually used in their business, to 
value of $100; uniform and arms of a soldier required by law. 

Mississippi. —Home of eighty acres of land to the head of a family, being a 
housekeeper; or in town or city, real estate to the value of $2,000, when used as a 
homestead; personal property. 

Missouri.— Homestead to married men of 160 acres of land,to value of $1,500. 
In cities of 40,000 inhabitants and over, homestead shall not include more than 


HOMESTEAD LAWS. 


31 


eighteen square rods of ground, nor exceed in value $3,000. In cities of less size 
homestead shall not include over thirty square rods, nor exceed in value $1,500. 
Personal property to the value of not less than $300, to the heads of families. 

Michigan. —Homestead in country not exceeding forty acres, or in city or 
town not exceeding one lot, occupied as a residence, and not exceeding in value 
$1,500; household furniture to value of $250; stock in trade, a team, or other 
things necessary to carry on a particular business, to value of $250; library to 
value of $150 ; to a householder, ten sheep, two cows, five swine, and some minor 
things. 

Minnesota. —Home of eighty acres of farm land, or house and lot in city or 
town, same used as a homestead. In personal property the pictures, library, and 
musical instruments; wearing apparel, beds and bedding used by family; stoves 
and appendages, cooking utensils and other household furniture used by family, 
and not exceeding in value $500; three cows, two swine, one yoke of oxen and a 
horse, or instead of oxen and a horse, a span of horses or mules, twenty sheep and 
the wool from the same, either in raw material or manufactured; the necessary 
food for exempted stock for one year; one wagon, cart, or dray; one sleigh, two 
plows, one drag, and other farming utensils, including tackle for teams, not 
, exceeding in value $300; necessary provisions and fuel for debtor and family for 
one year; the tools and instruments of any one, used and kept for the purpose of 
carrying on trade, and in addition thereto stock in trade not exceeding in value 
$400; library and implements of any professional man; one sewing machine and 
earnings of minor children. No articles of personal property are exempt from 
execution for the purchase money thereof. All articles to be chosen by debtor or 
representative. 

Montana.— Homestead of eighty acres, or if in city or town one-quarter acre, 
not to exceed in value $2,500. The lien of a mechanic, laborer, or mortgage 
lawfully obtained upon the same, is not effected by such exemption. Personal 
property in addition to the value of $1,400 or more, according to the value of 
a rticles, enumerated by statute, is allowed to the householder, occupying the same. 

Nebraska. —Homestead of 160 acres of farm land, dwelling house and 
appurtenances, to be selected by the owner, or at his option, two contigious lots 
within an incorporated city or town, or twenty contigious acres of land within the 
limits of an incorporated city or town, when not laid off into streets, blocks or lots, 
and when owned and occupied by the owner, being a resident, and the head of a 
family. When not owning houses or land the head of a family is exempt in 
personal property to the value of $500. Other personal property is exempt and is 
enumerated by statute. 

Nevada. —Home worth $5,000 to head of family, and a debtor has exempt in 
personal property to the value of $1,500, enumerated by statute. 

New Hampshire.— Homestead to the value of $500; necessary apparel, 
bedding, household furniture to the value of $100; library to the value of $200; 
one cow, one hog, one pig, and pork of same when slaughtered; tools of occupation 
to the value o 'f $100; six sheep and their fleece; one cooking stove and its furniture; 
provisions and fuel to the amount of $50; one sewing machine; beasts of the plow 
not exceeding one yoke of oxen or a horse, and of hay, four tons. 

New Jersey.— Home worth $1,500, when occupied by owner as a residence, 
being a householder and having a family. Personal property to the value of $200, 
owned by a resident head of family, appraised by three persons appointed by the 
sheriff. Widow or administrator may claim exemption of $200. 

New York.— Ilomstead to the value of $1,000 when owned and occupied by 
debtor, being a householder and having a family. In addition to the household 


HOMESTEAD LAWS. 


oo 

O 

articles usually enumerated as exempt, and the tools of a mechanic to value of $25, 
there are exempted necessary household furniture and working tools; team and 
food for same for a period of ninety days; professional instruments, furniture and 
library, owned by any person being a householder or having a family for which he 
provides to the value of $250; one sewing machine. Such exemptions do not 
apply to any execution issued on a demand for purchase money of any article herein 
enumerated by law; nor to any judgment rendered for a claim accuring for work 
and labor performed in a family as a domestic ; nor to any judgment obtained in 
any court in the city of New York for work, labor or service done or performed by 
any female employee, when such amount does not exceed the sum of $15, exclusive 
of cost. 

New Mexico.— Home to the value of $1,000 in farm, if head of a family and 
resides on same; wearing apparel, beds and bedding necessary for use of family, 
and firewood sufficient for thirty days, when intended to be used as such ; library 
and family and religious pictures; provisions to the amount of $25; kitchen 
furniture to value of $10, both to be selected by debtor; tools and implements 
necessary to carry on his trade or business, whether agricultural or mechanical, to 
be selected by him and not to exceed in value $20 ; real estate when sold must first 
be appraised by two freeholders of the vicinity, and must bring two-tliirds of the 
appraised value. 

North Carolina.— Homestead to the value of $1,000 when used as such, and 
to be selected by the owner; or instead, one lot and houses thereon in a city or 
town, owned snd occupied by any resident of the State. Personal property to the 
value of $500. 

Ohio. —Family homestead not exceeding$1,000 in value; wearing apparel, beds 
and bedding necessary for the use of family ; stove, pipe, and fuel sufficient for 
sixty days. If debtor owns no homestead, he is entitled to exemption on personal 
property to value of $500, in addition to above. 

Oregon. —Books, pictures, and musical instruments to the value of $75; 
wearing apparel to $100 in value, and if a householder, $50 worth of wearing 
apparel for each member of the family; tools, implements, team, vehicle, harness, 
library, or apparatus, when necessary in his occupation or profession, to the value 
of $400 ; if a householder, ten sheep tvitli one year’s fleece, two cows, five swine, 
household goods, furniture and utensils, to value of $300. No article of property 
is exempt from execution issued upon judgment for purchase price. 

Pennsylvania. —Property, either real or personal, to $300 in value. The 
exemption may be waived in contract or note. 

Rhode Island.— Home not exempted. Household furniture and stores of a 
housekeeper to the value of $200 ; wearing apparel necessary for the use of family; 
one cow, one hog, and tools or implements necessary for debtor’s profession, to the 
value of $50. 

South Carolina. —Homestead to the value of $1,000. Household furniture, 
beds, bedding, family library, arms, carts, wagons, farming implements, tools, 
cattle, work animals, swine, goats, and sheep, to the aggregate value of $500; 
wearing apparel necessary. 

Tennessee. —Homestead to the value of $1,000, and personal property to the 
value of $500. 

Texas. —Homestead to the value of $5,000, when us$d as such, and any sub¬ 
sequent increase in value of same, either in city or country. Household and 
kitchen furniture to value of $500. To every citizen not the head of a family, one 
horse, saddle and bridle; all wearing apparel, and tools, books, and apparatus of 
ins trade or profession ; also five cows, twenty hogs, one year’s provisions, and in 


HOMESTEAD LAWS. 


OtJ 


case of death of husband there is set aside by the court, for the benefit of the 
widow and children, other money or property to the value of the foregoing 
exemptions, if the specified articles are not already exempted. 

Utah. —Home worth $1,000 to head of family, same to be selected by him, and 
personal property to value of $700 or more, according to value of articles exempt 
by statute; each member of the family is allowed $250 aside from the homestead. 
No property shall be exempt from sale on a judgment received from its price, on a 
mechanic’s lien, ora mortgage tlier^ 

Vermont. —Homestead to the value of $500 and products; suitable wearing 
apparel, bedding, tools, arms, and articles of furniture as may be necessary for 
upholding life ; one sewing machine, one cow, the best swine or the meat of one 
swine; ten sheep and one year’s product of said sheep, in wool, yarn or cloth ; 
forage sufficient for keeping exempted cattle through one winter; ten cords of fire¬ 
wood, twenty bushels of potatoes; military arms required bylaw; all growing 
crops, ten bushels of grain, one barrel of flour, three swarms of bees, and hives, 
together with their produce in honey; two hundred pounds of sugar, and all 
lettered gravestones ; all books used in a family ; one pew in church ; live poultry 
to value of $10 ; professional books and instruments of physicians, clergymen and 
attorneys at law, to value of $200; one yoke of oxen, or steers, or two horses, as 
the owner may choose, kept and used for team work, to the value of $200, with 
sufficient for same through winter; these exemptions apply to contracts made since 
December, 1860. 

Virginia. —Home and personal property, including money and debts due 
him, to the value of $2,000, to a head of family, same to be selected by himself. 
Personal property exempted is defined by statute. 

West Virginia. —Homestead to the value of $1,000, where the property of 
that value is devised or granted by debtor, being a husband or parent, and resident 
in the State; and when he, previous to contracting the debt or liability, has 
placed a declaration of his intention to keep the property ns a homestead on the 
land records of the county in which the real estate is situate. Also personal 
property to value of $500, provided debtor is a resident and parent. 

Washington Territory. —Homestead to the value of $1,000 and personal 
property. 

Wisconsin. —Farm of forty acres, used for agricultural purposes, and the 
house and appurtenances, to be selected by owner, and not included in any village, 
town or city; or instead, one-fourth acre of land in a village, town, or city, with 
dwelling house thereon, when owned and occupied by a resident of the State. 
Family library and pictures, wearing apparel of debtor and family; all stoves, 
cooking utensils, and household furniture to value of $200; two cows, ten swine, 
one yoke of oxen, and one horse, or a span of horses or mules; ten sheep and the 
wool from same, either raw or manufactured ; necessary food for exempted stock 
for one year’s support; one wagon, cart, or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag, 
and other farming utensils, including tackle for teams, to value of $50; provis¬ 
ions and fuel for one year; tools and implements, or stock in trade of a mechanic 
or miner, or other person, to value of $200 ; library or implements of any profes¬ 
sional man to the value of $200; all moneys from insurance of exempt property; 
earnings of all persons for sixty days next preceding the issuing of any process; 
all sewing machines kept for use; any articles presented by Congress or the 
members thereof. 

Wyoming. —Homestead to the value of $1,500 and personal propeity. 


34 


STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS. 


» 

STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS ON OPEN ACCOUNTS, NOTES, 

JUDGMENTS, ETC. 


States. 

Open Accounts. 

1 

Notes. 

Judgments. 

Sealed andWitnessed 

Documents. 

Assault, Slander, Re- 

PLEVIN, ETC. 

Alabama. 

O 

O 

6 

20 

10 

1 

Arkansas. 

3 

5 

20 

10 

1 

California. 

o 

-j 

4 

5 

5 

3 

Colorado. 

2 

2 

3 

3 

l 

Connecticut . 

G 

6 

G 

17 

1 

Delaware.. 

3 

6 

20 

20 

1 

Florida. 

5 

5 

20 

20 

O 

Georgia. 

4 

G 

i 

20 

1 

Illinois. 

5 

10 

20 

10 

1 

Indiana. 

G 

20 

20 

20 

9 

Iowa . 

5 

10 

20 

10 

o 

Kansas. 

3 

5 

5 

15 

1 

Kentucky . 

5 

5 

15 

15 

1 

Louisiana. 

O 

O 

5 

10 

20 

1 

Maine. 

G 

20 

20 

20 

2 

Maryland. 

3 

3 

12 

12 

3 

Massachusetts. 

G 

20 

20 

20 

9 

Michigan. 

G 

6 

10 

10 

2 

Minnesota. 

G 

6 

10 

20 

9 

Mississippi. 

9 

Jmj 

6 

t 

i 

l 

Missouri. 

4 

5 

5 

10 

l 

Kebraska. 

6 

20 

20 

10 

2 

Kevada. 

6 

20 

20 

20 

2* 

Hew Hampshire. 

— 

— 

10 

10 

1 

Hew Jersey. 

G 

6 

20 

20 

O 

JU 

Hew York. 

G 

15 

15 

15 

1 

Horth Carolina. 

3 

10 

10 

10 

1 

Ohio. 

C 

15 

15 

15 

1 

Oregon. 

1 

6 

10 

20 

9 

Pennsylvania. 

G 

6 

20 

20 

1 

Rhode Island. 

G 

6 

20 

20 

1 

South Corolina. 

6 

6 

20 

20 

o 

jU 

Tennessee . 

6 

6 

20 

— 

1 

Texas . 

2 

4 

10 

10 

1 

Vermont . 

6 

14 

8 

8 

2 

Virginia. 

5 

5 

10 

20 

5 

West Virginia. 

5 

6 

10 

10 

5 

Wisconsin. 

6 

6 

20 

20 

2 


» 





































































FINANCE. 


INTEREST LAWS in the United States; the best interest rule extant; 
excellent iuterest rules. 

NUMBER OF DAYS from any day in one month to the same in any 
other month. 

INTEREST TABLES from $1 to $1,000, one-half to ten per cent. 

CAUTION in sending drafts or checks. 

BENEFIT of savings banks. 

PER CENT. TABLE, for finding the per cent, profit on any article. 

INSTANTANEOUS multiplication table; value of articles by the piece, 
reckoned from one to one dozen. 

BOARD TABLE by the week. 

WAGES TABLE, from one hour to one week, and from $2 to $25. 

MONEY, how it is made, its weight, fineness, value, etc. 

VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS, as determined by the United States 
Mint assay; approximate value of other foreign coins in United States 
gold. 

SHORT RATES OF FIRE INSURANCE for various periods. 



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* 




INTEREST LAWS. 


37 


INTEREST LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Laws of each State and Territory regarding Rates of Interest and Penalties for Usury, with the Law 

or Custom as to Days of Grace on Notes and Drafts. 


States and 
Territories. 

Legal 
Rate of 
Inter’st 

Rate 

Allowed by 
Contract. 

i 

Penalties for Usury. 

Grace or 
No Grace. 

Alabama. 

Per cent. 

8 

Per cent. 

8 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

Arkansas. 

6 

10 

Forfeiture, principle and Int. 

No statute 

California. 

i 

Any rate. 

None. 

No grace. 

Colorado. 

10 

Any rate. 

None, except of excess. 

Grace. 

Connecticut. 

6 

6 

Forfeiture of excess. 

Grace. 

Dakota. 

/ 

12 

Forfeiture of interest. 

Grace. 

Delaware. 

6 

6 

Forfeiture of principle. 

Grace. 

Dist. of Columbia. 

6 

10 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

Florida. 

8 

Any rate. 

None. 

Nostatute 

Georgia. 

< 

Any rate. 

None. 

Grace. 

Idaho . 

10 

18 

Fine of $100 or imprisonment. 

No grace. 

Illinois. 

6 

8 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

Indiana. 

6 

8 

Forfeit of excess of interest. 

Grace. 

Iowa. 

6 

10 

Forfeit of 10 per cent, on ain’t. 

Grace. 

Kansas. 

7 

12 

Forfeit of excess of interest. 

Grace. 

Kentucky. 

6 

8 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

Louisiana. 

5 

8 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

Maine. 

. 6 

Any rate. 

None. 

Grace. 

Maryland. 

6 

6 

Forfeit of excess of interest. 

Grace. 

Massachusetts.... 

6 

Any rate. 

None. 

Grace. 

Michigan. 

i 

10 

None. 

Grace. 

Minnesota. 

hr 

< 

12 

Forfeit of excess over 12 p. c. 

Grace. 

Mississippi. 

6 

10 

Forfeit of excess of interest. 

Grace. 

Missouri. 

6 

10 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

Nebraska. 

7 

10 

Forfeit of interest and cost. 

Grace. 

Nevada. 

10 

Any rate. 

None. 

Grace. 

New Hampshire.. 

6 

6 

Forfeit of thrice the excess. 

Grace. 

New Jersey. 

6 

6 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

New Mexico. 

6 

12 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Nostatute 

New York. 

6 

6 

Forfeit of principal and int. 

Grace. 

North Carolina... 

6 

8 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

Grace. 

Ohio. 

6 

8 

Forfeit of excess above 6 p. c. 

Grace. 

Oregon. 

8 

10 

Forfeit of principal and int. 

Grace. 

Pennsylvania. 

6 

6 

Forfeit of excess of interest. 

Grace. 

Rhode Island. 

6 

Any rate. 

None. 

Grace. 

South Carolina ... 

7 

Any rate. 

None. 

Grace. 

Tennessee. 

6 

6 

Forfeit exc. of int. & $100 fine. 

Grace. 

Texas. 

8 

12 

None. 

Grace. 

Utah. 

10 

Any rate. 

None. 

Grace. 

Vermont. 

6 

6 

Forfeit of excess of interest. 

Grace. 

Virginia. 

6 

8 

Forfeit of excess over 6 p. c. 

Grace. 

Washington Ter.. 

10 

Any rate. 

None. 


West Virginia.... 

6 

6 

Forfeit of excess of interest. 

Grace. 

Wisconsin. 

7 

1 

10 

Forfeiture of entire interest. 

« 

Grace. 



























































3S 


INTEREST RULES. 


THE BEST INTEREST RULE EXTANT. 

To find the interest on any amount, at any rate per cent., for any length of 
time: 

1st. Reduce time to run on interest to months and tenths of a month. To find 
the number of tenths of a month divide the number of days over a month by three 
and add to the number of months the tenths in decimal form. 

2d. Move the decimal point between dollars and cents in the principal two places 
to the left , divide this amount by tivelve and multiply by the rate per cent.; multiply 
this amount by the number of months, as found above, and the product will be the 
answer. 

Example.—$144.00 @ 41 per cent., for 1 year, 7 months and 21 days. 1 year, 
7 months and 21 days equals 19.7 months. 


At 41 Per Cent. 

12)1.44. 

.12 

41 rate of interest. 


.54 rate for one month. 
19.7 months. 


378 

486 

54 

$10.63.8=Ans. $10.63.8. 


At 5 Per Cent. 

12)1.44. 

.12 

5 rate of interest. 


.60 rate for one month. 
19.7 months. 


420 

540 

60 


$11.82.0=Ans. $11.82. 


At Ten Per Cent. 


1st. Eind the number of months and tenths of months as above. 

2d. Move decimal point between dollars and cents in principal one place to the 
left , divide by twelve , then multiply this amount by the number of months as found 
in “first,” and the product will be the answer. 

Example— $600.00 @ 10 per cent, from September 5th, 1879, to February 26tli, 
1881. From September 5th, 1879, to February 26th, 1881, is 1 year, 5 months and 
21 days, which equals 17.7 months. 

12)60.00 (Move decimal point one place to the left.) 

5. (Divide by 12,) which equals interest on principal for one month. If $5 
for one month, for 17.7 months it would be 17.7 times $5, which equals$88.50—Ans. 


Required, the interest on a note for 
$267.50, running 93 days at 10 f ct.; 93 
days equals 3.1 months. 

12)26.75 


2.23 

3.1 


223 

669 


Required, the interest on a note for 
$182.39, running 7 months, 7 days; 7 
months, 7 days equals 7.23 months. 

12)18.24 


1.52 

7.23 


456 

304 

1064 


$6.913—Answer. 


$10.,9896—Answer, 




















PER CENT. TABLE. 


39 


EXCELLENT INTEREST RULES. 


Tor finding the interest on any principal for any number of days. The answer 
in each case being in cents, separate the two right-hand figures of answer to 
express in dollars and cents: 

Four per cent.—Multiply the principal by the number of days to run; separate 
right-hand figure from product, and divide by 0. 

Five per cent.—Multiply by number of days, and divide by 72. 

Six per cent.—Multiply by number of days, separate right-hand figure, and 
divide by G. 


Eight per cent.—Multiply by number of days, and divide by 45. 

Xine per cent.—Multiply by number of days, separate right-hand figure, and 
divide by 4. 

Ten percent.—Multiply by number of days, and divide by 36. 

Twelve per cent.—Multiply by number of days, separate right-hand figure, ana 
divide by 3. 

Fifteen percent.—Multiply by number of days, and divide by 24. 

Eighteen per cent.—Multiply by number of days, separate right-hand figure, and 
divide by 2. 

Twenty per cent.—Multiply by number of days, and divide by 18. 

Twenty-four per cent.—Multiply by number of days, and divide by 15. 


PER CENT. TABLE. 

RAPID PROCESS OF MARKING GOOD AT DIFFERENT PER CENTS. 

General Rule. —First find 20 per cent, profit, by removing the decimal point 
one place to the left on the price the articles cost a dozen; then, as 20 per cent, 
profit is 120 per cent., add to or substraot from this amount the fractional part 
that the required per cent, added to 100 is more or less than 120. 

Table for marking all articles bought by the dozen. X. B.—Most of these are 
used in business. 

To make 20 per cent, remove the point one place to the left. 


a 

80 

n 

ll 

a 

and add 4 itself. 

a 

GO 

« 

a 

a 

u 


a 

a 

50 

u 

a 

u 

ll 

i 

n 

a 

44 

u 

a 

a 

ll 

1-5 

a 

ti 

40 

a 

a 

ii 

ll 

1-0 

n 

a 

374 

i i 

a 

ii 

ll 

1-7 

a 

a 

35 

a 

a 

n 

ll 

1-8 

u 

u 

oojL 

oot 

a 

a 

n 

ll 

1-9 

a 

a 

32 

u 

a 

ii 

ll 

1-10 

u 

a 

30 

n 

a 

ii 

ll 

1-12 

u 

u 

28 

u 

a 

ii 

ll 

1-15 

a 

a 

2G 

a 

ll 

ii 

ll 

1-20 

a 

u 

25 

u 

u 

a 

ll 

1-24 

ii 

ll 

124 

a 

a 

a 

subtract 

1-16 

u 

i i 

1G4 

n 

u 

n 

ii 

1-36 

a 

u 

181 

a 

u 

u 

ii 

1-96 

ii 


If I buy one dozen shirts for $28.00, what shall I retail them for to make fifty 
per cent. ? Ans. $3.50. 

Explanation. —Remove the point one place to the left and add on I itself. 



40 


SAVING BANKS. 


CAUTION IN SENDING DRAFTS OR CHECKS. 

In sending away a draft to a distant city to pay a bill never endorse it simply 
by writing your name across the back, as thus endorsed in some instances it will 
not be a receipt for the money. Should the draft get lost, unless a duplicate had 
been drawn and paid, it would be to the finder as good as so much money, for the 
reason that it is drawn in blank , which is equivalent to being payable to bearer. 
Again, should it reach the proper parties, be endorsed by them and deposited in 
their bank to his credit, it would be no receipt for the party sending it, as he could 
not prove that they did not receive it from another person. So always endorse your 
check by writing on the back : u Pay order of ” (the other party’s name) and write 
your own name under theirs. Always erase the word “bearer” on a check and 
write the word “order” over it; this will make it necessary for the party to endorse 
it in order to get the money, as it would be worthless to any one unless endorsed by 
this person. When the parties issuing these drafts or checks get them returned, 
or they are returned to the bank, they hold receipts from the persons to whom they 
were given, which are the very best receipts they could hold against such parties. 

If a bank pays a draft or check that has been forged, it is the bank’s loss and 
not that of the person’s name so forged. 


CAUTION TO RETAIL MERCHANTS. 

In making charges or memorandum of goods sold on account, always enter 
them upon the day book first, as the original entry is the only one that is 
satisfactory in a court of law. Entries first made on a slate or piece of paper, and 
afterward transferred to a book are of no use in a court of law to prove the 
account. 


THE BENEFIT OF SAVINGS BANKS. 

Showing some interesting results from small weekly savings.—Six per cent. 


At the 
end of 

$1 a week, with in¬ 
terest, amounts to 

$10 a month, with 
interest, amounts to 

$5 a week, with 
interest, amounts to 

$50 a month, with 
interest, amounts to 

1 year. 

$ 53.16 

$ 122.70 

$ 265.84 

$ 613.56 

O “ 

109.53 

252.84 

547.85 

1,264.47 

3 “ 

169.32 

390.90 

847.05 

1,955.01 

4 “ 

232.77 

537.39 

1,164.49 

2,687.61 

5 “ 

300.06 

692.79 

1,501.25 

3,464.82 

6 “ 

371.49 

857.67 

1,858.53 

4,289.34 

7 “ 

447.24 

1,032.57 

2,237.56 

5,164.11 

8 “ 

527.61 

1,218.12 

2,639.66 

6,092.16 

9 “ 

612.87 

1,415.01 

3,066.24 

7,076.73 

10 “ 

703.32 

1,623.87 

3,518.83 

8,121.24 

15 “ 

1,245.30 

2,875.17 

6,230.25 

14,379.06 

20 “ 

1,973.67 

4,556.76 

9,874.19 

22,789.05 


INTEREST TABLES. 

Note.— The column to the left of the following pages, indicate the rate of 
interest; the figures on the top (as 5 d), the number of days, and '3 m) the 
number of months. 


























I 


INTEREST 


41 


$1 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE;1 

Pen Cent D. 

2 

I). 

3 

D. 

4 

* 

5 

l). 

10 

D 

15 

D 

20 

D. 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

8 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

t 

M. 

8 

to. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

If. 

12 

M. 

i 

1 










.. 










01 

1 










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. . 

, . 

. , 

oi 

01 

01 

oi 

oi 

oi 

01 

2 








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, . 

01 

01 

01 

. 01 

01 

01 

02 

0i 

02 

02 

3 

A 










01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

4 

r- 










01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

04 

5 










01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

01 

05 

05 

6 









01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

06 

7 









01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

06 

07 

8 









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01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

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05 

06 

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07 

OH 

9 








01 

01 

02 

02 

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05 

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OH 

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u • 

os 

OS 

uO 

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lO 








01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

ud 

06 

07 

08 

08 

09 

10 


$2 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

10 

15 

20 

1 

o 

o 

O 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Per Cent 

D. 

D. 

D. 

I). 

D 

D. 

D. 

D 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

4 














01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

1 











oi 

01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

09 

02 

2 










01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

01 

01 

3 









01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

0< 

04 

4 









01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

05 

06 

07 

0- 

o< 

08 

5 







01 01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

09 

08 

10 

6 







01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

09 

10 

11 

12 

7 







01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

09 

11 

12 

l: 

14 

8 


. . 





OliOl 

01 

03 

04 

05 

07 

08 

09 

11 

12 

13 

15 

16 

9 






01 

oil 01 

02 

03 

05 

06 

08 

09 

11 

12 

14 

15 

11 

18 

lO 

• • 





01 

oiloi 

02 

03 

05 

07 

08 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

lb 

20 

$3 AT 1-: 

2, 

1, 

2, 3, - 

4, 

5, 6, 

7, 

8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 

RATE 

1 

4) 

3 

4 

5 

10 

15 20 

1 

2 

3 

4* 

5 

o 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Per Cent 

D. 

D. 

D. 

l) 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

4 












01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

i 





. . 

. . 


1 


01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

2 









oi 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

05 

3 








01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

04 

05 

05 

06 

07 

08 

08 

09 

4 







01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

09 

10 

11 

12 

5 







01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

06 

08 

09 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

6 






01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

06 

08 

09 

11 

12 

14 

15 

17 

18 

7 






01101 

01 

02 

04 

05 

07 

09 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

19 

21 

8 






01 01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

9 






01 01 

02 

02 

05 

07 

09 

11 

14 

16 

18 

20 

23 

25 

27 

10 





” 

0101 

02 1 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 









































































































































































































42 


INTEREST. 


$4 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D. 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D. 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

AI. 

4 











01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

02 

1 






• 




01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

04 

2 









01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

05 

06 

07 

07 

08 

3 







01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

09 

10 

11 

12 

4 







01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

07 

08 

09 

11 

12 

13 

15 

16 

5 






01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

08 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

6 






01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

7 






01 01 

02 

02 

05 

07 

09 

12 

14 

16 

19 

21 

23 

26 

28 

8 






01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

08 

11 

13 

16 

19 

21 

24 

27 

29 

32 

9 





01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

lO 





01 01 

02 

02 

03 

07 

10 

13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 
















$5 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D . 

2 

D. 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D 

1 

M. 

o 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M 

4 











01 

01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

02 

03 

1 








1 


01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

2 








01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

08 

09 

10 

3 







01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

06 

08 

09 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

4 






01 01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

08 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

5 






01 01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

13 

15 

18 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

6 






01 01 02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

15 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

7 






01101 02 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

18 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

35 

8 





01 

01 02 02 

03 

I 07 

10 

13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

9 




01 

01 

01 !<n 02 
01 01 02 

03 

03 

04 

08 

11 

15 

19 

23 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

45 

lO 




04 

08 

13 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 





J 


) 


$6 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D 

9 

D. 

3 

D. 

3 ' 

O.l 

10 1520 
D. D.ID. 

1 

M. 

9 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 1 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

X 

2 










01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

1 









01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

06 

o 







01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08! 

09 

10 

11 

12 







01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

06 

08 

09 

11 

12| 

14 

1 /) 

17 

18 

4 






01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

5 






01 01 

02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

6 





01 

01 02 

02 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

7 





01 

01 02 

02 

04 

07 

11 

14 

18 

21 

25 

28! 

32 

35 

39 

42 

8 




01 

01 

01 02 

03 

04 

08 

12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32' 

36 

40 

44 

48 

9 




01 

01 

0202 

03 

05 

09 

14 

18 

23 

27 

32 

i 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

lO .. 



01 

I°1 

0203 

03 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 




















































































































































































































INTEREST. 


43 


$7 AT 1-2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST* 


RATE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

10 

15 

20 

Per Cent 

D. 

l>. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

4 









1 









2 







01 

01 

3 






01 

01 

01 

4 






01 

01 

02 

5 






01 

01 

02 

6 





M 

01 

02 

02 

7 




01 

01 01 

02 

03 

8 




01 

or 02 

02 

03 

9 



01 

01 

m 02 

03 

04 

lO 



01 

01 

01 02 

1 

03 

04 


1 

M. 

o 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

n 

M. 

12 

M. 


01 

01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

06 

07 

01 

02 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

09 

11 

12 

13 

14 

02 

04 

05 

07 

09 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

19 

21 

02 

05 

07 

09 

12 

14 

16 

19 

21 

23 

26 

28 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

18 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

35 

04 

07 

11 

14 

18 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

04 

08 

12 

16 

20 

25 

29 

33 

37 

41 

45 

49 

05 

09 

14 

19 

23 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

51 

56 

05 

11 

16 

21 

26 

32 

37 

42 

47 

53 

58 

63 

06 

12 

18 

23 

29 

35 

41 

47 

53 

58 

64 

70 


$8 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

i 

D. 

2 

D 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 ! 
D 

j 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

o 

O 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

i 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

4 










01 

01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

04 

1 









01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

05 

06 

07 

07 

08 

2 







01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

07 

08 

09 

11 

12 

13 

15 

16 

3 






>1 

01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

4 






01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

08 

11 

13 

16 

19 

21 

24 

27 

29 

32 

5 





01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

07 

10 

13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

83 

37 

40 

6 




01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

08 

12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

7 




01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

05 

09 

14 

19 

23 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

51 

56 

8 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

11 

16 

21 

27 

32 

37 

43 

48 

53 

58 

64 

9 

# # 


01 

01 01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

lO 



01 

01 01 02 03 04 

07 

13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

78 

80 


$9 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D 

2 

D. 

o 

O 

D. 

4 

D 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D. 

1 

M. 

o 

Li 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

4 ‘ 










01 

01 

02 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

i 








01 

oi 

02 

02 

03 

04 

05 

05 

06 

07 

08 

08 

09 

2 






01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

06 

08 

09 

11 

12 

14 

15 

17 

18 

3 






01 

01 

02 

02 

05 

07 

09 

11 

14 

16 

18 

20 

23 

25 

27 

4 





01 1)1 

02 

02 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

331 

36 

5 




01 

01101 02 

03 

04 

08 

11 

15 

19 

23 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

45' 

6 




01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

05 

09 

14 

18 

23 

27 

32 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

7 

* * 

. . 


01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

11 

16 

21 

26 

32 

37 

42 

47 

53 

58 

63 

8 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

9 



01 

01 01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

14 

20 

27 

34 

41 

47 

54 

61 

68 

74 

81 

10 


oi 

01 

01,01 

03 

04 

05 

08 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

83 

80 



























































































































































































44 


INTEREST. 


CIO AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE ! 

Per Cent 

D.i 

9 

— 

r>. 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D. 

1 

M. 

9 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

0 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M 











01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

i 








Ol 

oi 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

08 

09 

10 

2 






OI 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

08 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

3 






0101 02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

4 





01 loi !02 

02 

03 

07 

10 

13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

5 




jl 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

08 

13 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

6 



oi 

01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

7 



)i 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

00 

12 

18 

23 

29 

35 

41 

47 

53 

58 

64 

70 

8 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

07 

13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

73 

80 

9 


oi 

01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

08 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

83 

90 

lO 


01 

01 

01 

01 

03 

0400 

08 

17 

25 

. 33 

42 

50 

58 

67 

75 

83 

92 

1.00 


$11 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

1520' 

D. D 

1 

M. 

9 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

4 







.... 


01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

1 







. .01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

06 

06 

07 

08 

09 

10 

11 

2 






)l|0101 

02 

04 

06 

07 

09 

11 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

22 

3 






01 01 02 

03 

06 

08 

11 

14 

17 

19 

22 

25 

28 

30 

33 

4 





01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

07 

11 

15 

18 

22 

26 

29 

33 

37 

40 

44 

5 

/ 



01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

05 

09 

14 

18 

23 

28 

32 

37 

41 

46 

50 

55 

6 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

. 11 

17 

22 

28 

33 

39 

44 

50 

55 

61 

66 

7 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

13 

19 

26 

32 

39 

45 

51 

58 

64 

71 

77 

8 



01 

01 

01 

02 

0405 

07 

15 

99 

29 

37 

44 

51 

59 

66 

o 

( O 

81 

88 

9 


01 

01 

01 

01 

03 

04,06 

08 

17 

25 

33 

41 

50 

58 

66 

74 

83 

91 

99 

lO 

•• 

01 

01 

01 

0203 

0506 

1 

09 

18 

28 

37 

46 

55 

64 

73 

82 

92 

1.01 

1.10 


$12 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D. 

3 

D.! 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

201 
D 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

3 

M. 

1 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

i 









01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

06 

1 






01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

09 

10 

11 

12 

2 




■ * 

01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

3 




01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

4 


.... 

01 

01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

08 12 

16 

20 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

5 

• • 


01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

05 

10 

! 15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

6 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

12 

18 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

54 

60 

66 

72 

7 


01101 

01 

01 

02 

04 

05 1 

07 

14 

21 

28 

35 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

8 


01 01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

08 

16 24 

32 

40 

48 

56 

64 

72 

80 

88 

96 

9 


0101 

01 

02 

03 

05 

06 

09 

18 

27 

36 

45 

54 

63 

72 

81 

90 

99 

1.08 

lO 

• . 

0101 

01102 

03 

05 

07 

i 

20 

SO 

40 

1 

50 

60 

70 

\ 

80 

90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

1 



















































































































































































































INTEREST. 


4 ! 


;> 


$13 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST 


BATE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

lo|l5 

20 

1 

2 

3 

Per Cent 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

u. 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

4 









01 

01 

02 

1 







01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

2 






01 

01 01 

02 

04 

07 

3 

. . 




01 01 02 02 

03 

07 

10 

4 




01 

01 0102 03 

04 

09 

13 

5 



01 

01 

01 

02 

0304 

05 

11 

16 

6 



01 

01 

01 

02 

0304 

07 

13 

20 

7 



01 

01 

01 

03|04 05 

08 

15 

23 

8 


01 

01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

06 

09 

17 

26 

9 


01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

11 

20 

29 

IO 

• . 

01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

05 

07 

10 

22 

33 


4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 1 
M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

07 

04 

05 

07 

08 

09 

10 

11 

12 

13 

09 

11 

13 

15 

17 

20 

22 

24 

26 

13 

16 

20 

23 

26 

29 

33 

36 

39 

17 

99 

26 

30 

35 

39 

43 

48 

52 

22 

27 

33 

38 

43 

49 

54 

60 

65 

26 

33 

39 

46 

52 

59 

65 

72 

H O 

i 3 

30 

38 

46 

53 

61 

68 

76 

83 

91 

35 

43 

52 

61 

69 

78 

87 

95 

1.04 

39 

49 

59 

68 78 

88 

98 

1.07 

1.17 

43 

54 

65 

76 87 

97 

1.08 

1.19 

1.30 


! 


$14 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


BATE 1 

Per Cent D. 



1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

lO 


01 


01 

01 


01 01 
01 01 
0101 
01 01 


4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 






01 

01 

02 

02 

03 




01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

05 

06 



01 01 

021 

02 

05 

07 

09 

12 


01 

01 02 

02 

04 

07 

11 

14 

18 

01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

05 

09 

14 

19 

23 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

12 

18 

23 

29 

01 

01 

0204 

05 

07 

14 

21 

28 

35 

01 

01 

03 04 05 

08 

16 

25 

33 

41 

01 

02 

0310506 

09 

19 

28 

37 

47 

01 

02 

0410507 

11 

21 

32 

42 

53 

02 

02 

04 06 08 

) J 

12 

23 

35 

47 

58 


6 

M. 

t 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

Mo 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M, 

04 

04 

05 

05 

06 

06 

07 

07 

08 

09 

11 

12 

13 

14 

14 

16 

19 

21 

23 

26 

28 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

28 

33 

37 

42 

47 

51 

56 

35 

41 

47 

53 

58 

64 

70 

42 

49 

56 

63 

70 

77 

84 

49 

57 

65 

74 

82 

90 

98 

56 

65 

75 

84 

93 

1.03 

1,12 

63 

74 

84 

95 

1.05 

1.16 

1.26 

70 

82 

93 

1.05 

1.17 

1.28 

1.40 


$15 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 


3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


BATE 

Per Cent 


1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 
to 


1 

2 

3 

4 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 


01 

01 

01 

01 

01 


5 1015 20 
D. D. D. D. 


. . 01 

01 01 


01 

02 

03 


.. 01 01 0102 
01 01 01 02 
01 01 01 02103104 
01101 01 03 04105 
01 01 01 [03 04 06 
01,01 02 03 05 07 
01102 02)04 06 
01 02 02 04 06 


OS 

08 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M;.. 

01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

04 

05 

06 

06 

07 

01 

03 

04 

05 

06 

08 

09 

10 

11 

13 

14 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

04 

08 

11 

15 

19 

23 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

06 

13 

19 

25 

31 

38 

44 

50 

56 

63 

69 

j 

08 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

83 

09 

18 

26 

35 

44 

53 

61 

70 

79 

"88 

96 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

1.00 

1.10 

11 

23 

34 

45 

56 

68 

79 

90 

1.01 

1.13 

1.24 

13 

25 

38 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 1.25 

1.38 


12 

M. 


08 
15 
30 
45 
60 
75 
90 
1.05 
1.20 
1.35 
1.50 
















































































































































































































40 


INTEREST. 


$20 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and’ lO PER CENT. INTEREST,, 


LATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

o 

Li 

I). 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D. 

1 

M. 

o 

Li 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

h* 

1 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

i 








01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

05 

06 

07 

08 

08 

09 

10 

1 






01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

08 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

2 





01 

01 

02 02 

03 

07 

10 

13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

3 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

4 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

07 

13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

73 

80 

5 


01 

01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

06 

08 

17 

25 

33 

42 

50 

58 

67 

75 

83 

92 

1.00 

6 


01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

10 

20 

£0 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

7 


01 

01 

02 

02 

04 

06 

08 

12 

23 

35 

47 

58 

70 

82 

93 

1.05 

1.17 

1.28 

1.4) 

8 


01 

01 

02 

02 

04 

07 

09 

13 

27 

40 

53 

67 

80 

93 

1.07 

1.20 

1.33 

1.47 

1.60 

9 

01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

lO 

01 

01 

02 

02 

03 06 

08 

U J 

17 

33 

50 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

2.8P 

1.0) 


$25 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

1 

2 

Q 

O 

4 

5 

10 

15 

20 

1 

9 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Per Cent 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

} 







01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

06 

( 

08 

09 

10 

11 

13 

1 






01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

2 




01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

08 

13 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

3 



01 

01 

01 

02 

0304 

06 

13 

19 

25 

31 

38 

44 

50 

56 

63 

69 

75 

4 


oi 

01 

01 

01 

03 

0406 

08 

17 

25 

33 

42 

50 

58 

67 

75 

83 

92 

1.00 

5 

• • 

01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

0507 

10 

21 

31 

42 

52 

63 

73 

83 

94 

1.01 

1.15 

1.25 

6 


01 

01 

02 

02 

04 

06 

08 

13 

25 

38 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.50 

7 


01 

01 

02 

02 

05 

07 

10 

15 

29 

44 

58 

73 

88 

1.02 

1.17 

1.31 

1.46 

1.60 

1.75 

8 

0101 

02 

02 

03 

06 

08 

n 

17 

33 

50 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

1.88 

2.00 

9 

01 01 

02 

03 

03 

06 09 

13 

19 

38 

56 

75 

94 

1.13 

1.31 

1.50 

1.69 

1.88 

2 .oe 

2.25 

10 

0101 

J 

02 

03 

03 

07 

10 | 14 | 

21 

42 

63 

83 

1.04 

1.25 

1.46 

1.67 

1.88 

2.08 

2.29 

2.50 


$30 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1015 

1 

20 

i 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Per Cent 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 








01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

06 

08 

09 

ib 

]i 

13 

14 

1 5 

1 






01 01 

02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

2 



01 

01 

01 

02'03 

03 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

3 


0101 

01 

01 

03104 

05 

08 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

83 

90 

4 


01 

01 

01 

02 

03 05 

07 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

5 


01 

01 

02 

02 

04 

06 

08 

13 

25 

38 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.50 

6 

oi 

01 

02 

02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

7 

01 

01 02 

02 

03 

06 

09 

12 

18 

35 

53 

70 

88 

1.05 

1.23 

1.40 

1.58 1.75 

1.93 

2.10 

8 

01 

0102 

03 

03 

0710 

13 

20 

40 

60 

80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 1.60 

1.80 2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

9 

01 

0202 

03 

04 

08111 

15 

23 

45 

68 

90 

1.13 

1.35 

1.58 

1.80 

2.03 

2.25 

2.48 

2.70 

IO 

oi 

02 03 

03 

04 

08 13 

17 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 






















































































































































































lNTEK-Rttl. 


47 


$40 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

1015 20 

1 

o 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Per Cent 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D . 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

i 






01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

0o 

07 

08 

10 

19 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

1 

* * 




01 

01 

02 0*2 

03 

07 

10 

v 13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

2 



01 

01 

01 

020304 

07 

13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

73 

80 

3 


oi 

01 

01 

02 

03 05 07 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

4 


01 

01 

02 

02 

04 ; 07 

09 

13 

27 

40 

53 

67 

80 

93 

1.07 

1.20 

1.33 

1.47 

1.60 

5 

6i 

01 

02 

02 

03 

0608 

11 

17 

33 

50 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

1.83 

2.00 

6 

01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

07 10 

13 

20 

40 

60 

80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

7 

01 

02 

02 

03 

04 

0812 

16 

23 

47 

70 

93 

1.17 

1.40 

1.63 

1.87 

2.10 

2.33 

2.57 

2.80 

8 

01 

02 

08 

04 

04 

0913 18 

27 

53 

80 

1.07 

1.33 

1.60 

1.87 

2.13 

2.40 

2.67 

2.93 

3.20 

9 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

1015 

20 

30 

60 

90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70 

3.00 

3.30 

3.60 

IO 

01 

02 

03 

0-1 

06 

11 17 

1 

22 

33 

67 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

3.33 

3.67 

4.00 


$50 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D. 

I M ft 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

4 






01 

01 

01 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

i 




01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

08 

13 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

2 


01 

01 01 

01 

03 

04 

06 

08 

17 

25 

33 

42 

50 

58 

67 

75 

83 

92 

1.00 

3 


01 

01 02 

02 

04 

06 

08 

13 

25 

38 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.50 

4 

01 01 

02 

02 

03 

06 

08 

11 

17 

33 

50 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

1.83 

2.00 

5 

0101 

0203 

03 

07 

10 

14 

21 

42 

63 

83 

1.04 

1.25 

1.46 

1.67 

1.88 

2.08 

2.29 

2.50 

6 

01 

02 

03 03 

04 

08 13 

17 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

7 

01 

02 

03 04 

05 

10 15 

19 

29 

58 

88 

1.17 

1.46 

1.75 

2.04 

2.33 

2.63 

9 Q9 

iJ • KJ — 

3.21 

3.50 

8 

01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

11 17 

22 

33 

67 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 3.33 

3.67 

4.00 

9 

01 

03 

04 

05 

06 

13119 

25 

38 

75 

1.13 

1.50 

1.88 

22.5 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

3.75 

4.13 

4.50 

IO 

01 

03 

04 

0607 

) 

14 2128 

| i 

42 

83 

1.25 1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

3.33 

3.75 

4.17 

4.58 

5.00 


$60 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

10 

1520 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Per Cent 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

4 






01 

01 02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

i 



01 

01 

01 02 

03 

03 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

2 


01 01 

01 

02 

03 

05 

07 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

1.00 

1.10 

1.20 

3 

01 

01 02 

02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

4 

01 

01 02 

03 

03 

07 

10 

13 

20 

40 

60 

80 

1.00 

1.20 1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

5 

01 

0203 

03 

04 

08 

13 

17 

25 

' 50 

75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

6 

01 

02 03 

04 

05 

10 

15 

20 

30 

60 

90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 2.10 

2.40 

2.70 

3.00 

3.30 

3.60 

7 

01 

02 04 

05 

06 

12 

18 

23 

35 

70 

1.05 

1.40 

1.75 

2.10 

2.45 

2.80 

3.15 3.50 

3.85 

4.20 

8 

01 

03 

04 

05 

07 

13 

20 

27 

40 

80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 4.00 

4.40 

4.80 

9 

02 03 

05 

06 

08 

15 

23 

30 

45 

90 

1.35 

1.80 

2.25 

2.70 3.15 

3.60 

4 . 0514.50 

4.95 

5.40 

IO 

02 03 05 

l 1 

07 

08 

17 

25 

33 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2 . 5013.00 3.50 4.00 

i 1 1 

4.50 5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

































































































































































































48 


INTEREST. 


$70 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 


and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D. 

3 

D. 

4 

i). 

5 

n. 

io’ 

D. 

1520 
D. D. 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

£ 

— 





01 

01 02 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

18 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

35 

1 



01 

01 

01 

02 

0304 

06 

12 

18 

23 

29 

35 

41 

47 

53 

58 

64 

70 

2 

. . 01 

01 

02 

02 

0406 

08 

12 

23 

35 

47 

58 

70 

82 

93 

1.05 

1.17 

1.28 

1.40 

3 

01 01 

02 

02 

03 

06 09 

12 

18 

35 

53 

70 

88 

1.05 

1.23 

1.40 

1.58 

1.75 

1.93 

2.10 

4 

01 02 

02 

03 

04 

0812 

16 

23 

47 

70 

93 

1.17 

1.40 

1.63 

1.87 

2.10 

2.33 

2.57 

2.80 

5 

0102 

03 

04 

05 

1015 

19 

29 

58 

88 

1.17 

1.46 

1.10 

2.04 

2.33 

2.63 

2.92 

3.21 

3.50 

6 

01 02 

04 

05 

06 

12 

18 231 

35 

70 

1.05 

1.40 

1.75 

2.10 

2.45 

2.80 

3.15 

3.50 

3.85 

4.20 

7 

01 

03 

04 

05 

07 

14 

20 

27 

41 

8211.23 

1.63 

2.01 

2.45 

2.86 

3.27 

3.68 

4.08 

4.49 

4.90 

8 

02 

03 

05 

06 

08 

16 

23 

31 

47 

93 

1.40 

1.87 

2.33 

2.80 

3.27 

3.73 

4.20 

4.67 

5.13 

5.60 

9 

02 

04 

05 

07 

09 

18 

26 

35 

53 

1.05 

1.58 

2.10 

2.63 

3.15 

3.68 

4.20 

4.73 

5.25 

5.78 

6.30 

lO 

02|04 

06 

08 

10 19 

I 

29 

39 

58 1.17 

1.75 

2.33 

Q 9 

3.50 

4.08 

4.67 

5.25 

5.83 

6.42 

7.00 


$75 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

1 

o 

3 

4 

5 

10 15)20 

1 

o 

-J 

3 

•i 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Per Cent 

D. 

D 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

■i 





01 01 

0202 

03 

06 

10 

13 

16 

19 

22 

25 

'28 

31 

34 

38 

\ 



01 

01 

01)02 

03 

04 

06 

13 

19 

25 

31 

38 

44 

50 

56 

63 

69 

75 

2 


01 01 

02 

0204 

06 

08 

13 

25 

38 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.50 

3 

oi 

01)02 

03 

03106 

09 

13 

19 

38 

56 

75 

94 1.13 

1.31 

1.50 

1.69 

1.88 

2.06 

2.25 

4 

01 

02 

03 

03 

0408 

13 

17 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

5 

01 02 03 

04 

0510 

16 

21 

31 

63 

94 

1.25 

1.56 

1.88 

2.19 

2.50 

2.81 

3.13 

3.44 

3.75 

6 

01 

03)04 

05 

06 13 

19 

25) 

38 

75 

1.13 

1.50 

1.88 

2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

3.75 

4.13 

4.50 

7 

01 

03,04 

06 

07 

15 

22 

29 

44 

88 

1.31 

1.75 

2.19 

2.63 

3.06 

3.50 

3.94 

4.38 

4.81 

5.25 

8 

02 

03 05 

07 

08)17 

25 

33 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

9 

02 

04 06 

08 

09 19 

28 

38 

56 

1.13 

1.69 

2.25 

2.81 

3.38 

3.94 

4.50 

5.06 

5.63 

6.19 

6.75 

10 

02 

•• 

044608 

10 21 

31 

42 

63 

1.25 

1.88 

2.50 

3.13 

3.75 

4.38 

5.00 

5.63 

6.25 

6.88 

7.50 


$80 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST 


3 


Per Cent D. D. D. 


RATE 1 2 


1 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 


01 


j j 10,15 20 
D. D D. D. D. 


..101 
01 01 
01 i ()2 


01 02103 


. . 01 01 02 02 
01 01 02 
02 02 04 
03 j 03 07 
04 04 1 09 


01)02)0304106 11 
0103 04 05 07 13 


02 03 05 06 


02 

02 

02 


04)05 
04 06 
04 07 


07 

08 

09 


08 16 
09 18 
10)20 
11 22 


03 04 
07 09 
1013 


13 

17 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 


18 

22 

27 

31 

36 

40 

44 


1 

! M. 

o 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

_ 

0 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

03 

07 

,0 

13 

17 

• 20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

07 

13 

20 

27 

33 

40 

47 

53 

60 

67 

73 

80 

13 

27 

40 

53 

67 

80 

93 1.07 

1.20 

1.33 

1.47 

1.60 

20 

40 

60 

80 

1.00 

1.20 

1.40 

1.60 

1.80 

2.00 

2.20 

2.40 

27 

53 

80 

1.07 

1.33 

1.60 

1.87 

2.13 

2.40 

2.67 

2.93 

3.20 

33 

67 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

3.33 

3.67 

4.00 

40 

80 

1.20 

1.60 

2.00 

2.40 

2.80 

3.20 

3.60 

4.00 

4.40 

4.80 

47 

93 

1.40 

1.87 

2.33 

2.80 

3.27 

3.73 

4.20 

4.67 

5.13 

5.60 

53 

1.07 

1.60 

2.13 

2.67 

3.20 

3.73 

4.27 

4.80 

5.33 

5.87 

6.40 

60 

1.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3.00 

3.60 

4.20 

4.80 

5.40 

6.00 

6.60 

7.20 

67 

1 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

6.67 

7.33 

8.00 















































































































































































INTEREST. 


40 


$90 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D. 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

I). 

15 

D. 

20 

D. 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

* 4 




01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

08 

11 

15 

19 

23 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

45 

1 

, . 

01 

oi 

01 

01 

03 

04 

05 

08 

15 

23 

30 

38 

45 

53 

60 

68 

75 

83 

90 

2 

01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

05 

08 

10 

15 

30 

45 

60 

75 

90 

1.05 

1.20 

1.35 

1.50 

1.65 

1.80 

3 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

08 

1115 

23 

45 

68 

90 

1.13 

1.35 

1.58 

1.80 

2.03 

2.25 

2.48 

2.70 

4 

01 

02 

03 

04 

05 

10 

15 

20 

30 

60 

90 

1.20 

1.50 

1.80 

2.10 

2.40 

2.70 

3.00 

3.30 3.60 

5 

01 

03 

04 

05 

06 

13 

19 

25 

38 

75 

1.13 

1.50 

1.88 

2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

3.75 

4.13 4.50 

6 

02 

03 

05 

06 

08 

15 

23 

30 

45 

90 

1.35 

1.80 

2.25 

2.70 

3.15 

3.60 

4.05 

4.50 

4.95 5.40 

7 

02 

04 

05 

07 

09 

18 

26 

35 

53 

1.05 

1.58 

2.10 

2.63 

3.15 

3.68 

4.20 

4.73 

5.25 

5.78 6.30 

8 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

20 

30 

40 

60 

1.20 

1.80 

2.40 

3.00 

3.60 

4.20 

4.80 

5.40 

6.00 

6.60 

7.20 

9 

02 

05 

07 

09 

11 

23 

34 

45 

68 

1.35 

2.03 

2.70 

3.38 

4.05 

4.73 

5.40 

6.08 

6.75 

7.43 

8.10 

lO 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

25 

38 

50 

*5 

1.50 

2.25 

3.00 

3.75 

4.50 

5.25 

6.00 

6,75 

7.50 

8.25 

9.00 


$100 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D. 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

D. 

1 

M. 

o 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

11 

M. 

12 

M. 

i 




01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

08 

13 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

1 


01 

01 

01 

01 

03 

04 

06 

08 

17 

25 

33 

42 

50 

58 

67 

75 

83 

92 

1.00 

2 

01 

01 

02 

02 

03 

06 

08 

11 

17 

33 

50 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

1.83 

2.00 

3 

01 02 

03 

03 

04 

08 

13 

17 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

4 

0102 

03 

04 

06 

11 

17 

22 

33 

67 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

3.33 

3.67 

4.00 

5 

01 03 

04 

06 

07 

14 

21 

28 

42 

83 

1.25 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

3.33 

3.75 

4.17 

4.58 

5.00 

6 

0203 

05 

07 

0817 

25 

33 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

7 

0204 

06 

08 

10 

19 

29 

39 

58 

1.17 

1.75 

2.33 

2.92 

3.50 

4.08 

4.67 

5.25 

5.83 

6.42 

7.00 

8 

0204 

07 

09 

11 

22 

33 

44 

67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

6.67 

7.33 

8.00 

9 

03105 

08 

10 

13 

25 

38 

50 

75 

1.50 

2.25 

3.00 

3.75 

4.50 

5.25 

6.00 

6.75 

7.50 

8.25 

9.00 

lO 

03'06 08 

11 

14 

28 

42 

56 

83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5.00 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

8.33 

9.17 

$10. 


$150 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

1 

D. 

2 

D. 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

1520 
D. D. 

1 

M. 

2 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

h- 

/ 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

10 

M. 

12 

M. 

£ 



01 

01 

01 

02 

03 

04 

06 

13 

19 

25 

31 

38 

44 

50 

56 

63 

75 

1 


01 

01 

02 

02 

04 

06 

08 

13 

25 

38 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.50 

2 

01 

02 

03 

03 

04 

08 

13 

17 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

3.00 

3 

01 

03 

04 

05 

06 

13 

19 

25 

38 

75 

1.13 

1.50 

1.88 

2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.38 

3.75 

4.50 

4 

0203 

05 

07 

08 

17 

25 

33 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

6.00 

5 

02 

04 

06 

08 

10 

21 

31 

42 

63 

1.25 

1.88 

2.50 

3.13 

3.75 

4.38 

5.00 

5.63 

6.25 

7.50 

6 

03 

05 

08 

10 

13 

25 

38 

50 

75 

1.50 

2.25 

3.00 

3.75) 4.50 

5.25 

6.00 

6.75 

7.50 

9.00 

7 

03 

06 

09 

12 

15 

29 

44 

58 

88 

1.75 

2.63 

3.50 

4.38)5.25 

6.13 

7.00 

7.88 

8.75 

10.50 

8 

03 

07 

10 13 17 

33 

50 

67 

1.00 

2.00 3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

10.00 

12.00 

9 

04 

08 

12 15 19 

38 

56 

75 

1.13 

2.25 3.38 4.50 

5.63 

6.77 

7.88 

9.00 

10.13 

11.25 

13.50 

IO 

04 08 

13 

17 

21 

42 

63 

83 

1.25 

2.50 3.75 5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

11.25 

12.50 

15.00 


T> 





















































































































































































50 


INTEREST. 


$200 


AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 


9 and 10 PERCENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

i 

D . 

9 

I ). 

o 

O 

D. 

4 

I ). 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

I ). 

1 

M. 

o 

M. 

O 

O 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

8 

M. 

9 

M. 

12 

M. 

i 


01 

01 

01 01 

03 

04 

00 

08 

17 

25 

33 

42 

50 

58 

07 

75 

1.00 

1 

oi 

01 

02 

02 

03 

00 

08 

11 

17 

33 

50 

07 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

2.00 

2 

01 

02 

03 

04 

00 

11 

17 

22 

33 

07 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

4.00 

3 

02 

03 

05 

07 

08 

17 

25 

33 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

6.00 

4 

02 

04 

07 

09 

11 

22 

33 

44 

07 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

6.00 

6.00 

5 

03 

00 

08 

11 

14 

28 

42 

50 

83 

1.07 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5.00 

5.83 

6.67 

7.50 

10.00 

6 

03 

07 

10 

13 

17 

33 

50 

07 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

9.00 

12.00 

7 

04 

08 

12 

10 

19 

39 

58 

78 

1.17 

2.33 

3.50 

4.67 

5.83 

7.00 

8.17 

9.33 

10.50 

14.00 

8 

04 

09 

13 

18 

22 

44 

07 

89 

1.33 

2.07 

4.00 

5.33 

6.67 

8.00 

9.33 

10.67 

12.00 

16.00 

9 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.50 

3.00 

4.50 

6.00 

7.50 

9.00 

10.50 

12.00 

13.50 

18.00 

io 

00 

11 

17 

22 

28 

50 

83 

1.11 

1.07 

3.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

13.33 

15.00 

20.00 


$300 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 

i 

D . 

2 

D 

3 

D . 

4 

D . 

5 

1 ). 

10 

D . 

15 

D . 

20 

D . 

1 

M. 

9 

M. 

o 

O 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

l 

M. 

8 

M . 

12 

M . 

' i 


01 01 

02 02 

04 

06 

08 

13 

25 

38 

50 

63 

75 

'38 

1.00 

1.50 

1 

oi 

02 

03 03 04 

08 

13 

17 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

3.00 

2 

02 

03,05 

07 08 

17 

25 

33 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

6.00 

3 

03 

05 08 

1013 

25 

38 

50 

75 

1.50 

2.15 

3.00 

3.75 

4.50 

5.25 

6.00 

9.00 

4 

03 

07 

10 

13 17 

33 

50 

67 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

32:00 

5 

04 

08 

13 

17 

21 

42 

63 

83 

1.25 

2.50 

3.75 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 

15.00 

6 

05 

10 

15 

20 

25 

50 

75 

1.00 

1.50 

3.00 

4.50 

6.00 

7.50 

9.00 

10.50 

12.00 

18.00 

7 

06 

12 

18 

23 

29 

58 

88 

1.17 

1.75 

3.50 

5.25 

7.00 

8.75 

10.50 

12.25 

14.00 

21.00 

8 

07 

13 

20 

27 

33 

67 

1.00 

1.33 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

2.00 

4.00 

16.00 

24.00 

9 

08 

15 

23 

30 

38 

75 

1.13 

1.50 

2.25 

4.50 

6.75 

9.00 

11.25 

13.50 

15.75 

18.00 

27.00 

10 

08 

17 

25 

33 

42 

83 

1.25 

1.67 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 

80.00 


$400 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 1 

Per Cent; D. 

2 

D. 

3 

D. 

4 

D. 

r 

O 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 
D. ! 

1 

M. 

9 

M. 

0 

O 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

i 

M. 

8 

M. 

12 

M. 

4 

oijoi I0202 

03 

06 

08 

11 

17 

33 

50 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

2.00 

1 

01 i 02 

03 04 

06 

11 

17 

22 

33 

67 

1.00 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

4.00 

2 

02 04 07 

09 

11 

22 

33 

44 

67 

1.33 

2.00 

2.67 

3.33 

4.00 

4.67 

5.33 

8.00 

3 

03 07 

10 

13 

17 

33 

50 

67 

1.00 

2.00 

3.00 

4.00 

5.00 

6.00 

7.00 

8.00 

12.00 

4 

04 

09 

13 

18 

22 

44 

67 

89 

1.33 

2.67 

4.00 

5.33 

6.67 

8.00 

9.33 

10.67 

16.00 

5 

06 

11 

17 

22 

28 

56 

83 

1.11 

1.67 

3.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

13.33 

20.00 

6 

07 

13 

20 

27 

33 

67 

1.00 

1.33 

2.00 

4.00 

6.00 

8.00 

10.00 

12.00 

14.00 

16.00 

24.00 

7 

08 

16 

23 

31 

39 

78 

1.17 

1.56 

2.33 

4.67 

7.00 

9.33 

11.67 

14.00 

16.33 

18.67 

28.00 

8 

09 

18 

27 

36 

44 

89 

1.33 

1.78 

2.67 

5.33 

8.00 

10.67 

13.33 

16.00 

18.67 

21.33 

32.00 

9 

10 

20 

30 

40 

50 

1.00 

1.50 

2.00 

3.00 

6.00 

9.00 

12.00 

15.00 

18.00 

21.00 

24.00 

36.00 

IO 

11 

22 

33 

44 

56 

1.11 

1.67 

2.22 

3.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 

40.00 



























































































































































INTEREST. 


51 


$500 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 

Per Cent 


* 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

lO 


1 

o 

la 

3 

4 

5 

10 

15 

. 20 

1 

o 

La 

o 

O 

4 

5 

6 

h* 

1 

8 1 12 

D. 

2 

D. 

I). 

D. 

I). 

D. 

D. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. 

M. M. 

01 

01 

02 

03 

03 

07 

10 

14 

21 

42 

63 

83 

1.04 

1.25 

1.46 

1.67 2.50 

111 03 

04 00 

07 

14 

21 

28 

42 

83 

1.25 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

3.33 5.00 

03 06 

08 

11 

14 

28 

42 

56 

83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5.00 

5.83 

6.67 10.00 

04 08 

13 

17 

21 

42 

63 

83 

1.25 

2.50 

3.75 

5.00 

6.25 

7.50 

8.75 

10.00 15.60 

06 11 

17 

22 

28 

56 

83 

1.11 

1.67 

3.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

13.33 20.00 

07 

14 

21 

2835 

69 

1.04 

1.39 

2.08 

4.17 

6.25 

8.33 

10.42 

12.50 

14.58 

16.67 25.00 

08 

17 

25 

33 42 

83 

1.25 

1.67 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

20.00 30.00 

10 

19 

29 39 49 

97 

1.46 

1.94 

9 09 

LA, KJ LA 

5.83 

8.75 

11.67 

14.58 

17.50 

20.42 

23.33 35.00 

11 

22 

33 44 56 

1.11 

1.67 

o 99 

-A»La*L\ 

3.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.33 

26.67 40.00 

13 

25 

3850 63 

1.25 

1.88 

2.50 

3.75 

7.50 

11.25 

15.00 

18.75 

22.50 

26.25 30.00 45.00 

14 

28 

42 56 69 

! 1 

1.39 

2.08 

2.78| 

4.17 

8.33 

12.50 

16.67 

20.83 

25.00 29.17 

33.33 50.00 


$1000 AT 1-2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and lO PER CENT. INTEREST. 


RATE 1 2 3 

Per Cent D. 1). D. 

4 

D. 

5 

D. 

10 

D. 

15 

D. 

20 

I). 

1 

M. 

9 

M. 

3 

M. 

4 

M. 

5 

M. 

6 

M. 

7 

M. 

12 

M. 

i 01 03 04 

06 

07 

14 

21 

28 

42 

83 

1.25 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

5.00 

1 030608 

11 

14 

28 

42 

56 

83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

4.17 

5.00 

5.83 

10.60 

2 061117 

99 

iJiJ 

28 

56 

83 

1.11 

1.67 

3.33 

5.00 

6.67 

8.33 

10.00 

11.67 

20.00 

-3 08 17 25 

33 

42 

83 

1.25 

1.67 

2.50 

5.00 

7.50 

10.00 

12.50 

15.00 

17.50 

30.00 

4 1122 33 

44 

56 

1.11 

1.67 

9 99 

3.33 

6.67 

10.00 

13.33 

16.67 

20.00 

23.33 

40.00 

5 142842 

56 

69 

1.39 

2.08 

2.78 

4.17 

8.33 

12.50 

16.67 

20.83 

25.00 

29.17 

50.00 

6 17,33 50 

67 

83 

1.67 

2.50 

3.33 

5.00 

10.00 

15.00 

20.00 

25.00 

30.00 

35.00 

60.00 

7 19 39 58 

78 

97 

1.94 

9 <)9 

LA* O 

3.89 

5.83 

11.67 

17.-50 

23.33 

29.17 

35.00 

40.83 

70.00 

8 22 44 67 

89 

1.11 

2.22 

3.33 

4.44 

6.67 

13.33 

20.00 

26.67 

33.33 

40.00 

46.67 

80.00 

9 25 50 75 

1.00 

1.25 

2.50 3.75 

5.00 

7.50 

15.00 

22.50 

30.00 

37.50 

45.00 

52.50 

90.00 

IO 28 56 83 

1 1 I 

1.11 

1.39 

2.78 4.17 

1 

5.56 

8.33 

16.67 

25.00 

33.33 

41.67 

50.00 

58.33 

$100. 


FOR CONVERTING AVOIRDUPOIS INTO TROY OUNCES. 

Eleven ounces avoirdupois weight equal ten ounces troy weight. 


Twenty-two 

ll 

a 

u 

Fourty-four 

a 

u 

u 

Fifty 

a 

u 

u 

Sixty 

a 

ii 

u 

Seventy 

u 

a 

t c 

Eighty 

a . 

u 

(C 

N inety 

u 

a 

C c 

One hundred 

a 

a 

L C 

Two hundred 

ll 

n 

U 

Five hundred 

a 

u 

(( 

One thousand 

a 

a 

u 


twenty “ 

a 

forty u 

a 

fourty-six u 

u 

fifty-five u 

u 

sixty-four “ 

a 

seventy-three 

u 

eighty-two 

u 

ninety-one troy 

a 

182 ounces “ 

u 

456 “ “ 

it 

912 “ u 

u 












































































































WAGES TABLE. 


52 


< 


A TABLE OF WAGES, 


DAYS 


i 

4 

& 

¥ 

l 

H i 

1* I 

H 


24 

2 f 

3 

3 i 

3 | 

3 f 

4 
44 
44 
4 f 

5 
54 
54 
5 f 

6 

Hour 


Showing Amounts from One Hour to One Week, $2 to $25. 


j $ 2 . 

$ 2.50 

$ 3 . 

$ 3.50 

$ 4 . 

$ 4.50 

$ 5 . 

$ 5.50 

$ 6 . 

$ 6.50 

$ 7 . 

$ 7.50 

$ 8 . 

$ 8.50 

$ 9 . 

$ 9.50 

$10. 

8 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

35 

38 

40 

42 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

63 

67 

71 

75 

79 

83 

25 

31 

38 

44 

50 

56 

63 

69 

75 

81 

88 

94 

1.00 

1.06 

1.13 

1.19 

1.25 

33 

42 

50 

58 

67 

75 

83 

92 

1.00 

1.08 

1.17 

1.25 

1.33 

1.42 

1.50 

1.58 

1.67 

42 

52 

63 

73 

83 

94 

1.04 

1.15 

1.25 

1.35 

1.46 

1.56 

1.67 

1.87 

1.88 

1.98 2.08 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.50 

1.63 

1.75 

1.88 

2.00 

2.18 

2.25 

2.38 

2.50 

58 

73 

88 

1.02 

1.17 

1.31 

1.46 

1.60 

1.75 

1.90 

2.04 

2.19 

2.33 

2.48 

2.63 

2.77 

2.92 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

1.83 

2.00 

2.17 

2.33 

2.50 

2.67 

2.83 

3.00 

3.17 

3.33 

75 

94 

1.13 

1.31 

1.50 

1.69 

1.87 

2.06 

2.25 

2.44 

2.63 

2.81 

3.00 

3.19 

3.37 

3.56 

3 . 7 1 

83 

1 . 04 } 1.25 

1.46 

1.67 

1.87 

2.08 

2.29 

2.50 

2.71 

2.92 

3.13 

3.33 

3.54 

3.75 

3.96 

4.17 

92 

1.15 1.38 

1.60 

1.83 

2.06 

2.29 

2.52 

2.75 

2.98 

3.21 

3.44 

3.67 

3.90 

4.13 

4.35 4.58 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.25 

3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4.25 

4.50 

4.75 

5.00 

1.08 

1.35 

1.62 

1.90 

2.17 

2.44 

2.71 

2.98 

3.25 

3.52 

3.79 

4.06 

4.33 

4.60 

4.88 

5 . 1515.42 

1.17 

1.46 

1.75 

2.04 

2.33 

2.63 

9 09 

3.21 

3.50 

3.79 

4.08 

4.38 

4.67 

4.96 

5.25 

5.54 

2.83 

1.25 

1.56 

1.88 

2.19 

2.50 

2.81 

3.13 

3.44 

3.75 

4.06 

4.37 

4.69 

5.00 

5.31 

5 . 6215.94 

6.25 

1.33 

1.67 

2.00 

2.33 

2.67 

3.00 

3.33 

3.67 

4.00 

4.33 

4.67 

5.00 

5.33 

5.67 

6.00 6.33 

6.67 

1.42 

1.77 

2.13 

2.48 

2.83 

3.19 

3.54 

3.90 4.25 

4.60 

4 . 9 J 6 

5.31 

5.67 

6.02 

6.37 

6.73 

7.08 

1.50 

1.87 

2.25 

2.63 

3.00 

3.27 

3.75 

4.13 

4.50 

4.88 

5.25 

5.63 

6.00 

6.37 

6.75 

7.13 

7.49 

1.58 

1.98 

2.37 

2.77 

3.17 

3.56 

3.96 

4.35 

4.75 

5.15 

5.54 

5.94 

6.33 

6.73 

7.13 

7.53 

7.92 

1.67 

2.08 

2.50 

2.92 

3.33 

3.75 

4.17 

4.58 

5.00 5.42 

5.83 

6.25 

6.67 

7.08 

7.50 

7.92 

8.33 

1.75 

2.19 

2.63 

3.06 

3.50 

3.94 

4.38 

4.81 

5.25 

5.68 

6.13 

6.56 

7.00 

7.44 

7.88 8.31 

8.75 

1.83 

2.29 

2.75 

3.21 

3.67 

4.13 

4.58 

5.04 

5.50 

5.95 

6.42 

6.88 

7.33 

7.79 

8.25 8.71 

9.17 

1.92 

2.40 

2.88 

3.35 

3.83 

4.31 

4.79 

5.27 

5.75 

6.22 

6.71 

7.19 

7.67 

8.15 

8.63 

9.10 

9.58 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 

6.00 

6.50 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

6.50 

10.0 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i 

i 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 


DAYS. 


4 

4 

t 

1 

14 

14 

If 

2 

24 

24 

21 

3 
34 
34 
3 f 

4 
44 
44 
4 f 

5 
54 
54 
5 f 

6 

Per Hour 


$11 


$12 


46 50 54 

92 1.00 1.08 
1.37 1.50 1.62 
1.83 2.00 2.17 
2.29 2.50 2.71 
2.75 3.00 3.25 
3.21 3.50 3.79 
3.67 4.00 4.33 
4.13 4.50 4.87 
4.58 5.00 5.42 
5.04 5.50 5.96 
5.50 6.00 6.50 
5.96 6.50 7.04 
6.42 7.00 7.58 
6.88 7.50 8.13 
7.33 8.00 8.67 
7.79 8.50 9.21 
8.25 9.00 9.75 
8.71 9 . 5010.29 
9.17 10.00 10.83 
9.63 10 . 50111.37 
10.08 11 . 0011.92 
10.54 11 . 5012.46 
Il . 00 jl 2 . 00 ll 3.00 
18 20 ! 22 


$13 


$14 


58 

1.17 
1.78 

2.33 

2.92 
3.50 
4.08 
4.67 
5.25 
5.83 
6.42 
7.00 
7.58 

8.17 
8.75 

9.33 

9.92 
10.50 
11.08 
11.67 
12.25 
12.83 
13.42 
14.00 

23 


$15 

$16 

$17 

€©- 

00 

$19 

63 

67 

71 

75 

79 

1.25 

1.33 

1.42 

1.50 

1.57 

1.88 

2.00 

2.12 

2.25 

2.36 

2.50 

2.67 

2.83 

3.00 

3.17 

3.13 

3.33 

3.54 

3.75 

3.96 

3.75 

4.00 

4.25 

4.50 

4.75 

4.38 

4.67 

4.96 

5.25 

5.54 

5.00 

5.33 

5.67 

6.00 

6.33 

5.63 

6.00 

6.38 

6.75 

7.12 

6.25 

6.67 

7.08 

7.50 

7.92 

6.88 

7.33 

7.79 

8.25 

8.71 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9.50 

8.13 

8.67 

9.21 

9.75 

10.29 

8.75 

9.33 

9.92 

10 . 5011.08 


10.83 11.37 11 . 92 jl 2.46 
11.67 j 12.25 12 . 83 ' 13.42 
9.38 10.00 10.63 11.25 11.88 12.50 13.13 13 . 7514.37 
10.00 10 . 67 jll .33 12.00 12.67 13.33 
12 . 7513.46 14.17 


84 

1.67 
2.41 

3.33 

4.17 
5.00 
5.83 

6.67 
7.50 

8.33 

9.17 


$21 


88 

1.75 

2.63 
3.50 
4.37 
5.25 
6.13 
7.00 
7.87 

8.75 

9.63 


$22 


92 

1.83 

2.75 


3.67 
4.58 
5.50 
6.42 
7.33 
8.25 
9.17 
10.08 

10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.50 

13.54 


$23 $25 


96 

1.92 

2.88 

3.83 

4.79 

5.75 

6.71 

7.67 

8.62 

9.58 

10.54 


1.06 

2.13 

3.19 

4.17 

5.21 

6.25 

7.29 

8.33 

9.37 

10.42 

11.46 


10.63 11.33 12.04 
11.25 12.00 12.75 


13.50 14.25 15.00 


11.88 12.67 13.46 14.25 15.04 15.83 


12.50 13 . 3314.17 
13.13 14.00 14.88 
13 . 7514.67 15.58 
14.38 15.33 16.29 
15.00 16.00 17.00 
25 27 28 


15.00 15.83 


16.67 


15.33 

16.29 


14 . 00114.67 
14.87 15.58 
15.75 16.50 17.25 
16.63 17.42 18.21 
17.50 18.33 


15.75 16.62 17.50 18.37 19.25 20.12 21.87 


14.58 
15.62 
16.67 
17.71 
18.75 
19.79 
19.17 20.83 


16.50 17.42 
17 . 2518.21 


18.00 

30 


19.00 

32 


18.33 19.25 


19.17 

20.00 

33 


20.13 

21.00 

35 


20 . 1721.08 
21.08 22.04 
22.00 23.00 


37 


38 


22.92 

23.96 

25.00 

.42 




















































































































MULTIPLICATION TABLE. 


53 


INSTANTANEOUS MULTIPLICATION TABLE. 


This Table shows that the 
large figures in front of each 
double row are intended to 
multiply the small head fig¬ 
ures in said row; for in¬ 
stance, the large 9 is followed 
by 2, 3, 4,5,6, 7,8, etc., until 
9, beneath which stands the 


2 

4 


2 3 
6 9 


2 3 4 
8 12 16 


2 3 4 5 
10 15 20 25 


increases of each, multiplied 
by 9, viz: 9 times 2 are 18 ; 
9 times 3 are 27; etc., 9 times 
9 are 81, as will be seen at the 
end of the row; and in the 
last row 24 times 2 are 48, 
etc., and at the end 24 times 
24 are 576. 


6j 


2 3 4 5 G 
2 18 24 30 36 


2 3 4 5 6 7 
14 21 28 35 42 49 


8 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 
16 24 32 40 48 56 64 


9 


23456789 
18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 


10 


23456789 10 
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 


11 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 
22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 110 121 


12 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 
24 36 48 60 72 84 96108120 132 144 


13 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 
26 39 52 65 78 91 104117 130143156169 


14 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 

28 42 56 70 84 98112126140154168182 196 


15 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 

30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150165180195 210 225 


16 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 

32 48 64 80 96112128 144160 176 192208 224 240 256 


17 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 

34 51 68 85 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272 289 


18 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 

36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 234 252 270 288 306 324 


19 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 
38 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 247 266 285 304 323 342 361 


20 


567 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 

40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300320 340 360 380 400 


O p A 
xj O ‘t 


21 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 
42 63 84 105 126 147 168189 210 231 252 273 294 315 336 357 378 399 420 441 


22 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 
44 66 88 110 132 154 176 198 220 242 264 286 308 330 352 374 396 418 440 462 484 


23 


2345 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 

46 69 92 115 138 161 184 207 230 253 276 299 322 345 368 391 414 437 460 483 506 529 


24 


2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 

48 72 96 120144168192216240 264288312336360384408432456480504528552576 









































54 


BOARD BY THE WEEK. 


TOTAL VALUE OF ARTICLES BY THE PIECE, RECKONED 


FROM ONE TO ONE DOZEN. 


1 

84 

10 * 

124 

14* 

161 

18* 

20 f 

22 H 

25 

294 

314 

334 

35 t \ 

2 

17 

21 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

58 

63 

67 

71 

3 

25 

31 

38 

44 

50 

56 

63 

69 

75 

88 

94 

1.00 

1.06 

4 

33 

42 

50 

56 

67 

75 

83 

92 

1.00 

1.17 

1.25 

1.33 

1.42 

5 

42 

52 

63 

73 

83 

94 

1.04 

1.15 

1.25 

1.46 

1.56 

1.67 

1.77 

6 

50 

63 

75 

88 

1.00 

1.13 

1.25 

1.38 

1.50 

1.75 

1.88 

2.00 

2.13 

7 

58 

73 

88 

1.02 

1.17 

1.31 

1.46 

1.60 

1.75 

2.04 

2.19 

2.33 

2.48 

8 

67 

83 

1.00 

1.17 

1.33 

1.50 

1.67 

1.83 

2.00 

2.33 

2.50 

2.67 

2.83 

9 

75 

94 

1.13 

1.29 

1.50 

1.69 

1.88 

2.06 

2.25 

2.63 

2.81 

3.00 

3.19 

10 

83 

1.04 

1.25 

1.46 

1.67 

1.88 

2.08 

2.29 

2.50 

2.92 

3.13 

3.33 

3.54 

11 

92 

1.15 

1.38 

1.60 

1.83 

2.06 

2.29 

2.52 

2.75 

3.21 

3.44 

3.67 

3.89 

12 

1.00 

1.25 

1.50 

1.75 

2.00 

2.25 

2.50 

2.75 

3.00 

3.50 

3.75 

4.00 

4.25 


1 

374 

39* 

414 

434 

45f 

4744 

50 

52* 

544 

564 

584 

60 t 5 ^ 

624 

2 

75 

79 

83 

88 

92 

96 

1.00 

1.04 

1.08 

1.13 

1.17 

1.21 

1.25 

3 

1.13 

1.19 

1.25 

1.31 

1.38 

1.44 

1.50 

1.56 

1.63 

1.69 

1.75 

1.81 

1.88 

4 

1.50 

1.58 

1.67 

1.75 

1.83 

1.92 

2.00 

2.08 

2.17 

2.25 

2.33 

2.42 

2.50 

5 

1.88 

1.98 

2.08 

2.19 

2.29 

2.40 

2.50 

2.60 

2.71 

2.81 

2.92 

3.02 

3.13 

6 

2.25 

2.34 

2.50 

2.63 

2.75 

2.87 

3.00 

3.13 

3.25 

3.38 

3.50 

3.63 

3.75 

7 

2.63 

2.77 

2.92 

3.06 

3.21 

3.35 

3.50 

3.65 

3.79 

3.94 

4.08 

4.23 

4.38 

8 

3.00 

3.17 

3.33 

3.50 

3.67 

3.83 

4.00 

4.17 

4.33 

4.50 

4.67 

4.93 

5.00 

9 

3.38 

3.56 

3.75 

3.94 

4.13 

4.31 

4.50 

4.69 

4.88 

5.06 

5.25 

5.44 

5.63 

10 

3.75 

3.96 

4.17 

4.38 

4.58 

4.79 

5.00 

5.21 

5.42 

5.63 

5.83 

6.04 

6.25 

11 

4.13 

4.23 

4.58 

4.81 

5.04 

5.27 

5.50 

5.73 

5.96 

6.19 

6.42 

6.65 

6.88 

12 

4.50 

4.75 

5.00 

5.25 

5.50 

5.75 

6.00 

6.25 

6.50 

6.75 

7.00 

7.25 

7.50 


1 

64* 

661 

68 * 

70* 

7244 

75 

77* 

794 

814 

834 

874 

914 

95* 

2 

1.29 

1.33 

1.38 

1.42 

1.46 

1.50 

1.54 

1.58 

1.63 

1.67 

1.75 

1.83 

1.92 

3 

1.94 

2.00 

2.06 

2.13 

2.19 

2.25 

2.31 

2.38 

2.44 

2.50 

2.63 

2.75 

2.88 

4 

2.58 

2.67 

2.75 

2.83 

2.92 

3.00 

3.08 

3.17 

3.25 

3.33 

3.50 

3.67 

3.83 

5 

3.23 

3.33 

3.44 

3.54 

3.65 

3.75 

3.85 

3.96 

4.06 

4.17 

4.38 

4.58 

4.79 

6 

3.88 

4.00 

4.13 

4.25 

4.38 

4.50 

4.63 

4.75 

4.88 

5.00 

5.25 

5.50 

5.75 

7 

4.52 

4.67 

4.81 

4.96 

5.10 

5.25 

5.40 

5.54 

5.69 

5.83 

6.13 

6.42 

6.71 

8 

5.17 

5.33 

5.50 

5.67 

5.83 

6.00 

6.15 

6.33 

6.50 

6.67 

7.00 

7.33 

7.66 

9 

5.81 

6.00 

6.19 

6.38 

6.56 

6.75 

6.94 

7.13 

7.21 

7.50 

7.88 

8.25 

8.62 

10 

6.46 

6.67 

6.88 

7.08 

7.29 

7.50 

7.71 

7.92 

8.13 

8.33 

8.75 

9.17 

9.58 

11 

7.11 

7.33 

7.56 

7.79 

8.02 

8.25 

8.48 

8.71 

8.94 

9.17 

9.63 

10.08 

10.54 

12 

7.75 

8.00 

8.25 

8.50 

8.75 

9.00 

9.25 

9.50 

9.75 

10.00 

10.00 

11.00 

11.50 


BOARD BY THE WEEK, 

Showing the rates per day from two dollars to twelve dollars per week. 


Days 

$2 

$2,50 

$3 

$3.50 

$4 

$4.60 

$5 

$5 50 

1 

29 

36 

43 

50 

57 

64 

71 

79 

2 

57 

71 

86 

1.00 

1.14 

1.29 

1.43 

1.57 

3 

86 

1.07 

1.29 

1.50 

1.71 

1.93 

2.14 

2.36 

4 

1.14 

1.43 

1.71 

2.00 

2.29 

2.57 

2.86 

3.14 

5 

1.43 

1.79 

2.14 

2.50 

2.86 

3.21 

3.57 

3.93 

6 

1.71 

2.14 

2.57 

3.00 

3.43 

3.86 

4.29 

4.71 

7 

2.00 

2.50 

3.00 

3.50 

4.00 

4.50 

5.00 

5.50 


Days 

$7 

$7.50 

$8 

$8.50 

$9 

$9.50 

$10 

$10,50 

1 

1.00 

1.07 

1.14 

1.21 

1.29 

1.36 

1.43 

1.50 

9 

JmJ 

2.00 

2.14 

2.29 

2.43 

2.57 

2.71 

2.86 

3.00 

3 

3.00 

3.21 

3.43 

3.64 

3.86 

4.07 

4.29 

4.50 

4 

4.00 

4.29 

4.57 

4.86 

5.14 

5.43 

5.71 

6.00 

5 

5.00 

5.36 

5.71 

6.07 

6.43 

6.79 

7.14 

7.50 

6 

6.00 

6.43 

6.86 

7.29 

7.71 

8.14 

8.57 

9.00 

hr 

1 

7.00 

7.50 

8.00 

8.50 

9.00 

9.50 

10.00 

10.50 


$6 

$6.50 

86 

93 

1.71 

1.86 

2.57 

2.79 

3.43 

3.71 

4.29 

4.64 

5.14 

5.57 

6.00 

6.50 


$11 

$12 

1.57 

1.71 

3.14 

3.43 

4.71 

5.14 

6.29 

6.86 

7.86 

8.57 

9.43 

10.29 

11.00 

12.00 


» 



































































































HOW MONEY IS MADE. 


^ r' 

oo 


MONEY, 

nOM MADE AT TIIE PHILADELPHIA MINT, ITS WEIGHT, FINENESS, ETC. 

The fust money coined by the authority of the United States was in 1793 The 
coins first made were copper cents. In the following year (1794) silver dollars were 
made. Gold eagles were made in 1795. The machinery as well as the metal first 
used was imported, and great trouble was experienced in procuring a supply of 
copper. The first copper used by the Mint came from England. 

On Decembei Stli, 1848, the first deposit of gold from California w T as received 

The largest nugget of gold ever brought to the Mint came from California in 
1852, and was worth nearly six thousand dollars in gold. 

The sweepings of the rooms in the Mint have sometimes proved to be worth 
$50,000 in one year. 

Up to the year 1857, the base coin of the United States was exclusively copper. 
In this year the coinage of what was called the nickel cents was commenced. 
These pieces, although called nickel, were composed of one-eighth nickel, the 
balance being copper. Since the first coinage of nickel money, the pieces have 
changed two or three times, both in design and mixture. The present coinage of 
base coins is as follows : 

NICKEL. 

Three Cent.32 grains weight.180 pieces to the pound. 

Eive Cent. 77 16-100 “ .or about 74 pieces to the pound. 


BRONZE. 


One Cent.48 grains weight 

Two Cent.96 grains “ 


120 pieces to the pound. 
60 pieces to the pound. 


The composition of the five and three cent pieces is one-fourth nickel, the 
balance copper. The bronze pieces are a mixture of copper, zinc and tin, about 
equal parts of each of the two last; the former contributing about 95 per cent. 


THE COINING PRESSES. 

There are ten Coining Presses, each one capable of making from seventy to one 
hundred and twenty coins per minute. They are seldom run at a greater speed than 
eighty per minute. If each press in the room was run at its greatest capacity, 
and engaged in making double eagles ($20), in the short space of one minute we 
should have the astonishing sum of $34,000 manufactured. Only the largest presses 
are used in making coins of large denomination. The small presses are used for 
base coins and the smaller denominations of silver pieces. The amount of pres¬ 
sure necessary to making a perfect coin is from twenty to eighty tons. The larger 
the piece the more pressure is required. The deviation of a hair’s breadth would 
spoil the coin. 

The impressions on both sides of the coin are made wfith one motion of the 
press. A steel die, whereon the characters to be placed on the coin have been 
engraved or dug out, is fastened by means of screws, on to what is called a “stake,” 
and placed below or on the bed of the press. It is set about the thickness of the 
coin below the surface, and is surrounded by a “collar.” It makes no material 
difference whether the obverse or reverse of the coin is below, although the latter 
is generally placed there. On a portion of the machine made to receive it, work¬ 
ing directly over the lower die, the obverse die is fixed, and on this portion the 
pressure is regulated. 


STATEMENT OF ALLOY AND LEGAL DEVIATIONS. 

The subjoined statement exhibits the proportion of precious metals and alloy in 
our gold and silver coins, together with the weights of the several denominations 
of the same allowed by law; also a statement of the base metals composing our 










56 


IIOW MONEY IS MADE. 


minor or token coinage, with the weights of the several pieces, and lawful 
deviation from the same: 



Weight of 
Single Pieces 

Fineness. 

Proportionate alloy. 

Deviation in 
Weight allowed 
uy law. 

GOLD. 

Grains. 




Grains. 

Double Eagles. 

516 

900 

900 parts gold, 100 p’rts copper 

1 

Y 

Eagles. 

258 

900 

900 

“ 100 

4 

Half Eagles... 

129 

900 

900 

“ 100 “ 

1 

Three Dollars. 

77.4 

900 

900 

“ loo “ 

1 

Quarter Eagles 

64.5 

900 

900 

“ 100 “ 

4 

Dollars. 

25.8 

900 

900 

“ 100 

4 

SILVER. 






Trade Dollars. 

420 

900 

900 p’ts silver, 100 p’ts copper. 

H 

Half Dollars.. 

192 

900 

900 

u 100 

14 

Quar. Dollars.. 

96.45 

900 

900 

“ 100 “ 

14 

Twenty Cents. 

77.16 

900 

900 

“ 100 “ 

1 w 

Dimes. 

38.58 

900 

900 

“ 100 “ 

14 

NICKEL. ♦ 






Five Cent. 

77.16 

• • • 

25 p’rts nickel, 75 p’ts copper. 

o 

Three Cent.... 

32 

• • • 

25 

“ 75 “ 

4 

BRONZE. 






One Cent. 

48 

• • • 

95 parts copper, 5 tin and zinc. 

4 


The new dollar weighs 4124 grains, is 900 fineness, 900 parts silver, 100 parts 
copper, and II deviation. 

GENERAL REMARKS. 


No eagles were coined from 1805 to 1837 inclusive; no half eagles in 1810 or ’17; 
no quarter eagles before 1796, nor in 1800 or ’01, nor from 1809 to 1820, or in ’22, 
’23,’28, or’41; no dollars from 1806 to 1838 except 1000 in 1836; no half dollars 
from 1797 to 1800, nor in 1815; no quarters before 1796, none from 1798 to 1803, none 
from 1S08 to 1814, and none in 1817, ’24, ’26, ’29, and ’30; no dimes before 1796, 
none in 1799,1806, ’08, ’12, 13, ’15 to 19, none in ’24, ’28 and ’30; no half dimes in 
1798, ’99,1S04, ’06, to ’28; no cents in 1815; a few specimens in ’23; no half cents 
in 1798, 1801,1812 to ’24, ’27 to ’30, ’34, ’36, and ’40. A few half cents were struck 
every year from 1840 to ’57. First three dollar pieces in 1854. 

The coinage of the Silver Dollar of 4124 grains, the Five and Three Cent Silver 
pieces, and Bronze Two Cent piece, was discontinued under the Coinage Act of 
1873, which went into effect on the 1st of April of that year. 

Pure silver is worth $1.30 an ounce, troy. Pure gold is worth $20.67 an ounce, 
or a fraction over fifteen times as much as silver. The pure gold is always a bright 
straw color; the different grades of color seen in jewelry, etc., are caused by 
different alloyage. 

Half Cents have not been coined since 1857. All of the base coins for the 
country are coined in this institution. It is capable of making enough coin to 
supply the wants of all the nations of the world. 

The coinage of the Mint up to June 30tli, 1877, amounted to $1,132,226,390.95. 
This includes gold, silver, nickel, and copper. The Mints at Carson and San 
Francisco coin gold and silver only. The Mint at Denver does not make coin; its 
operations are confined to assaying and refining. 

Coin is procured from the Mint in the following manner: Any responsible 
person can make a deposit of gold or silver at the Mint, providing it be of one 
hundred dollars in value. On depositing the bullion the depositor is furnished 
with a receipt for the gross weight of Ids deposit. After the fineness of the bullion 
has been ascertained by assaying, the calculations are made, and the depositor 
is paid the full value, deducting a small charge only for the work. If the deposit 
be gold, it is paid in gold; if silver, it is paid in silver. The Mint does not 
exchange money, and recognizes no depositor but the person who presents the 
bullion. The depositor i i expected to state from where the bullion comes. 



























FOREIGN MONEY. 


57 

VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS, AS DETERMINED BY UNITED 
STATES MINT ASSAYS. —GOLD COINS. 


1 

Country. 

Denominations. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Value in 
U.S. 
Money. 

Austria. 

Fourfold ducat. 

Ounces. 

0.448 

Thousands. 

986 

$ c’ts.m. 

9 13 1 

u 

Souverain, (not coined) 

0.363 

900 

6 75 4 

u 

Four florins (new). 

0.104 

900 

1 93 5 

u 

Ducat. 

0.1119 

985.5 

2 27 9 

Belgium. 

Twenty-five francs_ 

0.254 

899 

4 72 0 

Brazil. 

Twenty-nine niilreis... 

0.575 

916.5 

10 89 3 

Central America ... 

Two escudos. 

0.209 

853.5 

3 68 7 

u u 

Four reals. 

0.027 

875 

0 48 7 

ClIILI. 

Ten pesos, (dollars).... 

0.491 

898 

9 11 4 

Columbia. 

Twenty pesos, Bogota. 

1.033 

887 

18 94 0 

U 

Twenty pesos Medellin 

1.034 

891.5 

19 05 5 

u 

Twenty pepos Popayan 

1.029 

891.5 

18 96 2 

Costa Eica. 

Ten pesos. 

0.476 

858.5 

8 44 7 

Denmark . 

Twenty crown. 

0.288 

900 ] 

5 35 8 

U 

Old ten thaler. 

0.427 

895 

7 89 8 

Egy^pt. 

Bedidlik (ICO piasters). 

0.275 

875 

4 97 3 

England. 

Pound or sover’n (new) 

0.2568 

916.5 

4 86 5 

u 

Pound, average (worn) 

0.2563 

916.5 

4 85 4 

France . 

Twenty franc. 

0.207 

899 

3 84 5 

German Empire. 

New twenty marks.... 

0.256 

900 

4 76 3 

u U ‘ 

Old 10 thaler, Prussian 

0.427 

903 

7 91 0 

Greece. 

Twenty drachms. 

0.185 

900 

3 44 2 

India, (British). 

Mohur, ot 15 rupees*.. 

0.375 

916.5 

7 10 3 

Trp \ T V . 

Twenty lire . 

0.207 

899 

3 34 o 

Tapav 

Twenty yen . 

1.072 

900 

19 94 2 

M pYTPn 

Doubloon . 

0.86735 

870.25 

15 60 0 

u 

Twenty pesos (empire). 

1.086 

875 

19 64 2 

u 

20 pesos (republic, new) 

1.084 

873 

19 56 1 

Netherlands . 

Ten gilders. 

0.215 

899 

3 99 3 

New Granada . 

Ten pesos, (dollars) ... 

0.525 

891.5 

9 67 4 

Norway . 

Twenty crowns . 

0.288 

900 

5 35 8 

Peru . 

Twenty soles . 

1.0357 

898.75 

19 23 7 

Portugal . 

Coroa, (crown). 

0.308 

912 

5 80 5 

17 TTfiSI \ 

Five rubles. 

0.210 

916 

3 97 5 

Spain. 

One hundred reals .... 

0.268 

896.5 

4 96 3 
3 86 2 

u 

Eighty reals. 

0.215 

869 

• £ 

Ten escudos. 

0.27045 

897 

5 01 4 


Ducat. 

0.111 

975 

2 23 6 

u 

Carolin, (10 francs).... 

0.104 

900 

1 93 4 

u 

New 20 crowns (krone) 

0.288 

900 

5 3£L 8 

Tunis . 

Twenty-five piasters... 

0.161 

900 

2 99 5 

Turkey. 

One hundred piasters.. 

0.231 

915 

i 

4 ob o 


The sovereigns coined at Melbourne and Sydney, in Australia, and distinguished only by the mi 
marks M and S are the same as those of the London mint. Sovereigns generally are up to the legal 
fineness, (or 22 carats), but we report to the half in all eases. 

* The last coinage of mohurs was in 1862. 





































































































58 


FOREIGN MONEY. 


VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS, AS DETERMINED BY UNITED 
STATES MINT ASSAYS. —SILVER COINS. 


Country. 

Denominations. 

Weight. 

Fineness. 

Yalue in 
U.S. 
Money. 



Ounces. 

Thousan’ths. 

$ c’ts.m. 

Austria. 

Old rix-dollar. 

0.902 

833 

0 

95 4 

u 

New florin.... 

0.397 

900 

0 

45 3 

u 

New Union dollar. 

0.596 

900 

0 

68 1 

Belgium. 

Five francs. 

0.803 

897 

0 

91 5 

i l 

Two francs.. 

0.320 

835 

0 

33 9 

Bolivia. 

New dollar. 

0.801 

900 

0 

91 5 

Brazil. 

Double milreis. 

0.8187 

917.75 

0 

95 4 

Canada. 

Twenty cents. 

0.150 

925 

0 

17 6 

u 

Twenty-five cents 

0.1875 

925 

o 

22 0 

Central America. .. 

Dollar. 

0.866 

850 

0 

93 5 

Chili. 

Old dollar. 

0.864 

908 

0 

99 6 

a 

N ew dollar 

0.801 

900.5 

0 

91 6 

China. 

Dollar (English mint).. 

0.866 

901 

0 

99 1 

a 

Ten cents.. 

0.087 

901 

0 

09 9 

Denmark. 

Two rigsdaler. 

0.927 

877 

1 

03 2 

Egypt. 

Piaster (new). 

0.040 

'755 

0 

03 8 

England. 

Shilling (new). 

v 0.1825 

924.5 

0 

21 4 

a 

Shilling (average). 

0.178 

925 

0 

20 9 

France. 

Five franc. 

0.8018 

900 

0 

91 6 

U 

Two franc. 

0.320 

835 

o 

33 9 

N’tii Germ’n States. 

Thaler, before 1857.... 

0.712 

750 

0 

67 8 

“ u . 

Thaler (new). 

0.595 

900 

0 

68 0 

South Germ’n States 

Florin. 

0.340 

900 

0 

38 9 

German Empire. 

Five marks (new). 

0.804 

900 

0 

91 9 

Greece . 

Five drachms. 

0.719 

900 

0 

82 2 

IIindostan. 

Rupee. 

0.374 

916.5 

0 

43 4 

Italy . 

Five lire. 

0.802 

900 

0 

91 7 

u 

Lira. 

0.160 

835 

o 

16 9 

Japan. 

One yen. 

0.8667 

900 

0 

99 1 

u 

Fifty sen. 

0.402 

800 

o 

40 8 

Mexico. 

Dollar. 

0.870 

903 

0 

99 8 

a 

Half dollar. 

0 435 

898 5 

o 

49 6 

[Netherlands. 

Two and a half gilders 

0.804 

944 

0 

96 4 

Norway. 

Specie daler. 

0.927 

877 

1 

03 2 

New Granada. 

Dollar of 1857. 

0.803 

856 

0 

91 1 

Peru. 

Sol. 

0.802 

9 0 

0 

91 6 

Portugal. 

Five hundred reis. 

0.400 

912 

0 

46 3 

IIOUMANIA. 

Two lei (francs), new.. 

0.322 

835 

0 

34 1 

Russia. 

Ruble. 

0.667 

875 

0 

74 1 

Spain. 

Five pesetas (dollars).. 

0.800 

900 

0 

91 4 

a 

Peseta (pistareen). 

0 160 

835 


i a q 

Sweden. 

Riksdaler. 

0.273 

750 

u 

0 

26 0 

Switzerland. 

Two francs. 

0.320 

835 

0 

33 9 

Tunis. 

Five piasters. 

0.511 

898.5 

0 

58 3 

Turkey. 

Twenty piasters. 

0.770 

830 

0 

81 1 


[For silvertliere is no fixed legal valuation; it is regulated by supply and demand. Tue present 
price is about $1.17 cents per standard troy ounce. Standard silver is about nine-tenths pure.] 








































































































VALUE OF FOREIGN COINS. 


59 


THE APPROXIMATE VALUE OF OTHER FOREIGN COINS IN 

U. S. GOLD.-NOT OFFICIAL. 


Ten marks (krone). 

Three marks (the old thaler) 

Two marks. 

One mark. 

Fifty pfennige. 

Twenty pfennige. 

Half sovereign. 

One crown. 

Half crown. 

Sixpence. 

One double napoleon.-. 

One napoleon.... 

Half napoleon. 

Quarter napoleon. 

One napoleon. 

Half napoleon. 

Quarter napoleon. 

Five francs. 

Home — 

Ten scudi. 

One scudi..*... 

One paul. 

Naples — 

Oncia of 6 ducats. 

Oncia of 3 ducats. 

Piastra, 12 carlius. 

Ducato, 10 carlius. 

Sardinia — 

Twenty lira. 

Ten lira. 

Five lira. 

One sequin. 

One scudi, 10 pauls. 

Five pauls. 

Two pauls... 

Half doubloon. 

Quarter doubloon. 

One isabelino. 

One duro.. 

Half duro. 


Imperial.... 
Ten kopecks 


GERMANY. 

$2.37 
72 
48 
24 

12 

5 


Ten pfennige.$0,024 

Five pfennige. 

Two pfennige.. 

One pfennige. 

Bavarian florin of 00 kreutzers ... 40 

Austrian florin of 100 kreutzers .. 40 


H 

4 

i 


GREAT BRITAIN. 


$2.42 

1.21 

GO 

12 


Fourpence.$0.08 

One penny. 2 

One guinea, a fictitious coin, contains 21 


shillings. 


FRANCE. 


$7.70 

3.8o 

1.93 

96 


Half franc of 100 Centimes. $0.10 

Twenty centimes. 4 

Ten centimes. 2 

Five centimes (one sou). 1 


SWITZERLAND. 


$3.85 

« 

One franc . 


.... $0.19 

1.93 

Half franc . 


. 10 

96 

Twentv centimes. ... 


. 4 

OK 

Tpn nentimps. 


r 

ITALY. 



$10.00 

One grosso . 


.... $0.05 

1.00 

One baioque . 


1 

10 

Half baioque. 


.... 4 

. $4.91 

Half piastra . 


.... $0.48 

2 45 

Carlins, 12 grani .... 


8 

95 

Half carlius . 


4 

82 

Grano . 


1 

. $3.85 

One lira . 


. $0.19 

1 93 

Tin If lira. . 


. 10 

07 

Onnrfpr lira.. 5 

TUSCANY. 



. $2.30 

One ]iaul . 


.... $0.11 

1 10 

Half naul . 


.... 6 

55 

Crazia . 


H 

99 

Oimttrrinn. . 


l 

SPAIN. 



. $8.00 

Two reals . 


.... $0.10 

4 00 

On ft rpfll . 


5 

5 00 

Two cuartos . 


2 

. 1.00 

One cuarto. 


1 

50 

One ocliava. 




RUSSIA. 


$4.05 

7* 


Five kopecks 


$0.4 





















































































FIRE INSURANCE. 


()0 

TABLE SHOWING THE SHORT RATES OF FIRE INSURANCE FOR 
PERIODS FROM FIVE DAYS TO ELEVEN MONTHS.—PREMIUMS 
PER $100. FOR PERIODS SHORT OF ONE YEAR. 


Annual 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

P 

rem. 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

65 

70 

75 

80 

85 

5 

days. 

9 

-j 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

10 

U 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

9 

15 

u 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

8 

9 

9 

10 

10 

11 

12 

20 

u 

5 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

12 

13 

1 

mo. 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

9 

u 

9 

10 

12 

14 

15 

16 

18 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

O 

O 

c i 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

4 

u 

15 

17 

20 

22 

25 

27 

30 

32 

35 

37 

39 

42 

5 

a 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

51 

6 

t i 

21 

24 

28 

32 

35 

38 

42 

46 

49 

52 

55 

59 

r— 

( 

a 

23 

27 

32 

36 

39 

43 

47 

51 

54 

58 

62 

66 

8 

u 

25 

29 

34 

38 

42 

45 

50 

55 

59 

63 

67 

71 

9 

u 

26 

31 

35 

40 

44 

48 

53 

57 

61 

66 

70 

75 

10 

u 

. 27 

32 

37 

42 

46 

50 

55 

60 

64 

69 

73 

78 

11 

a 

29 

33 

39 

43 

48 

53 

57 

63 

67 

72 

77 

81 

Annual 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

P 

rem. 

90 

100 

110 

125 

150 

175 

200 

225 

250 

275 

300 

400 

5 

days. 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

14 

15 

17 

18 

20 

27 

10 

1C 

9 

10 

11 

12 

15 

18 

20 

22 

25 

27 

30 

40 

15 

££ 

13 

14 

15 

16 

20 

25 

28 

30 

33 

36 

40 

53 

20 

££ 

14 

15 

17 

20 

25 

30 

33 

33 

42 

45 

50 

66 

1 

mo. 

18 

20 

22 

25 

30 

35 

48 

45 

50 

55 

60 

80 

2 

££ 

27 

30 

33 

38 

45 

52 

60 

67 

75 

82 

90 

120 

3 

u 

36 

40 

44 

50 

60 

70 

80 

90 

100 

110 

120 

140 

4 

u 

45 

50 

55 

62 

75 

88 

100 

112 

125 

137 

150 

200 

5 

£ £ 

5*4 

60 

86 

75 

90 

105 

120 

135 

150 

165 

180 

240 

0 

u 

63 

70 

77 

87 

105 

122 

140 

157 

175 

192 

210 

280 

h— 

! 

u 

70 

78 

85 

98 

117 

137 

158 

176 

196 

215 

234 

300 

8 

u 

75 

84 

93 

105 

120 

147 

168 

189 

210 

231 

252 

320 

9 

u 

79 

88 

97 

110 

132 

154 

175 

198 

220 

242 

254 

340 

10 

£ £ 

83 

92 

101 

115 

138 

161 

184 

207 

230 

253 

276 

360 

11 

u 

86 

96 

105 

120 

144 

168 

192 

216 

240 

264 

288 

390 


Note.— When Policies are cancelled at the request of the assured, the above 
short rate table is the basis of calculation. When cancelled by the company, the 
pro-rata is charged. 


A TABLE OF THE NUMBER OF DAYS FROM ANY DAY IN ONE 


MONTH 

TO 

THE 

SAME IN 

ANY OTHER 

MONTH. 




Jan. 

Feb. 

Mar. 

Apr. 

May. 

June 

July. 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Nov. 

Dec. 

January . 

365 

31 

59 

90 

120 

151 

181 

212 

243 

273 

304 

334 

February . 

334 

365 

28 

59 

89 

120 

150 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

March. 

306 

337 

365 

30 

61 

92 

122 

153 

184 

214 

245 

275 

April. 

275 

306 

334 

365 

30 

61 

91 

122 

153 

183 

214 

244 

May. 

245 

276 

304 

335 

865 

31 

61 

92 

123 

153 

184 

214 

June . 

214 

245 

273 

304 

334 

365 

30 

61 

92 

129 

153 

183 

July. 

184 

215 

243 

274 

304 

335 

355 

31 

62 

92 

123 

153 

August. 

153 

184 

212 

243 

273 

304 

334 

365 

31 

61 

92 

122 

September .... 

122 

153 

181 

212 

242 

273 

303 

334 

365 

30 

61 

91 

October. 

92 

123 

151 

182 

212 

243 

273 

304 

235 

365 

31 

61 

November .... 

61 

92 

120 

151 

181 

212 

242 

273 

364 

334 

365 

30 

December. 

31 

62 

90 

121 

151 

182 

212 

243 

274 

304 

335 

365 


v 



















































































































Populations and Statistics. 


POPULATIONS of the United States by sex, nativity and race, accord¬ 
ing to the census of 1880. Also the Population of the United States 
from 1790 to 1880. The Populations of the principal cities and towns, 
and the Population by counties in 1880. 

COMPARATIVE SIZE of the States, together with time of settlement, 
when they were admitted into the Union, the Governor’s salaries, and 
the Electoral College Vote for 1884. 

GROWTH of American cities. 

STATE MOTTOES. 

CHURCHES, ministers, and church members in the United States. 

RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES of the United States government 
from 1857. 

ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES for the different Presidents, 
Washington to Garfield. 

CABINETS of the different Presidents. 

TROOPS furnished the Government by the different States during the 
late war. 

SALARIES of United States officers. 

INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES. 

PATENT FEES and Copyright Law. 

PUBLIC LANDS.—How and where to obtain them. 

POSTAL LAWS and rates, both foreign and domestic. 

MAIL TIME from New York to prominent cities. 

TEMPERATURE of the United States. 

AGRICULTURE.—Average of principal farm crops, in dollars, for the 
past ten years. Comparative rank of the States in the production of 
the principal crops. Average value of farm productions. 

FOREIGN. —Principal exports of various countries. Rulers of the 
principal nations, their population, territorial area, creeds, armies, 
navies, and national debts. Cities of the the world having a popu¬ 
lation of 300,000 and over. 

DISTANCES by Railroad from all the principal cities, and from New 
York and New Orleans to all parts of the world. 




% 


4 




























POPULATION. 


03 

POPULATION BY STATES AND TERRITORIES—1880. 


BY SEX, NATIVITY, 


States and Territories. 

Total. 

Male. 

Female. 

Native. 

Foreign. 

The United States.... 

50,155, 188 

25,518,820 

24,636,963 

43,4/5,840 

6,679,943 

Alabama. 

1,262,505 

622,629 

639,876 

1,252,771 

9,734 

Arkansas. 

802,525 

416,279 

386,246 

792,175 

10,350 

California. 

864,694 

518,176 

346,518 

571,820 

292,874 

Colorado. 

194,327 

129,131 

65,196 

154,537 

39,790 

Connecticut. 

622,700 

305,782 

316,918 

492,708 

129,992 

Delaware. 

146,608 

74,108 

72,500 

137,140 

9,468 

Florida. 

269,493 

136,444 

133,049 

250,584 

9,909 

Georgia. 

1,542,180 

762,981 

779,199 

1,531,616 

10,564 

tlliiiois. 

3,077,871 

1,586,523 

1,491,348 

2,494,295 

583,576 

Indiana.:. 

1,978,301 

1,010,361 

967,940 

1,834,123 

144.178 

Iowa. 

1,624,615 

848,136 

776,479 

1,362,965 

261,650 

Kansas. 

996,096 

536,667 

459,429 

886,010 

110,086 

Kentucky. 

1,648,690 

832,590 

816,100 

1,580,173 

59,517 

Louisiana. 

939,946 

468,754 

471,192 

885,800 

54,146 

Maine. 

648,936 

324,058 

324,878 

590,053 

58,883 

Maryland. 

934,943 

462,187 

472,756 

852,137 

82,806 

Massachusetts. 

1,783,085 

858,440 

924,645 

1,339,594 

443,491 

Michigan. 

1,636,937 

862,355 

774,582 

1,248,429 

388,508 

Minnesota. 

780,773 

419,149 

361,624 

513,097 

267,676 

Mississippi. 

1,131,597 

567,177 

564,420 

1,122,388 

9,209 

Missouri. 

2,168,380 

1,127,187 

1,041,193 

1,950,802 

211,578 

Nebraska. 

452,402 

249,241 

203,161 

354,988 

97,414 

Nevada. 

62,266 

42,019 

20,247 

30,613 

25,653 

New Hampshire. 

346,991 

170,526 

176,465 

300,697 

46,294 

New Jersey. 

1,131,116 

559,922 

571,194 

909,416 

221,700 

N ew Y ork. 

5,082,871 

2,505,322 

2,577,549 

3,871,492 

1,211,379 

North Carolina. 

1,399,750 

687,908 

711,842 

1,396,008 

3,742 

Ohio. 

3,198,062 

1,613,936 

1,584,126 

2,803,119 

394,943 

Oregon. 

174,768 

103,381 

71,387 

144,265 

30,503 

Pennsylvania. 

4,282,891 

2,136,655 

2,146,236 

3,695,062 

587,829 

Rhode Island. 

276,531 

133,030 

143,501 

202,538 

73,993 

South Carolina. 

995,577 

490,408 

505,169 

987,891 

7,686 

Tennessee. 

1,542,359 

769,277 

773,082 

1,525,657 

16,702 

Texas . 

1,591,749 

837,840 

753,909 

1,477,133 

114,616 

Yermont. 

332,286 

166,887 

165,399 

291,327 

40,959 

Virginia. 

1,512,565 

745,589 

766,976 

1,497,869 

14,696 

West Virginia. 

618,457 

314,495 

303,962 

600,192 

18,265 

Wisconsin. 

1,315,497 

680,069 

635,428 

910,072 

405,425 

Arizona. 

40,440 

28,202 

122,238 

24,391 

16,049 

Dakota. 

135,177 

82,296 

52,881 

83,382 

51,795 

District of Columbia.... 

177,624 

83,578 

94,046 

160,502 

17,122 

Idaho. 

32,610 

21,818 

10,792 

22,636 

9,974' 

Montana. 

39,159 

28,177 

10,982 

27,638 

11,521 

New Mexico. 

119,565 

64,496 

55,069 

111,514 

8,051 

LTali. 

143,963 

74,509 

69,454 

99,969 

43,994 

Washington. 

75,116 

45,973 

29,143 

59,313 

15,803 

Wyoming. 

20,789 

14,152 

6,637 

14,939 

5,850 

























































































POPULATION. 


64 


POPULATION BY STATES AND TERRITORIES—1880. 

AND RACE. 


States and Territories. 

White. 

Colored. 

Chinese. 

Japanese. 

Indians 

The United States_ 

43,402,970 

6,580,793 

105,465 

148 

66,407 

Alabama. 

662,185 

600,103 

4 


213 

Arkansas. 

591,531 

210,666 

133 


195 

California. 

767,181 

6,018 

75,132 

86 

16,277 

Colorado. 

191.126 

2,435 

612 


151 

Connecticut. 

610,769 

11,547 

123 

6 

255 

1 )elaware. 

120,160 

26,442 

1 


5 

Florida. 

142,605 

126,690 

18 


180 

Georgia. 

816,906 

725,133 

17 


124 

Illinois. 

3,031,151 

46,368 

209 

3 

140 

Indiana. 

1,938,798 

39,228 

29 


246 

Iowa. 

1,614,600 

9,516 

33 


466 

Kansas. 

952,155 

43,107 

19 


815 

Kentucky. 

1,377,179 

271,451 

10 


50 

I Louisiana. 

454,954 

483,655 

489 


848 

Maine. 

646,852 

1,451 

8 


6°5 

Maryland. 

724,693 

210,230 

5 


15 

Massachusetts. 

1,763,782 

18,697 

229 

8 

369 

Michigan. 

1,614,560 

15,100 

27 

1 

7,249 

Minnesota. 

776,884 

1,564 

24 

1 

2,300 

Mississippi. 

479,398 

650,291 

51 


1 857 

Missouri. 

2,022,826 

145,350 

91 


113 

Nebraska. 

449,764 

2,385 

18 


985 

Nevada. 

53,556 

488 

5,416 

3 

2,803 

New Hampshire. 

346,229 

685 

14 


. 63 

New Jersey. 

1,092,017 

38,853 

170 

o 

74 

New York. 

5,016,022 

65.104 

909 

17 


North Carolina. 

867,242 

531,277 

1 

Ol xJ 

1 230 

Ohio. 

3,117,920 

79,900 

109 

3 

130 

Oregon. 

163,075 

487 

9,510 

2 

1,694 

Pennsylvania. 

4,197,016 

85,535 

148 

8 

184 

Khode Island. 

269,939 

6,488 

27 



South Carolina. 

391,105 

604,332 

9 


131 

Tennessee. 

1,138,831 

403,151 

25 


859 

Texas . 

1,197,237 

393,384 

136 


qqo 

Vermont. 

331,218 

1,057 



11 

V irginia. 

880,858 

631,616 

6 


85 

West Virginia. 

592,537 

25,886 

5 


29 

Wisconsin. 

1,309.618 

2,702 

16 


3 161 

Arizona. 

35,160 

155 

1,630 

9 

j. j 

3,493 

Dakota. 

133,147 

401 

238 


1 391 

District of Columbia.... 

v 118,006 

59,596 

13 

4 

5 

Idaho. 

29,013 

53 

3,379 


• 

165 

Montana. 

35,385 

346 

1,765 


1 663 

New Mexico. 

108,721 

1,015 

57 


9 772 

Utah. 

142,423 

232 

501 


807 

Washington. 

67,199 

325 

3,186 

1 

4,405 

Wyoming. 

19,437 

298 

914 


140 

£. 























































































































POPULATION. 


6 5 


POPULATION BY STATES AND TERRITORIES, 1790-1880. 

AGGREGATE POPLATION AT EACH CENSUS AS 


Note— The narrow column under each census year shows the order of the States and 


States & Ter¬ 
ritories. 

1880. 

1870. 

I860. 

1850. 

1840. 

Total. 

50,155,783 

38,558,371 

31,443,321 

23,191,876 

17,009,453 

Alabama ... 

17 

1,202,505 

10 

990,992 

13 

904,201 

12 j 

771,023 

12 

590,756 

A rizona 

44 

40,440 

40 

9,058 







Arkansas... 

25 

802,525 

20 

484,471 

25 

435,450 

26 

209,897 

25 

97,574 

California.. 

24 

804,094 

24 

500,247 

20 

379,994 

29 

92,597 

• • 


Colorado 

35 

194,327 

41 

39,804 

38 

34,277 





Connecticut 

28 

022,700 

25 

Do i ,454 

24 

400^147 

21 

370,792 

20 

309,978 

Dakota^ 

40 

135,177 

45 

14,181 

42 

4,837 





Delaware... 

38 

140,008 

35 

125,015 

32 

112,210 

£0 

91,532 

26 

78,085 

Dist. Col’bia 

30 

177,024 

34 

131,700 

35 

75,080 

33 

51,687 

28 

43,712 

Florida. 

34 

209,493 

33 

187,748 I 

31 

140,424 

31 

87,445 

27 

54,477 

Georgia.... 

13 

1,542,180 

12 

1,184,109 

11 

1,057,280 

9 

900,185 

9 

091,392 

I dtilin 

40 

32 010 

44 

14,999 







Illinois. 

4 

3,077,871 

4 

2,539,891 

4 

1,711,951 

11 

851,470 

14 

470,183 

Indiana. ... 

6 

1,978,301 

0 

1,080,037 

0 

1,350,428 

t 

988,416 

10 

685,806 

Iowa. 

10 

1,024,015 

11 

1,194,020 

20 

074,913 

27 

192,214 

29 

43,112 


20 

990 090 

29 

304,399 

33 

107,200 





Kentucky .. 

8 

1,048,090 

8 

1,321,011 

9 

1,155,084 

■ • 

8 

982,405 

6 

779,828 

Louisiana... 

22 

939,940 

21 

720,915 

17 

708,002 

18 

517,702 

19 

352,411 

Maine. 

27 

048,930 

23 

020,915 

22 

028,279 

10 

583,169 

13 

501,793 

Maryland... 

23 

934,943* 

1 20 

780,894 

19 

087,049 

17 

583,034 

15 

470,019 

Mass. 

7 

1,783,085 

r* 

i 

1,457,351 

i 

1,231,066 

6 

994,514 

8 

737,699 

Michigan... 

9 

1,030,937 

13 

1,184,059 

16 

749,113 

20 

397,654 

23 

212,267 

Minnesota.. 

20 

780,773 

28 

439,700 

30 

172,023 

30 

6,077 


• ••• •••• 

Mississippi.. 

18 

1,131,597 

18 

827,922 

14 

791,305 

15 

000,526 

17 

375,051 

Missouri.... 

5 

2,108,380 

5 

1,721,295 

8 

1,182,012 

13 

082,044 

16 

383,702 


45 

39 159 

43 

20,595 







lYlOIlLclllcl* . • • 

Xebraska .. 

30 

452,402 

30 

122,993 

39 

28,841 





X evada .... 

43 

02,200 

! 40 

42,491 

41 

6,857 





Xew. IIamp 

31 

340,991 

31 

318,300 

27 

326,073 

22 

317,976 

22 

284,574 

Xew Jersey. 

19 

1,131,110 

17 

900,090 

21 

672,035 

19 

489,555 

18 

373,300 

X ew Mexico 

41 

119,505 

37 

91,874 

34 

93,516 

32 

61,547 


• ••••• •• 

X ew Y ork . 

1 

5,082,871 

1 

4,382,759 

1 

3,880,735 

1 

3,097,394 

1 

2,428,921 

X. Carolina. 

15 

1,399,750 

14 

1,071,301 

12 

992,622 

10 

869,039 

7 

753,419 

Ohio. 

3 

3,198,002 

3 

2,005,200 

3 

2,339,511 

3 

1,980,329 

3 

1,519,467 

Oregon. 

37 

174,708 

38 

90,923 

36 

52,465 

34 

13,294 



Penna. 

2 

4,282,891 

9 

3,521,951 

2 

2,906,215 

2 

2,311,786 

2 

1,724,033 

Rhode Isl’d 

33 

270,531 

32 

217,353 

29 

174,620 

28 

147,545 

24 

108,830 

S. Carolina. 

21 

995,577 

22 

705,000 

18 

703,708 

14 

668,507 

11 

594,398 

Tennessee.. 

12 

1,542,359 

9 

1,258,520 

10 

1,109,801 

5 

1,002,717 

5 

829,210 

Texas. 

11 

1,591,749 

19 

818,579 

23 

604,215 

25 

212,592 

• • 

• ••••• •• 

Utah. 

39 

143,903 

39 

80,780 

37 

40,273 

35 

11,380 

1 . . 


Vermont... 

32 

332,280 

30 

330,551 

28 

315,098 

23 

314,120 

21 

291,948 

Virginia. .. 

14 

1,512,505 

10 

1,225,103 

5 

1,596,318 

4 

1,421,661 

4 

1,239,797 

Wash. Ter.. 

42 

75,110 

42 

23,955 

40 

11,594 





W. Virginia 29 

018,457 

27 

442,014 







Wisconsin.. 

10 

1,315,497 

15 

1,054,070 

15 

775,881 

24 

305,391 

30 

30,945 

Wyoming .. 

47 

20,789 

147 

9,118 


. 

• • 

• • -# A 

• • 

——- 


E 






























































































































66 


POPULATION. 


POPULATION BY STATES AND TERRITORIES, 1790-1880. 

CONSTITUTED AT TIIE DATE OF THAT CENSUS. 

Territories when arranged according to magnitude of population. 


States & Ter¬ 
ritories. 

1830. 

1820. 

1810. 

1800. 

1790. 

Total. 

12,860,0-0 

9,033,822 

7 

030,821 

5 

,308,483 

O 

O 

,929,214 

Alabama 

15 

309,527 

19 

127,901 







A ri 7 . 011 a :. . 











Arkansas.. 

28 

30,388 ' 

20 

14,255 







California.. 











Colorado. 











Connecticut 

10 

297,075 

14 

275,148 

9 

261,942 

8 

251,002 

8 

237,940 

Dakota 











Delaware... 

24 

70,748 

# ' 

22 

72,749 

19 

72,674 

17 

64,273 

10 

59,090 

Dist. Col’bia 

25 

39,834 

25 

33,039 

90 

24,023 

19 

14,093 



Florida. 

20 

34,730 









Georgia .... 

10 

510,823 

11 

340,985 

11 

252,433 

12 

162,680 

13 

82,548 

Idaho . 











Illinois. 

20 

157,445 

24 

55.102 

9JL 

12,282 





Indiana .... 

13 

343,031 

18 

147.178 

21 

24,520 

21 

5,041 



Iowa. 











Kansas. 











Kentucky... 

0 

087,917 

0 

504,135 

h- 

1 

400,511 

9 

220,955 

14 

72,077 

Louisiana... 

19 

215,739 

17 

152,923 

18 

70,550 





Maine. 

12 

399,455 

1 12 

298,209 

14 

228,705 

14 

151,719 

11 

90,540 

Maryland... 

11 

447,040 

10 

40 1 ,350 

8 

380,546 

h* 

1 

341,548 

0 

319,728 

Mass. 

8 

010,408 

7- 

1 

523,159 

5 

472,040 

5 

422,845 

4 

378,787 

Michigan... 

27 

31,039 

27 

8,705 

' 25 

4,762 





Minnesota.. 







1 * * 




Mississippi.. 

29 

— 

130,021 

21 

75,448 

20 

40,352 

20 

8,850 



Missouri.... 

21 

140,455 

23 

00,557 

23 

20,845 




Montana.... 










Nebraska... 











Nevada .... 











New Ilamp. 

18 

.209,328 

15 

244,022 

10 

214,460 

11 

183,858 

10 

141,885 

New Jersey 

14 

320,823 

13 

277,420 

12 

45,562 

10 

211,149 

9 

184,139 

New Mexico 











New York. 

1 

1,918,008 

1 

1,372,111 

O 

959,049 

3 

589,051 

5 

340,120 

N. Carolina. 

5 

737,987 

4 

038,829 

4 

555,500 

4 

478,103 

3 

393,751 

Ohio. 

4 

937,903 

5 

581 295 

3 

230,700 

18 

45,365 



Oregon. 










Penna. 

9 

1 ,348,233 

3 

1,047,507 

3 

810,091 

9 

002,365 

9 

434,373 

Rhode Isl’d 

123 

97,199 

20 

83,015 

17 

76,931 

10 

69,122 

15 

68,825 

S. Carolina. 

9 

581,185 

8 

502,741 

6 

415,115 

0 

345,591. 

7 

249,073 

Tennessee .. 

( 

081,904 

9 

422,771 

10 

261,727 

15 

105,002 

17 

35,091 

Texas. 

• , 










Utah. 











Vermont. .. 

17 

280,652 

10 

235,900 

15 

217,895 

13 

154,405 

12 

85,425 

Virginia.... 

3 

1,211,405 

2 

1,065,110 

1 

974,600 

1 

880,200 

1 

747,610 

Wash. Ter.. 











W. Virginia 











Wisconsin.. 











Wyoming .. 

























































































































































SIZE OF STATES. 


07 


COMPARATIVE SIZE OF STATES, 


TOGETHER WITH TIME OF SETTLEMENT, WHEN ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 
GO\ ERNOR S SALARY AND ELECTORAL COLLEGE VOTE. 


States. 

Sq. Miles. 

Acres. 

When 

Settled. 

Admitted 
into the Union. 

Gov’nohs’ 

Salary. 

Elec. 

Col’ge 

Vote. 

1 Texas. 

274,056 

1 jSilO 

1690 

Dec. 29, 1845 

4000 

13 

2 California. 

188,981 

120,947,840 

1769 

Sept. 9, 1850 

6000 

8 

3 Dakota. 

150,932 

96,596,488 



Of ton 


4 Montana. 

143,776 

92,016,040 



ZuUU 

Oftnn 

• • 

5 New Mexico.... 

121,201 

77,568,640 



ZOUU 

2600 

• • 

6 Arizona. 

113,916 

72,906,240 



2600 


7 Colorado. 

101,500 

66,880,000 

.... 

Aug. 1, 1876 

3000 

3 

8 Nevada. 

104,125 

66,640,000 


Oct. 31, 1864 

6000 

3 

9 Wyoming. 

97,883 

62,645,120 



or*nn 


10 Oregon. 

95,274 

60,975^360 

1811 

Feb. 14, 1859 

1500 

3 

11 Idaho . 

86,294 

55,228,160 

.... 


2600 


12 Utah. 

84,476 

54,064,640 



OfHlA 


13 Minnesota. 

83,501 

53,459,840 

1846 

May 11, 1858 

iJvlUU 

3800 

i 

14 Kansas. 

81,318 

52,043,520 

1850 

Jan. 29, 1861 

3000 

9 

15 Nebraska. 

75,995 

48,636,800 

1854 

Mar. 1, 1867 

2500 

5 

1G Washington Ter. 

69,994 

44,796,100 

• • • • 


2600 


17 Missouri. 

65,050 

41,824,000 

1764 

Aug. 10, 1821 

5000 

16 

18 Florida. 

59,208 

37,931,520 

1565 

Mar. 3, 1845 

3500 

4 

19 Georgia. 

58,000 

37,120,000 

1733 

'Man. 2, 1788 

3000 

12 

20 Michigan. 

56,451 

36,128,640 

1670 

Jan. 26, 1837 

1000 

13 

21 Illinois. 

55,410 

35,462,400 

1720 

Dec. 3, 1818 

6000 

99 

22 Iowa. 

55,045 

35,228,800 

1833 

Dec. 28, 1846 

4000 

13 

23 Wisconsin. 

53,924 

34,511,360 

1699 

May 29, 1848 

5000 

11 

24 Arkansas. 

52,198 

33,406,720 

1685 

June 15, 1836 

3500 

i 

25 Alabama. 

50,722 

32,462,080 

1711 

Dec. 14, 1819 

3000 

10 

20 North Carolina. 

50,704 

32,450,560 

1663 

*Nov.21,1789 

3000 

11 

27 Mississippi. 

47,156 

30,179,840 

1716 

Dec. 10, 1817 

4000 

9 

28 New York. 

47,000 

30,080,000 

1614 

Muly 26,1788 

10000 

36 

29 Pennsylvania ... 

46,000 

29,440,000 

1682 

*Dec. 12,1787 

10000 

30 

SO Tennessee. 

45,600 

29,184,000 

1757 

June 1, 1796 

4000 

12 

31 Louisiana. 

41,346 

26,461,440 

1699 

April 30,1812 

4000 

8 

32 Ohio. 

39,964 

25,576,960 

1788 

Nov. 29, 1802 

4000 

23 

33 Virginia. 

38,348 

24,542,720 

1607 

Mune25,1788 

5000 

12 

34 Kentucky. 

37,680 

24,115,200 

1775 

June 1, 1792 

5000 

13 

35 Maine. 

35,000 

22,400,000 

1625 

Mar. 15, 1820 

2000 

6 

36 South Carolina.. 

34,000 

21,760,000 

1670 

*May 23,1788 

3500 

9 

37 Indiana. 

33,809 

21,637,760 

1690 

Dec. 11, 1816 

5000 

15 

38 West Virginia.. 

23,000 

14,720,000 

1607 

June 19, 1863 

2700 

6 

39 Maryland. 

11,124 

* 7,119,360 

1634 

*Apr. 28,1788 

4500 

8 

40 Vermont. 

10,212 

6,535,680 

1725 

Mar. 4, 1791 

1000 

4 

41 New Hampshire 

9,280 

5,939,200 

1623 

Mune21,1788 

1000 

4 

42 New Jersey. 

8,320 

5,324,800 

1624 

*Dec. 18,1787 

5000 

9 

43 Massachusetts.. 

7,800 

4,992,000 

1620 

*Feb. 6, 1788 

4000 

14 

44 Connecticut . 

4,750 

3,040,000 

1633 

Man. 9, 1788 

2000 

6 

45 Delaware. 

2,120 

1,356,800 

1627 

*Dec. 7, 1787 

2000 

3 

46 Rhode Island ... 

1,806 

835,840 

1636 

*May 29,1790 

1000 

4 

47 Dist.of Columbia 

60 

38,400 

.... 

Formed 1791 

.... 

• • 


*The day and year in which each of the original thirteen States ratified the Constitution. 
















































































GS 


POPULATION OF CITIES. 


POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND TOWNS IN 
THE UNITED STATES IN 1870 AND 1880. 


Cities. 

POPULATION. 

Cities. 

POPULATION. 

1870 

1880 

1870 

1880 

Alabama— 



Illinois (Continued) 



Huntsville. 

4,907 

4,977 

Galena. 

7,019 

6,453 

Mobile. 

32,034 

10,588 

0,484 

29,132 

Galesburg. 

10,158 

11,446 

Montgomery. 

16p 14 

Jacksonville. 

9,203 

10,927 

16,145 

Selma. 

7,529 

Joliet. 

7,263 

Arkansas— 



Moline. 

5>54 

7,805 

Little llock. 

12.380 

13,185 

Ottawa. 

7,736 

7,598 

California— 



Peoria. 

22 ,m 

29,259 

Los Angelos. 

5,721 

11,311 

Ouincv .. 

24,052 

27,268 





()akland. 

10,500 

34,555 

Rockford. 

11,049 

7,890 

13,136 

11,660 

19,743 

Sacramento. 

16,283 

21,420 

233,959 

12,567 

Rock Island. 

Sail Francisco. 

San Jose. 

149^473 

9,089 

Springfield. 

Indiana— . 

17,364 

Stockton . 

10,066 

10,287 

Evansville. 

21,830 

17,718 

29,280 

26,880 

Colorado— 



Fort Wayne . 

J )enver. 

4,759 

35,629 

Indianapolis 

48,244 

7,254 

13,506 

75,056 

10,422 

14,860 

Leadville. 


14,820 

Jeffersonville . 

Connecticut— 



La Fayette. 

Bridgeport. 

18,969 

27,643 

Logansport. 

8,950 

11,198 

Danbury. 

6,542 

11,669 

11,649 

Madison. 

10,709 

15,396 

9,445 

7,206 

16,103 

5,440 

8,945 

Derby.. 

8'020 

New Albany .... 

16 422 

Greenwich. 

7,644 

37,180 

7,892 

Richmond .. 

12,743 

13,279 

26,042 

7,680 

Hartford. 

42,015 

South Bend 

Meriden. 

10,495 

6,923 

18,340 

11,731 

Terre Haute. 

Middletown. 

Vincennes.... 

New Britain. 

9,480 

50,840 

9,576 

13,978 

62,882 

Iowa— • 

New Haven. 

Burlington. 

14,930 

5,940 

10,020 

20,038 

12,035 

18,434 

5,914 

12,766 

19,450 
10,104 
18,059 
21,831 
22 408 

Xew London. 

10,529 

Cedar Rapids... 

Norwalk. 

12.119 

16,653 

13,956 

Council Bluffs. 

Norwich. 

21,141 

Davennort. 

Stamford. 

9,714 

11,298 

Des Moines.. 

Waterbury. 

13^106 

5,412 

20^269 

8,265 

Dubuque.. 

22,254 

Windham. 

Iowa Citv. 

7,123 

12,117 

Delaware— 

Keokuk... 

Wilmington. 

30,841 

42,478 1 

Muscatine. 

6 718 

8,294' 

9,004 

Dist. Columbia— 

Ottumwa. 

5,214 

Georgetown. 

11,384 

109,199 

12,578 

Waterloo.. 

4,337 

7,054 

5,630 

15,106 

Washington. 

Florida— 

147,293 

; Kans as— 

Atchison. 

Jacksonville. 

6,912 


Lawrence 

8,320 
17,873 ’ 
5,790 

8^511 

16,550 

15,451 

Key West. 

5,016 

9,890 

Leavenworth 

Georgia— 

Atlanta. 

21,789 

37,409 

Topeka. 

Kentucky— 

Athens. 

4,251 

15,389 

7.401 

6,099 

Covinnton 

24,505 

14,801 

100,753 

15,087 

3,437 

6,866 

29,720 

16,656 

123,758 

20,433 

5,516 

8,376 

Augusta. 

21,891 

Lexington 

Columbus. 

6,152 

Louisville 

Macon. 

10,810 

28,235 

8,665 

12J48 

N ewDort 

Savannah . 

30,709 

Owen shorn n oR 

Illinois— 

Alton. 

9,851 

Paduach.. 

Louisiana— 

Aurora. 

11,162 

11,825 

10,682 

17,182 

New Orleans 

198,418 

4,607 

216,090 

11,017 

Belleville. 

8^146 

14,590 

Shrevenort 

Bloomington. 

Maine— 

('airo. 

6,267 

9,012 

Bangor 

18,289 

10,282 

13,600 

31,413 

16,857 

12,652 

19,083 

33,810 

Chicago. 

298^977 

7.161 

503,185 

9,548 

Biddeford 

Decatur. 

Lewiston 

East St. Louis. 

5,644 

9,185 

8,789 

Portland 

Elgin. 

5^41 

Maryland— 

Freeport. 

7,889 

8,516 

Baltimore. 

267,354 

332,313 


















































































































































POPULATION OF CITIES. 


GO 


Cities. 

POPULATION. 

Cities. 

POPULATION. 

1870 

1880 

1870 

1880 

Maryland (Contin’d) 
Cumberland. 

8,056 

8,526 

10,666 

i —- 

Mississippi— 

Natchez.. 

9,057 
12,443 

8,694 

8,923 

10,125 

32,260 

19,565 

310,864 

4,560 

276 

16,083 

i- 

7,058 

11,814 

Frederick. 

Vicksburg 

Massachusetts— 
Abington. 

9,808 

3,697 

Missouri— 

Campbell. 

Attleborough. 

6,769 

11,111 

8,445 

Central 

7,485 

11,074 

55,785 

32,431 

350,518 

9,531 

13,004 

30,518 

Beverly .. .T. 

6,507 

250,526 

Hannibal 

Boston. 

362'839 

Kansas Citv 

Brockton. 

' 8,007 

13,'608 
8,053 
52,669 

St. Joseph 

Book line. 

6,650 

St. Louis 

Cambridge. 

39,634 

Sedalia. 

Chelsea. C.. 

Chicopee. 

18,547 

9,607 

21,782 

11.325 

Nebraska— 

Lincoln. 

Clinton. 

5,429 

8;030 

43,961 

12,405 

Omaha.. 

Fall River. 

26,766 

Nevada— 

Fitchburg. 

11,260 

Carson City. 

3,042 

7,048 

4,227 

13,705 

Gloucester. 

15,389 

19,329 

Virginia Citv. 

Haverhill. 

13,092 

18,475 

New Hampshire— 

I Iolyoke. 

10,733 

21,915 

39,151 

59,475 

38,274 

Concord . 

12,241 

9,294 

23,536 

10,543 

9.211 

13,836 

11,687 

32,630 

13,397 

9,690 

Lawrence. 

28,921 

40,928 

28,233 

7,367 

Dover. . 

Lowell. 

Manchester 

Lynn. 

N asliua 

Malden. 

12,017 

Portsmouth. 

Marlborough. 

8'474 

10,126 

New Jersey— 

Medford. 

5,717 

7,573 

Bayonne . 

3,834 

6,830 

20,045 

20,832 

9,372 

8,729 

41,659 

Milford. 

9,890 

9^310 

8,480 

Bridgeton. 

Natick. 

6'404 

Camden... 

New Bedford. 

21 '320 

26'845 
13,537 

Elizabeth. 

28,229 

Newbury port. 

12,595 

Hackensack.... 

8,088 
20 297 


Newton. 

12,825 

16,995 

Hoboken... 

30,999 

North Adams. 

12,090 

10,192 

12,172 

Jersey City. 

82,546 

120,722 

Northampton. 

10,160 

Millville. 

6,101 

7,660 

Peabody . 

7,343 

9,028 

N ewark. 

105,059 

136,508 

Pittsfield. 

11.112 

13^367 
10,529 
27,563 

New Brunswick. 

15,058 

17,167 

Quincy. 

7,442 

Orange. 

9,348 

33,575) 

13,206 

Salem . 

24,117 
14,685 
26 703 

Paterson. 

51,031 

8,126 

Somerville. 

24,933 

33,340 

Plainfield. 

5,095 

Springfield. 

Trenton,. 

22,874 

29'91-j 

Taunton. 

18,629 

21,213 

New York— 



"Waltham. 

9,065 

11,711 

Albany. 

69,422 

90,758 

"Westfield . 

6,519 

7,587 

Amsterdam. 

7,706 

11,711 

21,924 

Weymouth . 

9,010 

8,560 

10,571 

10,198 

58,291 

Auburn. 

17,225 

Woburn . 

Binghampton. 

12,65)2 

17,315 

Worcester . 

41,105 

Brookliaven. 

10,159 

396,099 

11 '544 

Michigan — 



Brooklyn. 

566,663 

Adrain . 

8,438 

7,863 

7,849 

8,061 

Buffalo. 

117,714 

155,134 

Ann Arbor.. 

Cohoes. 

15,357 

19,417 

Bay City . 

7,064 

20,693 

116,340 

Elmira. 

15,863 

20'541- 

J)etroit . 

79,577 

Fishkill. 

11,752 

10,782 

East Saginaw . 

11,350 

19,016 

Flushing. 

14,650 

10,790 

15,919 

Grand Ranids^ 

16,507 

32,016 

16,105 

(Beenburgh. 

9,St 4 

J ackson. 

11,447 
9,181 
5,241 
6,002 

Hempstead. 

13,999 

18.lt 0 

Kalamazoo 

11,937 

Ilornellsville. 

5,837 

8,195 

Lansing . . 

8,319 

Hudson. 

8,615 

8,669 

Muskegon. 

11'262 

Huntington. 

10,704 

8,098 

Port Huron.. 

5,973 

8,883 

Ithaca. 

10,107 
7,745 
12,273 
21,943 
9,816 
12,426 

• • • • « i 

9,105 

10,089 

16,626 

18,342 

Saginaw City . 

Minnesota— 
Minneanolis 

7,460 

13,066 

4,260 

10,525 

46,887 

5,876 

Jamaica. 

Johnstown. 

Kingston. 

Red Win o’ 

Lenox. 

10,249 

Still water 

4,124 

20,080 

9,054 

41,473 

Lockport. 

13,522 

Saint Paul . 

Long lsland City_ 

17,117 

4Yinona 

7,192 

10,‘P8 

Middletown. 

7,589 



■ 

















































































































































































I 


70 


POPULATION OP CITIES. 


Cities. 

POPULATION. 

Cities 

1870 

1880 

New York—(C on’td.) 
Morrisania.. 

19,609 


Pennsylvania—C on. 
Bethlehem. 

New Lots. 

9'800 

13,681 

Carbondale. 

N ew Y ork. 

942'292 

1206299 

Carlisle . 

Newburgh. 

17,014 

18,050 

Chester. 

Ogdensburgh. 

10,076 

10'340 

Columbia. 

(Jswego. 

20,910 

21,116 

Cornpianter. 

Owego. 

9'442 
10,595 

9,883 

Danville. 

Oyster Bay. 

11,923 

Easton. 

Palmyra. 

21'493 
20,207 
4,824 

Erie 

Poughkeepsie. 

20,180 

6,377 

Harrisburg 

Port Jervis. 

Hickory... 

Rochester. 

62,386 

89,366 

Lancaster. ... 

Rome. 

1LC00 

8,537 

12'045 

10,822 

Lebanon . 

Saratoga Springs.... 
Saugerties. 

Lock Haven. 

10,455 

10,375 

Mahanoy. 

Schenectady. 

11,026 

6,860 

43,051 

13'675 

6,853 

Meadville. 

Seneca Palls. 

New Castle... 

Syracuse . 

51,792 

Norristown . 

Troy. 

46,465 

28,804 

56'747 

Oil City 

Utica. 

33,914 

Philadelphia 

W allkill. 

9,477 

11,483 

Pittsburgh., 

W atertown. 

9'336 

10,697 

Pottsvillo . 

Watervliet. 

22,609 

22'220 

Reading. 

West Troy.:.. 

10,693 

11,532 

Scranton.... 

Y onkers.. 

18,357 

18^892 

Shamokin. 

North Carolina-- 


Titusville. 

New Berne.. 

5,849 

6,443 

14,110 

17.361 

W i 1 lrpsh niTP 

Raleigh... 

7,790 

Williamsport 

Wilmington.:.. 

13,440 

York. 

Ohio— 

Akron... 

10,006 

4,033 

8,600 

8,920 

216,289 

16,512 

8,025 

12,258 

Rhode Island— 
Lincoln. 

Bellaire.. 

N ewport. 

Canton. 

N. Providence. 

Chillicothe. 

10,938 

Pawtucket 

Cincinnati. 

255.139 

Providence 

Cleveland. 

92,829 

160,146 

51,647 

38,678 

Warwick. .. 

Columbus. 

31,274 

Woonsocket 

Dayton.. 

•30,473 

South Carolina— 

Delaware. 

6,861 

6,894 

C Charleston 

Premont.. 

5,455 

8,451 

Columbia. 

Hamilton. 

11,081 

12,121 

St. James Goose Creek 

Ironton. 

5,686 

8,857 

St. John’s Colleton.. j 

Mansfield.. 

Newark. 

8,029 

6,698 

9,859 

9,602‘ 

6,033 

5,560 

Tennessee— 
Chattanooga 

Piqua. 

5,967 

Knoxville. 

Pomeroy. 

5,824 

Memphis. 

Por( smoutli. 

10,592 

11,314 

Nashville. 

Sandusky. 

13,000 

15,838 

Texas— 

Springfield. 

12,652 

20,730 

Austin. 

Steubenville. 

8,107 

12,093 

7,879 

Brenham. 

Tiffin. 

5,648 

Dallas.. 

Toledo. 

31,584 

50,137 

Galveston. 

Urbana. 

4,276 

6,252 

Houston 

Xenia. 

0,377 

7,026 

San Antonio. 

Youngstown. 

8,075 

15,431 

Sherman ... 

Zanesville. 

10,011 

18J20 

i Waco.. 

Oregon— 


Utah— 

Portland. 

8,293 

17,598 

Ogden Citv 

Pennsylvania— 

Salt Lake City. 

Allegheny. 

53,180 

78,682 

YERMONT— 

Allentown. 

13,884 

10,610 

18,068 

19,716 

Burlington 

Altoona. 

Rutland 




POPULATION. 


1870 


4,512 

6,393 

6,650 

9,485 

6,461 

8,436 

9,863 

10,987 

19,046 

23,104 

7,700 

20,233 

0,729 

6,986 

9,400 

7,103 

6,164 

10,753 

2,270 

074,022 

86,076 

12,384 

33,930 

35,092 

4,320 

8,639 

10,174 

16,030 

11,003 

7,889 

12,521 

20,495 

6,619 

68,904 

10,453 

11.527 

48,956 

9,298 

7,795 

8,604 

6,093 

8,682 

40,226 

25,865 

4,428 

9.716 


1880 


13,818 

9,382 

12,256 

6,348 

3,008 

3,127 

12,854 

14,387 

9,834 


5,193 

7,714 

6,209 

14,996 

8,312 

* 7,790 
11,924 
27,737 
30,762. 

25,769 

8,778 

5,845 

7,181 

8,860 

8,416 

13,064 

7,315 

847,170 

156,389 

13,253 

42,278 

45,850 

8,184 

9,046 

23,339 

18,934 

13,940 

13,765 

15,693 

1.467 

19,030 

104,857 

12,163 

16,053 

49,984 

10,040 

10,615 

10,388 

12,892 

9,690 

33,592 

43,350 

10,960 

4,114 

10,358 

22,248 

18,646 

20,550 

9,248 

7,296 


20,768 

11,364 

12,149 





























































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


71 


Cities. 


Virginia— 

Alexandria. 

Dan River. 

Lynchburg. 

Norfolk. 

Petersburg. 

Portsmouth. 

Richmond .. 

West Virginia— 

Parkersburg. 

Wheeling. 


POPULATION. 


1870 

1880 

13,570 

13,658 

10,306 

8,382 

6,825 

15,959 

19,229 

21,966 

18,950 

21,656 

10,492 

11,388 

51,038 

63,600 

5,546 

6,582 

19,280 

30,737 


Cities. 


Wisconsin—.. 
Eau Claire .. 
Fond du Lac 
Green Bay .. 
Janesville.... 
La Crosse.... 

Madison. 

Milwaukee.. 

Oshkosh. 

Racine. 

Sheboygan .. 
Watertown.. 


POPULATION. 

1870 

1880 

8,313 

10,118 

12,764 

13,091 

4,666 

7,735 

8,789 

9,018 

7,785 

11,505 

9,176 

10,325 

71,440 

115,587 

12,663 

15,749 

9,880 

16,031 

5,310 

7,314 


7,883 


POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1880 BY COUNTIES. 

ALABAMA. 


Counties. 

1880 

Counties. 

* 1880. 

Counties. 

1880. j 

Counties. 

1880. 

Autauga .. 

13,108 

Colbert. 

16,153 

Jackson_ 

25,114 

Pickens .. 

21,479 

Baker. 


Conecuh .. . 

12,605 

Jefferson... 
Lamar. 

23,272 

12,142 

Pike 

20^640 

16,757 

Baldwin.... 

8,603 

Coosa . 

15,113 

Randolph. 

Barbour.... 
Benton. 

33,979 

Covington.. 
Crenshaw.. 

5,639 

11,726 

Lauderdale. 
Lawrence.. 
Lee 

21,035 

21,392 

27,262 

21,600 

Russell ... 

Sn.nrl fnrrl 

24,837 

Bibb. 

9,487 

Cullman ... 

6,355 

Saint Clair 
Shelby.... 

14.462 

17,236 

Blount. 

15,369 

Dale. 

12,677 

Limestone.. 

Bullock.... 

29,066 

Dallas. 

48,433 

Lowndes... 

31,176 

Sumter... 

28,728 

Butler. 

19,649 

De Kalb ... 

12,675 

Macon. 

17,371 

Talladega. 

23,360 

Calhoun.... 

19.591 

Elmore .... 

17,502 

Madison.... 

37,625 

Tallapoosa 

23,401 

Chambers.. 

23,440 

Escambia .. 

5,719 

Marengo ... 

30,890 

Tuscalo’sa 

24,957 

Cherokee .. 

19,108 

Etowah .... 

15,398 

Marion .... 

9,364 

Walker... 

9,479 

Chilton. 

10,793 

Fayette .... 

10,135 

Marshall ... 

14,585 

Washi’g’n 

4.5E8 

Choctaw . .. 

15,731 

Franklin... 

9,155 

Mobile. 

48,653 

Wilcox"... 

31.828 

Clarke . 

Clay . 

17,806 

12,938 

Geneva .... 
Greene. 

4,342 
21,931 

Monroe .... 
Montgom’ry 
Morgan .... 
Ferry. 

17,091 

52,356 

16,428 

30,741 

Winston.. 

4^253 

Cleburne ... 
Coffee . 

10,976 

8,119 

Hale. 

Henry. 

26,553 

18,761 

Total. ... 

1 , 262.505 


ARKANSAS. 


Arkansas.. 

8,038 

Dorsey. 

8,370 

Lincoln .... 

9,255 

Prairie.... 

8,435 

Ashley. 

10.156 

Drew. 

12,231 

Little River 

6,404 

14,385 

Pulaski.. 

32,616 

Baxter .... 

6,004 

Faulkner .. 

12,786 

Logan . 

Randolph. 

11,724 

Benton .... 

20,328 

Franklin .. 

14,951 

Lonoke .... 

12,146 

Saline .... 

8,953 

Boone. 

12,146 

Fulton . ... 

6,720 

9,023 

Madison.... 

11,455 

7,907 

Scott. 

9,174 

Bradley.... 

6,285 

Garland.... 

Marion .... 

Searcy.... 

7,278 

Calhoun.... 

5,671 

Grant. 

6,185 

Miller. 

9,919 

Sebastian.. 

19,560 

Carroll. 

13,337 

Greene. 

7,480 

Mississippi.. 

7,332 

Sevier. 

6J92 

Chico. 

10,117 

Hempstead. 

19,015 

Monroe .... 

9,574 

Sharpe.... 

9,047 

Clav. 

7,213 

Hot Spring. 

7,775 

Montgom’y. 

5,729 

Stone. 

5,089 

Clarke. 

15,771 

Howard.... 

9,917 

Nevada .... 

12,959 

St. Francis 

8,389 

Columbia .. 

14,090 

Independ’ce 

18,086 

Newton .... 

6,120 

Union .... 

13,419 

Conway.... 

12,755 

Izard. 

10,857 

Ouachita... 

11,758 

V anBuren 

9,565 

Craighead.. 

7,037 

Jackson.... 

10,877 

Perry. 

3,872 

iWashi’gii 

23,844 

Crawford .. 

14,740 

Jefferson... 

22,386 

Phillips.... 

21,262 

White .... 

17,794 

Crittendon.. 

9,415 

Johnson.... 

11,565 

Pike. 

6,345 

Woodruff. 

8,646 

Cross. 

T)o11o q 

5,050 

6,505 

8,973 

Lafayette .. 
Lawrence.. 
Lee. 

5,730 

8,782 

13,288 

Poinsett.... 
Polk . 

2,192 

5,857 

Yell. 

13,852 

JL/rtllflo • • • • • 

Desha. 

Pope. 

14,322 

Total.. 

802,525 



































































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


T1 


CALIFORNIA. 


Counties. 

1880 . 

Alameda.. 

62,972 

Alpine. 

539 

Amador.... 

11,384 

Butte. 

18,721 

Calaveras .. 

9,094 

Colusa. 

13,118 

Cont. Costa 

12,525 

Del Norte.. 

2,584 

El Dorado.. 

10,683 

Fresno. 

9,478 

Humboldt.. 

15,512 

In vo. 

2,928 

Kern. 

5,601 

Klamath ... 



Counties. 

1880 . 

Lake. 

6,596 

Lassan. 

3,340 

Los Angel’s 

33,381 

Marin. 

11,324 

Mariposa .. 

4,339 

Mendocino.. 

12,800 

Merced .... 

5,656 

Modoc. 

4,399 

Mono. 

7,499 

Monterey... 

11,302 

Napa. 

13,235 

Nevada ..,. 

20,820 

Placer . 

14,282 

Plumas .... 

6,180 


Counties. 

1880 . 

Sacramento 

34,390 

Sail Benito. 

5,584 

S. Bemad’o 

7,786 

San Diego.. 

8,618 

S. Francisco 

233,959 

San Joaquin 

24,349 

S. L. Obispo 

9,142 

San Mateo.. 

8,669 

S. Barbara.. 

9,513 

Santa Clara 

35,039 

Santa Cruz.. 

12,802 

Shasta. 

9,492 

Sierra . 

6,623 

Siskiyou.... 

8,610 


Counties. 

OO 

oo 

o 

Selano. 

18,475 

Sonoma.... 

25,926 

Stanislaus.. 

8,751 

Sutter. 

2,159 

Tehama.... 

9,301 

Trinity .... 

4,999 

Tulure. 

11,281 

Tuolumne.. 

7.848 

Ventura ... 

5,073 

YoJa. 

11,772 

Yuba. 

11,284 

Total.. 

864,694 


COLORADO. 


Arapahoe.. 
Bent. 

38,644 

1,654 

9,723 

6,512 

7,823 

5,605 

Elbert. 

1,708 

El Paso.... 

7,949 

Boulder.... 

Chaffee. 

Clear Creek 

Conejos_ 

Costilla .... 

Custer. 

Douglas.... 

Fremont ... 

Gilpin. 

Grand . 

Greenwood. 

4,735 

6,489 

417 

2'879 

8,080 

2,486 

Gunnison .. 
Hinsdale... 
Huerfano .. 

8,235 

1,487 

4,124 


Jefferson... 

6,804 

23,563 

1,110 

4,892 

8,903 

Routt. 

140 

Lake. 

Saguache... 
San J nan... 
Summit.... 
Weld. 

1,973 

La Plata ... 
Larimer ... 
Las Animas 

1,087 

5,459 

5,646 

Ouray. 

Park. 

2'669 
3,970 


Total.. 

194,327 

Pueblo. 

Rio Grande 

7,617 

1,944 



CONNECTICUT. 


Fairfield ... 

112,042 

Litchfield .. 

52,044 

New Haven 

156,523 

Tolland .... 

24,112 

Hartford... 

125,382 

Middlesex.. 

35,589 

N. London . 

73,152 

Windham.. 

Total.. 

, 43,856 

622,700 


DELAWARE. 


Kent. 

N ew Castle 
Sussex. 


32,874 

77,716 

36,018 


Total 


146,608 


FLORIDA. 


Alachua.... 

16,462 

Franklin. .. 

1,791 

Liberty .... 

1,362 

St. John’s.. 

4,535 

Baker. 

2,303 

Gadsden ... 

12,169 

Madison.... 

14,798 

St. Lucie... 

Benton .... 

Hamilton .. 

6,790 

Manatee. .. 

3,544 

13,046 

Sumter. 

4,686 

7,161 

Bradford... 

6,112 

Hernando.. 

4'248 

Marion_ 

Suwannee.. 

Brevard.... 

1,478 

Hillsboro’.. 

5,814 

Monroe .... 

10,940 

Taylor. 

2,279 

Calhoun.... 

1,580 

Holmes .... 

2,170 

Mosquito .. 


Volusia.... 

3,294 

Clay. 

2,838 

Jackson.... 

14,372 

Nassau. 

6,635 

Wakulla. .. 

2,723 

Columbia .. 

9,589 

Jefferson... 

16,065 

Orange. 

6,618 

Walton. 

4,201 

7 Tide. 

uval... 

257 

19,431 

La Fayette. 
Leon. 

2,441 

19,662 

5.767 

Polk. 

Putnam.... 

3,181 

6,261 

Washington 

4,089 

Escambia.. 

12,156 

Levy. 

Santa Rosa. 

6,645 j 

Total. 

269,493 



















































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


170 
/ o 


v 


GEORGIA. 


Counties. 

1880. » 

Counties 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Appling.... 
Baker. 

5,276 

7,807 

De Kalb.... 
Dodge. 

14,497 

5,358 

Johnson. ... 
J ones 

4,800 

11,613 

10,053 

10,577 

Randolph .. 
Richmond. . 
Rockdale... 
8*chlev 

13,341 
34,665 
6,838 
5,302 
12,786 
12,585 
13,998 
18,239 
14,115 
7,034 
6,988 
8,597 
4,828 
10,451 
20,597 
3,261 
20,565 
8,918 
6,431 
12,400 
11,056 
15,622 
4,159 
10.885 
21,964 
5,980 
5,237 
5 341 

Baldwin.... 

13,806 

7,337 

Dooly. . 

12,420 

12,622 

Laurens. ... 
Lee.... 

Banks. 

Dougherty . 
Douglas.... 

Early. 

Echols. 

Bartow. 

Berrien .... 
Bibb. 

18,690 

6,619 

27,147 

6,934 

7,611 

2,553 

Liberty_ 

Lincoln .... 
Lowndes. .. 
Lumpkin.. . 
McDowell.. 
McDuffy... 
McIntosh .. 
Macon.. 

10,649 

6,412 

11,049 

6,526 

Seri veil. 

Spalding ... 
Stewart.... 

Sumter. 

Talbot. 

Taliaferro.. 

Tatnall. 

Taylor. 

Telfair 

Brooks. 

Bryan. 

11,727 

4,929 

8,053 

27,128 

Effingham. . 
Elbert.. 

5,979 

12,957 

Bullock.... 
Burke. 

Emanuel... 
Fannin.. 

9,759 

7,245 

9,449 

6,241 

11,675 

Butts. 

8,311 

7,024 

Fayette .... 
Floyd. 

8,605 

24,418 

10,559 

11,453 

49,137 

Calhoun.... 

Madison... . 

7,978 

Camden.... 
Campbell .. 
Carroll. ..... 

6,183 

9,970 

16,901 

Forsyth .... 
Franklin ... 
Fulton. 

Marion. 

Meriwether. 
Miller. 

8,598 

17,651 

3,720 

Terrell. 

Thomas 

Towns 

Catoosa.... 

4,739 

Gilmer. 

8,386 

Milton. 

6'261 

Troup 

Charlton.... 
Chatham... 

2,154 

45,023 

5,670 

10,021 

14,325 

11,702 

Glascock. .. 
Glynn. 

3,577 

6,497 

11,171 

Mitchell.... 
Monroe .... 

9,392 

18,808 

Twiggs. 

Union. . 

Chatahoche 

Gordon. 

Montgom’y. 
Morgan.... 
Murray .... 
Muscogee .. 
Newton 

5,381 

Upson.. 

Chattooga.. 
Cherokee... 
Clarke. 

Greene. 

Gwinnett .. 
Habersham. 

17,547 

19,531 

8.718 

14,032 

8,269 

19,322 

Walker .... 
Walton .... 
Ware . 

Clay. 

6,650 

8,027 

4,138 

20,748 

Hall. 

15,298 

13,623 

Warren .... 
Washington 
W avne 

Clayton_ 

Clinch. 

Hancock. .. 
Haralson... 

16,989 

5,974 

15,758 

Oconee. 

Oglethorpe. 
Paulding... 
Pickens... 

6,351 

15,400 

10,887 

Cobb. 

Harris. 

Webster.... 
White... 

Coffee. 

5,070 

2,527 

Hart. 

9,094 

8,769 

6,790 

4,538 

15,849 

11,952 

Colquitt.... 
Columbia .. 

Heard. 

Pierce. . 

Whitfield. 

11,900 

3,109 

15,985 

12,061 

10,465 

21,109 

8,656 

Henry. 

14,193 

Pike. 

Wilcox. 

Coweta. 

Houston... . 

22J14 

2,696 

Polk. 

Wilkes. 

(Tawford... 

Irwin. 

Pulaski. 

14,058 
14,539 I 

Wilkinson .. 

Dade. 

4J02 

Jackson.... 

16'297 

Putnam.... 

Worth. 

5,892 

Dawson.... 
Decatur.... 

5^837 

19,072 

.T n .snpv 

1E851 

15,671 

Quitman ... 
Rabun . 

4,392 | 
4,634 | 



Jefferson... 

Total. 

1,542 180 




ILLINOIS. 




Adams. 

59,135 

Ford. 

15,099 

Livingston.. 

38,450 

Randolph .. 

25,690 

Alexander.: 

14,808 

Franklin. .. 

16,129 

Logan. 

25,037 

Richland. .. 

15,545 

Bond. 

14,866 

11,508 

Fulton. 

41,240 

M’Donough 
McHenry .. 

27,970 

Rock Island 

38,302 
61,806 

Boone. 

Gallatin.... 

12,861 

24,908 

St. Clair.... 

Brown. 

13,041 

33,172 

Greene. 

23,010 

16,732 

McLean.... 

60,100 

30,665 

Saline. 

15,940 

Bureau. 

Grundy _ 

Macon. 

Sangamon.. 

52^894 

Calhoun.... 

7,467 

Hamilton .. 

16,712 

Macoupin.. 

37,692 

Schuyler.... 

16,249 

(tirroll. 

16,976 

Hancock. .. 

35,337 

Madison.... 

50,126 

23,686 

15,055 

16,242 

Scott. 

10,741 

(’ass.. 

14,493 

Hardin .... 

6,024 

10,722 

Marion .... 

Shelby. 

30,270 

Champaign. 
Christian .. 

40,863 

28,227 

Henderson.. 

Marshall.... 

Stark. 

11,207 

Henry. 

36,597 

Mason. 

Stephenson. 

31,963 

Clark . 

21,894 

Iroquois.... 

34,451 

Massac. 

10,443 

13,024 

Tazewell.... 

29,666 

Clay. 

16,192 

•Jackson. 

22,505 

Menard .... 

Union. 

18,102 

(Minton. 

18,714 

Jasper. 

14/515 

20,686 

15,542 

27,528 

Mercer. 

19,502 I 

Vermillion . 

41,588 

Coles. 

27,042 

Jefferson .. 

Monroe. 

13,682 

Wabash.... 

9,945 

Cook. 

607,524 

Jersey. 

Montgom ’y. 
Morgan .... 

28,078 

Warren .... 

22,933 

Crawford... 

16,197 

Jo Daviess.. 

31,514 

Washington 

21,112 

Cumberland 

13,759 

Johnson.... 

13,078 

Moultrie.... 

13,699 

Wayne. 

21,291 

DeKalb .... 
DeWitt.... 

26,768 

17,010 

K a.np 

44,939 

()gle. 

29,937 

White. 

23,087 

30,885 

Kankakee.. 

25,047 

Peoria. 

55,355 ; 

Whitesides. 

Douglass. .. 

15,853 

Kendall.... 

13,083 

Perry . 

16,007 

15,583 

33,751 

Will. 

53,422 

DuPage.... 
Edgar 

19,161 

25,499 

8,597 

18,920 

Knox 

38,344 

21,296 

Piatt. 

Williamson 

19,324 

Lake. 

Pike. 

Winnebago. 

30,505 

Edwards. .. 
Effingham.. 

LaSalle.... 
Lawrence .. 

70,403 

13,663 

Pope. 

Pulaski .... 

13,256 

9,507 

Woodford.. 

21,620 

Fayette 

23,241 

Lee. 

27,491 

Putnam.... 

5,554 

Total . 1 

3 , 077,871 





























































































































































































74 


POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


INDIANA. 


J - 

Counties. 

1880. 

J 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Adams 

15,385 
54,7(38 1 

Fulton . 

14,301 

22,742 

Marion. 

102,782 

Scott. 

8,343 

Allen 

Gibson. 

Marshall. .. 

23,414 

Shelby. 

25,257 

B’rthol’m’w 
Benton .... 
Blackford.. 

22,777 

Grant 

23'618 
22,996 

Martin. 

13,475 

24,083 

15,875 

Spencer .... 
Starke. 

OO 1 09 

11,108 | 
8,020 

Greene ^ 

Mi am a. 

5.105 

Hamilton.. 

24,801 

Monroe .... 

Steuben .... 

14,645 

Boone. 

25,922 1 

Hancock.... 

17,123 

Montgom’y. 

27,316 

Sullivan.... 

20,336 

Brown. 

10,264 1 

Harrison. .. 

21,326 

Morgan.... 

18,900 

Switzerland 

13,336 

Carroll. 

18,345 

Hendricks.. 

22,981 

N ewton.... 

8,167 

Tippecanoe. 

35,966 

('ass.. 

27,611 

Henry. 

24,016 

19,584 

21,805 

23,050 

N oble. 

22.956 

Tipton. 

14,407 

Clarke. 

28,610 

25,854 

Howard 

Ohio. 

5,563 

Union. 

7,673 

('lay.. 

Huntington 
Jackson.. .. 

Orange. 

14'363 
15,901 
19,460 
16,997 
16,383 

Vanderburg 
Vermillion. 

42,193 

W UAiJ • .. 

Clinton. 

23,472 

12,356 

Owen. 

12,025 

Crawford... 
Daviess . 

Jasper. 

9,464 

Parke. 

Vigo. 

W abash.... 

45'658 

21,552 

Jay. 

19,282 

25,977 

Perry. 

25'241 

Dearborn .. 

26,671 

Jefferson. .. 

Pike. 

Warren.... 

11,497 

Decatur.... 

19,779 

Jennings. .. 

16,453 

Porter. 

17,227 

Warwick... 

20.162 

De Kalb.... 

20,225 

Johnson.... 

19,537 

Posey. 

20,857 

Washington 

18,955 

Delaware. -. 

22,926 

Knox. 

26,324 

Pulaski.... 

9,851 

Wayne. 

38,618 

Dubois. 

15,992 

Kosciusko.. 

26^494 

15,630 

Putnam.... 

22 '501 

AVells. 

18'442 

Elkart. 

33,454 

La Grange.. 

Randolph .. 

26435 

White. 

13,795 

Fayette .... 

11,394 

Lake. 

15,091 

Ripley. 

21,627 

Whitley.... 

16,941 

Flovd 

24,590 

20,228 

20,092 

La Forte. .. 
Lawrence.. 
Madison.. .. 

80,985 

18,543 

27,527 

Rush 

19,238 

33,178 


■*- 1V 'J . 

Fountain... 
Franklin. .. 

St. Joseph... 

Total. 

1,978,301 


IOWA. 


Adair. 

11,667 

Davis. 

16,468 

15,336 

Johnson .. . 

25,429 

Pot’wt’amie 

39,850 

18,936 

Adams. 

11,888 

19,791 

Decatur.... 

Jones. 

1 i 

21,052 

Poweshiek.. 

Allamakee. 

Delaware... 

17,950 

Keokuk.... 

21,258 

Ringgold . . 

12,085 

Appanoose.. 

16,636 

Des Moines 

33,099 

Kossuth.... 

6,178 

Sac. 

8,774 

Audubon... 

7,448 

24,888 

Dickinson.. 

1,901 

Lee. 

34,859 

37,237 

Scott .... 

41,266 

Benton .... 

Dubuque... 

42'996 

Linn. 

Shelby. 

12,696 

Black Ilawk 

23,913 

20,838 

Emmet. 

1,550 

Louisa. 

13,142 

14,530 

1,968 

Sioux . 

5,426 

Boone. 

Fayette.... 
Floyd. 


Lucas. 

Story . 

16,906 
21.585 

Bremer. 

14.081 

14,677 

1 T 

Lyon. 

Tama 

Buchanan.. 

18,546 

Franklin... 

10,249 

Madison ... 

17,224 

Taylor. 

15,635 

Buena Vista 

7,537 

Fremont.... 

17,652 

Mahaska... 

25,202 

Union. 

14,980 

Buncombe.. 


Greene. 

12,727 

Marion .... 

25,111 

Van Buren. 

17,043 

Butler. 

14,293 

Grundy.... 

12,639 

Marshall.. . 

23,752 

Wapello ... 

25,285 

Calhoun .. . 

5,595 

Guthrie.... 

14,394 

Mills. 

14,137 

Warren .... 

19,578 

Carroll. 

12,351 

Hamilton.. 

11,252 

Mitchell ... 

14,363 

Washington 

20,374 

(Jiss. 

16,943 

Hancock... 

3,453 

Monona.... 

9,055 

Wayne. 

16,127 

Cedar. 

18,936 

Hardin .... 

17,807 

Monroe .... 

13,719 

Webster ... 

15,951 

Cerro Gordo 

11,461 

Harrison... 

16,649 

Montg’m’rf 

15,895 

Winnebago. 

4,917 

Cherokee... 

8,240 

Henry. 

20,986 

Muscatine.. 

23,170 

Winneshiek 

23,938 

Chickasaw . 

14,534 

Howard.... 

10,837 

O’Brien .... 

4,155 

Woodbury.. 

14,996 

Clarke . 

11,513 

Ilumboklt . 

5,341 

Osceola .... 

2,219 

! Worth 

7,953 

Clay. 

4,248 

28,829 

Ida. 

4,382 

19,221 

23,771 

25,963 

17,469 

Page. 

19,667 

4,131 

8,566 

3,713 

42,395 

W r i ght 

5,062 

Clayton_ 

Clinton .... 
Crawford .. 
Dallas .. . 

Iowa. 

Palo Alto. . 
Plymouth .. 
Pocahontas. 
Polk . 


36,763 
12,413 ] 
18.746 j 

Jackson.... 

Jasper . 

Jefferson ... 

Total. 

1 , 624,615 


KANSAS. 


Allen. 

11,303, 

Brown. 

12,817 

1 Clark .... 

163 

Davis 

6,994 

4,180 

Anderson .. 

9,057 

Buffalo .... 

191 

'Clay. 

12,320 

Decatur.... 

Arapahoe.. 

3 

Butler. 

18,586 

Cloud. 

15,343 

Dickinson. . 

15,251 

Atchison... 

26,668 

Chase. 

6,081 

Coffey. 

11,438 

Doniphan.. 

14,257 

Barbour.... 

2,661 

Chautauqua 

11,072 

Comanche . 

372 

Douglas.... 

21,700 

Barton. 

10,318 

Cherokee... 

21,905 

Cowley. 

21,538 

Edwards... 

2,409 

Bourbon ... 

19,591 

Cheyenne .. 

37 | 

Crawford . . 

16,851 

Elk. 

10,623 



































































































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


f? r 
<L> 


KANSAS.—(Continued.) 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Ellis. 

Ellsworth.. 

6,179 

8,494 

411 

Kingman... 
Labette .... 

3,713 

22,735 

Osborne 

Otoe. 

12,537 

Sheridan... 
Sherman 

1,567 
13 

13,883 

4,755 

5 

12 

20,812 

161 

2,535 

Eoote. 

Lane. 

601 

()ttawa. 

30,307 

5,396 

12,014 

16,350 

Smith 

Ford. 

Franklin... 
Gove. 

3,122 

16,797 

1,196 

4,258 

Leavenw’th 
Lincoln.... 
Lynn. 

32,355 

8,582 

15,298 

Pawnee.... 
Phillips.... 
Pott’w’mie. 

Stafford_ 

Stanton.... 
Stevens 

Graham.... 

Lyon. 

17,326 

i Pratt. 

1,890 

Sumner.... 
Thomas 

Grant. 

9 

Madison ... 


Rawlins.... 

1,623 

12,826 

Greeley .... 
Greenwood. 
Hamilton .. 

3 

Marion ... 

12,453 

Reno. 

Trego. 

10,548 

168 

Marshall... 
McPherson 

16,136 

17,143 

Republic... 
Rice. 

14(913 

9,292 

Wabaunst e. 
Wallace ... 

8,756 

686 

1 iarper. 

4,133 

Meade. 

296 

Riley. 

10(430 

8 , 112 ; 

5,490 

7,351 

Washingt’n 

Wichita. 

14,910 

Harvey .... 
Hodgeman. 
Howard.... 

11(451 

Miami. 

17,802 

Rooks. 

14 

l(704 

Mitchell.... 
Montg’m’rv 

14,911 

18,233 

Rush. 

Russell. 

Wilson .... 
Woodson.. 

13,775 

6,535 

19,143 

.1 ackson.... 

10,718 

15,563 

17,475 

16,853 

Morris. 

9,265 

Saline. 

13^808 

43 

18,753 

068 

Wyandotte. 

Jefferson... 

Jewell. 

Johnson.. . . 

Nemaha. .. 
Neosho .... 
Ness. 

22,462 

15,121 

3,722 

Scott 


Sedgwick .. 
Sequoyah... 

Seward. 

Shawnee ... 

Total .... 

996,096 

Kansas .... 
Kearney ... 

9 

159 

Norton. 

Osage. 

6,998 

19,642 

5 

29,093 





KENTUCKY. 




Adair. 

13,078 

Elliott. 

6,567 

La Bue .... 

9,798 

Oldnam.... 

7,667 

Allen. 

12,089 

E still. 

9,860 

Laurel. 

9,131 

13,262 

Owen. 

17(401 

Anderson .. 

9,361 

Fayette .... 

29,023 

Lawrence.. 

Owsley .... 

4(942 

Ballard. 

14,378 

Fleming.... 
Floyd. 

15,221 

Lee. 

4,25 i 

Pendleton. . 

16,702 

Barren. 

22,321 

10,176 

18,699 

Leslie. 

3,740 

Perry. 

5,607 

Bath. 

11,982 

Franklin ... 

Letcher.... 

6(601 

Pike. 

13(001 

3,639 

Bell 

6,055 

Fulton . ... 

7JI77 

Lewis. 

13(154 

15,080 

Powell. 

Boone . 

11,996 

Gallatin.... 

4,832 

Lincoln.... 

Pulaski.... 

21,318 

Bourbon ... 

15,956 

Garrard .... 

11,706 

Livingston . 

9.165 

Robertson.. 

5,814 

Boyd . 

12,165 

Grant. 

13,083 

I .ogan. 

24,358 

Rock Castle 

9,670 

Boyle 

11,930 

j Graves. 

24,138 

15,784 

Lyon. 

6,768 

1 Rowan. 

4,420 

7,591 

Bracken.... 

13,509 

Grayson .... 

Madison ... 

22(052 

Russell .... 

Breathitt .. 
Br’ck’nri’ge 

7,742 

Green. 

11,871 

Magoffin .. . 

6,944 

j Scott. 

14,965 

17'486 

Greenup.... 

13,371 

Marlon .... 

14,493 

Shelby. 

16(813 

Bullitt. 

8,521 

Hancock... 

8,563 

Marshall ... 

9,647 

Simpson.... 

10,641 

Butler. 

12,181 

11,282 

Hardin .... 

22,564 

Martin .... 

3,057 

Spencer.... 

7,040 

Caldwell ... 

Harlan. 

5,278 

Mason. 

20,469 

Taylor. 

9,259 

Calloway .. 

13,295 

Harrison... 

16,501 

McCracken. 

16,262 

Todd. 

15,994 

Campbell .. 

37,440 

Hart. 

17,133 

McLean.... 

9,293 

Trigg. 

14,489 

Carroll. 

8,953 

Henderson . 

24,515 

Meade. 

10,323 

Trimble.... 

7,171 

('arler. 

12,345 

Henry. 

14,492 

10,651 

Menifee.... 

3,755 

IT nion. 

17,809 

Casey. 

10,983 

Hickman... 

Mercer. 

14,142 

Warren .... 

27,531 

Christian .. 

31,682 

Hopkins.... 

19,122 

Metcalfe ... 

9,423 

Washington 

14,419 

Clark. 

12,115 

Jackson .... 

6,678 

Monroe .... 

10,741 

Wayne. 

12,512 

Clay. 

10,222 

Jefferson... 

146,010 

Montg’m’ry 

10,566 

Webster ... 

14,246 

Clinton .... 

7.212 

Jessamine.. 

10,864 

[Morgan .... 

8,455 

Whitley.... 

12,000 

Crittenden.. 

11,688 

Johnson.... 

9,155 

Muhlenb’rg 

15,098 

Wolfe. 

5,638 

Cumberland 
Daviess .... 

8,894 

27,730 

Josh Bell .. 
Kenton .... 

43,983 

X el son. 

Nicholas .,. 

16,609 
! 11,869 

Woodford.. 

11 ,800 

Edmondson 

7 222 

Knox. 

10,587 

Ohio. 

19,669 

Total. 

1,048,690 


LOUISIANA. 


Ascension.. 

16,895 

Caddo. 

26,296 

Catahoula.. 

10,277 

East Carroll 

12,134 

Assumption 

17,010 

Calcasieu.. . 

12,484 1 

Claiborne .. 

18,837 

E. Feliciana 

15,132 

Avoyelles .. 

16,747 

Caldwell... . 

5,767 

Concordia.. 

14,914 

Franklin... 

6,495 

Bienville. . . 

10,442 

1 Cameron. .. 

2,416 

De Soto.... 

15,603 

Grant. 

6,188 

Bossier. 

16,042 

Carroll. 


E. B. Rouge 

19,966 

Iberia. 

16,670 


























































































































































































76 


POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 




LOU ISI AN A.— (Continued.) 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880 

Iberville.... 

17,544 

Ouachita... 

14,685 

Jackson.... 

5,328 

Plaquemins 

11,575 

Jefferson. .. 

12,166 

Pt. Coupee. 

17,785 

Lafayette.. 

13,235 

Rapides.. .. 

23,563 

Lafourche.. 

19,113 

Red River.. 

8,573 

Lincoln.... 

11,075 

Richland... 

8,440 

Livingston. 

5,258 

Sabine. 

7,344 

Madison.... 

13,906 

St. Bernard. 

4,405 

Morehouse 

14,206 

St. Charles.. 

7,161 

Natchitochs 

19,707 

St. Helena.. 

7,504 

Orleans .... 

216,090 

St. James.. 

14,714 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

St. John the 


Vernon .... 

5,160 

Baptist .. 

9,686 

W ashington 

5,190 

St. Landry.. 

40,004 

Webster.... 

10,005 

St. Martin.. 

12,663 

W.B. Rouge 

7,667 

St. Mary_ 

19,891 

W. Carroll. 

2,776 

St. Tamany. 

6,887 

W.Felici’na 

12,809 

Tangipahoa 

9,638 

W inn. 

5,846 

Tensas. 

17,815 



Terrebonne. 

17,957 

Total. 

939,946 

Union. 

13,526 



Y ermillion. 

8,728 




MAINE. 


Androscg’n 

45,042 

Kennebeck. 

53,058 

Piscataquis 

14,872 

Washington 

44,484 

62,257 

Aroostook.. 
Cumberla’d 

41,700 

86,539 

Knox. 

Lincoln.... 

32,863 

24,821 

Sagadahoc.. 
Somerset. .. 

19,272 

32,333 

York. 

Franklin. .. 
Hancock. .. 

18,180 

38,129 

Oxford. 

Penobscot.. 

32,627 

70,476 

Waldo. 

32,463 

Total .... 

648,936 


MARYLAND. 


Allegany. .. 

38,012 

Cecil. 

27,108 

A. Arundel. 

28,526 

Charles. 

18,548 

Baltimore C 

332,313 

Dorchester. 

23,110 

Baltimore.. 

83,336 

Frederick.. 

50,482 

Calvert. 

10,538 

Garrett. 

12,175 

Caroline.. .. 

13,766 

Harford.. .. 

28,042 

Carroll. 

30,992 

Howard.... 

16,140 


Kent. 

17,605 

24,759 

Talbot. 

19,065 

38,561 

Montgom’y. 

W ashington 

P. George’s. 

26,451 

Wicomico.. 

18,016 

Queen Anne 
St. Mary’s.. 

19,257 

16,934 

Worcester.. 

19,539 

Somerset... 

21,668 

Total .... 

934,943 


MASSACHUSETTS. 


Barnstable.. 

31,897 

Essex. 

244,535 

Middlesex.. 

317,830 

Suffolk .... 

387,626 

Berkshire.. 

69,032 

Franklin. .. 

36,001 

Nantucket.. 

3,727 

Worcester.. 

226,885 

Bristol. 

139,040 

Hampden.. 

104,142 

Norfoik.... 

96,507 



Dukes. 

4,300 

Hampshire. 

47,232 

Plymouth.. 

74,018 

Total. 

1,783,085 


MICHIGAN. 


Alcona. 

3,107 

Emmett.. .. 

6,639 

Leelanaw .. 

6,253 

Ontonagon. 

2,565 

Allegan.... 

37,815 

Genesee.... 

39,220 

Lenawee. .. 

48,343 

Osceola .... 

10,777 

Alpena .... 

8,789 

Gladwin.... 

1,127 

Livingston. 

22,251 

Oscoda. 

467 

Antrim .... 

5,237 

G. Traverse 

8,422 

Mackinac .. 

2,902 

Otsego. 

1,974 

Baraga_ 

1,804 

Gratiot .... 

21,936 

Macomb.... 

31,627 

Ottawa. 

33,126 

Barry. 

25,317 

Hillsdale. .. 

32,723 

Manistee. .. 

12,532 

Presque Isle 

3,113 

Bay. 

38,081 

Houghton.. 

22,473 

Manitou.... 

1,334 

Roscommon 

1,459 

Benzie. 

3,433 

Huron. 

20,089 

Marquette.. 

25,394 

Saginaw.... 

59,095 

Berrien .... 

36,785 

Ingham.... 

33,676 

Mason. 

10,065 

St. Clair.... 

46,197 

Branch .... 

27,941 

Ionia. 

33,872 

Mecosta.... 

13,973 

St. Joseph.. 

26,626 

Calhoun.. .. 

38,452 

Iosco. 

6,873 

Menominee. 

11,987 

6,893 

Sanilac. 

26,341 

Cass. 

22,009 

Isabella.... 

12,159 

Midland.. .. 

Schoolcraft. 

1,575 

Charlevoix.. 

5,115 

Isle Royale. 

55 

Missaukee. . 

1,553 

Shiawassee. 

27,059 

Cheboygan.. 

6,524 

Jackson.. .. 

42,031 

Monroe. 

33,624 

Tuscola.... 

25,738 

Chippewa .. 

5,248 

Kalamazoo. 

34,342 

Montcalm.. 

33,148 

yan Buren. 

30,807 

< dare. 

4,187 

Kalkaska... 

2,937 

Muskegon.. 

26,586 

W ashtenaw 

41,848 

Clinton. 

28,100 

1,159 

6.812 

Kent. 

73,253 

Newaygo .. 
Oakland.. .. 
Oceana .... 
Ogemaw.... 

14,688 

Wavne 

166,444 

6,937 

Crawford... 
Delta. 

Keweenaw.. 

Lake 

4,270 

3,233 

30,138 

41,537 

11,699 

1,914 

Wexford.... 

Eaton. 

31,225 

Lapeer. 

Total. 

1,636,937 


i 


V 


* 
















































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


77 


MINNESOTA. 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Aitkin. 

366 

Fillmore ... 

28,162 

Anoka. 

7,108 

Freeborn... 

16,069 

Becker. 

5,218 

Goodhue... 

29,651 

Beltrami. .. 

10 

Grant. 

3;004 

Benton.... 

3,012 

Hennepin.. 

67,013 

Big Stone .. 

3,688 

Houston ... 

16,332 

Blue Earth. 
Breckenri’e. 

22,889 

Isanti. 

Itasca. 

5,063 

124 

Brown. 

12,018 

Jackson... , 

4,806 

Buchanan. . 

• • • • • • 

Kanabec. . . 

505 

Carlton. 

1,230 

Kandiyohi.. 

10,159 

Carver. 

14,140 

Kit son. 

905 

Cass. 

486 

Laqui Parle. 

4,891 

Chippewa .. 

5,408 

Lake. 

106 

Chisago.... 

7,982 

5,887 

Le Sueur.. . 

16,103 

Clay. 

Lincoln.... 

2,915 

Cook. 

65 

Lvon.. 

6,257 

Cottonwood 

5,533 

Mankahta.. 


Crow Wing. 

2,319 

Manomin .. 


Dakota .... 

17,391 

Marshall... 

992 

Dodge. 

11,344 

Martin. 

5,249 

Douglas.... 
Faribault. . 

9,130 

13,016 

McLeod.. .. 
McPhali .. . 

12,342 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1380. 

Meeker .... 

11,739 

Sibley. 

10,637 

Mille Lac.. 

1,501 

Stearns .... 

21,953 

Monongalia 

Steele. 

12,460 

Morrison... 

5,875 

Stevens.... 

3,911 

Mower. 

16,799 

Swift. 

7,473 

6,133 

Murray.... 

3 J>04 

Todd. 

Nicollet.... 

12,333 

Traverse... 

1,507 

Nobles. 

4,435 

W abashaw. 

18,203 

Olmstead .. 

21,543 

Wadena.... 

2,080 

Otter Tail.. 

18,675 

Wahuata... 

Peinbia.... 


W aseca.... 

12,385 

Pine. 

1,365 

Washington 

19,503 

Pipestone .. 

2,092 

Watonwan. 

5,104 

Polk. 

11,433 

WhiteEa’th 

Pope. 

5,874 

Indian Re- 


Ramsey.... 

45,890 

servation.. 

996 

Redwood... 

5,375 

Wilkin..... 

1,903 

Renville .. . 

10,791 

Winona.... 

27,197 

Rice. 

22,481 

Wright .... 

18,104 

Rock. 

St. Louis... 

3,669 

4,504 

Y. Medicine 

5,884 

Scott . 

Sherburne. . 

13,516 

3,855 

Total .... 

780,773 


MISSISSIPPI. 


Adams. 

Alcorn. 

22,649 

14,272 

14,004 

19,988 

11,023 

18,652 

(Grenada. .. 
Hancock. .. 

12,071 

6,439 

Lowndes... 
Madison.... 

28,244 

25,866 

Simpson.... 
Smith. 

8,008 

8,088 

Amite. 

Attala. 

Harrison... 
Hinds. 

7^895 

43,958 

27,164 

10,004 

10,663 

7,607 

12,126 

17,314 

3,828 

Marion .... 
Marshall.... 

6,901 

29,330 

Sumner.... 
Sunflower.. 

9,534 

4,661 

10,926 

18,721 

Benton. 

Bolivar. 

Holmes .... 
Issaquena.. 
Itawamba.. 
Jackson.... 
Jasper. 

Monroe .... 
Montgom’y. 
Neshoba ... 
N ewton.... 
Noxubee ... 

28^553 

13,348 

8,741 

13,436 

29,874 

15,978 

28,352 

3,427 

Tallali’tchie 
Tate. 

Calhoun . .. 

Carroll. 

Chicasaw . 

13,492 

17,795 

17,905 

9,036 

16,768 

15,021 

17,367 

13,568 

27,552 

5,993 

22,924 

9,729 

3,194 

Tippah. 

Tishomingo 
Tunica. 

12^867 

8,774 

8,461 

13,030 

31,238 

Choctaw... 
Claiborne 

Jefferson. .. 
Jones. ...*.. 

Oktibbeha . 
Panola. 

Union. 

Warren .... 

Clarke ^ 

Kemper. ... 
Lafayette.. 
Lauderdale. 
Lawrence.. 

Leake. 

Lee 

15,719 

Perry. 

Washington 
W ayne. 

25,367 

Clay 

21^671 

21,501 

9,420 

13,146 

20,470 

10,246 

13,547 

Pike. 

16^688 

8,741 

Coahoma... 

Copiah. 

Covington.. 
De Soto.... 
Franklin... 
Greene. 

Pontotoc... 
Prentiss.... 
Quitman... 
Rankin. 

13^858 

12,158 

1,407 

16,752 

10,845 

6,306 

Wilkinson.. 
Winston ... 
YAlobusha. 
Y r azoo. 

17,815 

10,087 

15,649 

33,845 

Le Flore... 
Lincoln .... 

Scott 



Sharkey.... 

Total . 

1,131.597 




MISSOURI. 




Adair. 

15,190 

Callaway... 
Camden.... 

23,670 

7,266 

Cooper. 

21,596 

10,756 

Greene. 

28,801 

Andrew.... 

16,318 

Crawford... 

Grundy .... 

15,185 

Atchison .. 

14,556 

C.Girardeau 

20,998 

I )ade. 

12,557 

Harrison. .. 

20,304 

Audrain ... 
Barry. 

19,732 

14,405 

10,332 

25,381 

12,396 

Carroll 

23,274 

Dallas. 

9,263 

Henry. 

23,906 

Carter. 

2,168 

Daviess .... 

19,145 

Hickory.. .. 

7,387 

Rq rfnn 

Cass.. 

22,431 

De Kalb... . 

13,334 

Holt. 

15,509 

Bates. 

Benton .... 

Cedar. 

Chariton... 

10,741 

25,224 

Dent. 

Dodge. 

10,646 

Howard_ 

Howell. 

18,428 

8,814 

Bollinger... 

11,130 

Christian... 

9,628 

Douglas.. .. 

7,753 

[ron. 

8,183 

Boone 

25,422 

49,792 

Clarke . 

15,031 

15,572 

Dunklin... . 

9,604 

Jackson_ 

82,325 

Buchanan.. 

Clay. 

Franklin. .. 

26,534 

Jasper. 

32,019 

Butler. 

6,011 

Clinton .... 

16,073 

Gasconade.. 

11,153 

Jefferson. .. 

18,736 

Caldwell... 

13,646 

Cole. 

15,515 

Gentry. 

17,176 

Johnson.. .. 

28,172 














































































































































































78 


POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


MISSOURI .—(Continued). 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Knox. 

13,047 

Monroe .... 

19,071 

Laclede.... 

11,524 

Montgom’y. 

16,249 

Lafayette .. 

25,710 

Morgan.... 

10,132 

Lawrence.. 

17,583 

New Madrid 

7,694 

Lewis. 

15,925 

Newton.... 

18,947 

L'n *(lii .... 

17.426 

Nodaway... 

29,544 

Linn. 

20,016 

Oregon. 

5,791 

Livingston. 

20,196 

Osage. 

11,824 

Macon. 

26,222 

Ozark. 

5,618 

Madison. .. 

8,876 

Pemiscot .. 

4(299 

Maries. 

7,304 

Perry. 

11,895 

Marion. 

24,837 

Pettis. 

27,271 

McDonald.. 

7,816 

Phelps. 

12(568 

Mercer .... 

14,673 

Pike. 

26,715 

Miller. 

9,805 

Platte. 

17,366 

Mississippi.. 

9,270 

Polk. 

15,734 

Moniteau .. 

14,346 

Pulaski.... 

7,250 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Putnam_ 

13,555 

St. Louis C. 

350,518 

Ralls. 

11,838 

St. Louis... 

31,888 

Randolph .. 

22,751 

Stoddard. .. 

13,431 

Ray. 

20,190 

Stone . 

4,404 

16,569 

Reynolds .. 

5,722 

Sullivan.... 

R inlev „ 

5,377 

Taney. 

5,599 

Rives 

Texas. 

12,206 

Saline - 

29,911 

10,470 

Van Buren. 


Schuyler. .. 

Vernon .... 

19,369 

Scotland.... 

12,508 

Warren .... 

10,806 

Scott. 

8,587 

Washington 

12,896 

Shannon.... 

3,441 

Wayne. 

9,096 

Shelby. 

14,024 

Webster.. .. 

12,175 

St. Charles. 

23,065 

Worth. 

8,203 

St. Clair. .. 

14,125 

Wright. 

9,712 

St. Francois 
S.Genevieve 

13,822 

10,390 

Total . 

2,168,380 


NEBRASKA. 


Adams. 

10,235 

Dundy. 

37 

Antelope .. 
Blackbird.. 

3,953 

Elkhorn ... 


109 

Fillmore... 

10,204 

Boone . 

4,170 

Franklin... 

5,465 

Buffalo .... 

7,531 

Frontier ... 

934 

Burt. 

6,937 

Furnas_ 

6,407 

Butler . 

9,194 

16,683 

2,899 

Gage. 

13,164 
1,673 

Cass. 

Gosper. 

Cedar. 

Grant. 


Chase. 

70 

Greeley .... 

1,461 

Cheyenne .. 

1,558 

Hall. 

8,572 

Clay. 

11,294 

Hamilton .. 

8,267 

Colfax. 

6,588 

Harlan.... 

6,086 

Cuming 
Custer. 

5,569 

I larrison... 


2,211 

Hayes. 

119 

Dakota .... 

3,213 

Hitchcock . 

1,012 

Dawson_ 

2,909 

Holt. 

3,287 

Dixon. 

4,177 

Howard . .. 

4,391 

Dodge. 

11,263 

Jackson.... 

Douglas.... 

37,645 

Jefferson... 

8,096 


Johnson . .. 

7,595 

Red Willow 

3,044 

Kearney. .. 

4,072 

Richardson. 

15,031 

Keith. 

194 

Saline. 

14,491 

Knox.. 

3,666 

Sarpy. 

4,481 

Lancaster.. 

28,090 

Saunders... 

15(810 

IVEau quiC 


Seward .... 

11,147 

Lincoln.... 

3,632 

Sherman ... 

2,061 

Lvon. 


Sioux. 

699 

Madison ... 

5,589 

Stanton.... 

1,813 

Merrick.... 

5,341 

Taylor. 


Monroe .... 

Thayer. 

6.113 

Nance. 

1,212 

Valley. 

2,324 

Nemaha.... 

10,451 

Washington 

8,631 

Nuckolls... 

4,235 

Wayne. 

813 

Otoe. 

15,727 

Webster. . . 

7,104 

Pawnee_ 

6,920 

Wheeler.... 

644 

Phelps. 

2,447 

York. 

11,170 

Pierce. 

1,202 

Unorg. Ter. 

2,913 

Platte 

9 511 



Polk. 

6,846 

Total... 

452,402 


NEVADA. 


Churchill... 

479 

Eureka. 

7,086 

Lyon. 

2,409 

Storey... 

16,115 

5,664 

Douglas.. .. 

1,581 

Humboldt.. 

3,480 

Nye. 

1,875 

Washoe .... 

Elko. 

5,716 

Lander. 

3,624 

Ormsby .... 

5,412 

White Pine. 

2,682 

Esmeralda . 

3,220 

Lincoln.... 

2,637 

iRoop. 

1 

286 

Total. 

62,266 


NEW HAMPSHIRE. 


Belknap.. .. 

17,948 

Coos. 

18,580 

Merrimack. 

46,300 

Sullivan.. .. 

Carroll. 

18,224 

Grafton.... 

38,788 

Rocking’am 

49,064 


Chesire. 

28,7^4 

Hillsboro... 

75,634 

Stafford.... 

35,558 

Total. 


18,161 


346,991 


































































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


79 


NEW JERSEY. 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Atlantic ... 

Bergen_ 

Burlington 
Camden.... 
Cape May.. 
CumberPnd 

18,704 

36,786 

55,402 

62,942 

9,765 

37,687 

Essex. 

189,929 

25,886 

187,944 

38,570 

58,061 

52,286 

Monmouth 
Morris. 

55,538 
50,861 
14,455 
68,8 0 
24,579 
27,162 

Sussex. 

11 nion. 

23,5£ 9 
55,571 
36,589 

Gloucester . 
Hudson.... 
Hunterdon 
Mercer .... 
Middlesex.. 

Ocean . 

Passaic .... 
Salem. 

Warren .... 

Total . 

1,131,116 

Somerset .. 


NEW YORK. 


Albany .... 

154,890 

Fulton. 

30,985 

Ontario .... 

49,541 

St. Law’ce . 

85,997 

Allegany... 

41,810 

Genesee.... 

32,806 

Orange. 

88,220 

Suffolk .... 

53,888 

Broome.... 
Cattaraug’s 

49,483 

Greene. 

32,695 

(Irleans . 

30,128 

77,911 

Sullivan.... 
Tioga. 

32,491 

32,673 

55,806 

Hamilton .. 

3,923 

Oswego .... 

Cayuga .... 

65,081 

Herkimer.. 

42,669 

Otsego. 

51,397 

Tompkins.. 

34,445 

Chautauqua 

65,342 

Jefferson... 

66,103 

Putnam.... 

15,181 

Ulster. 

85,838 

Chemung.. 

43,065 

Kings. 

599,495 

[Queens. 

90,574 

Warren.... 

25,179 

Chenango.. 

39,891 

Lewis. 

31,416 

Rensselaer . 

115,328 

Washing’ll. 

47,871 

Clinton .... 

50,897 

Livingston. 

39,562 

Richmond . 

38,991 

•Wayne. 

51,700 

Columbia.. 

47,928 

Madison ... 

44,112 

Rockland .. 

27,690 

Westchest’r 

108,988 

Cortland ... 

25,825 

Monroe .... 

144,903 

Saratoga... 

55,156 

Wyoming.. 

30.907 

1 lelaware .. 
Dutchess... 

42,721 

79,184 

Montgom’y. 
New York . 

38,315 

1,206,299 

Schenect’dy 
Schoharie .. 

23,538 

32,910 

Y ates. 

21,087 

Erie. 

Essex 

219,884 

34,515 

32,390 

Niagara.... 
Oneida. 

54,173 

115,475 

Schuyler ... 
Seneca . 

18,842 

29,278 

Total .... 

5,082,871 

Franklin... 

Onondaga.. 

117'893 

Steuben.... 

77,586 




NORTH CAROLINA. 


Alamance.. 

14,613 

Cumberl’d.. 

23,836 

Jones. 

7,491 

Richmond.. 

18,245 

Alexander . 

8,355 

Currituck.. 

6,465 

Lenoir. 

15,344 

Robeson.... 

23,880 

Allegheny.. 

5,486 

Dare. 

3,243 

Lincoln.... 

11,061 

Rocki’gh’m 

21,744 

Anson. 

17,994 

Davidson .. 

20,333 

McDowell.. 

9,836 

Rowan. 

19,965 

Ashe. 

14,437 

17,474 

Davie. 

11,096 

18,773 

Macon. 

8,064 

Rutherford. 

15,198 

Beaufort... 

Duplin. 

Madison ... 

12,810 

Sampson.... 

22,894 

Bertie 

16,399 

Edgecombe. 

26.181 

Martin. 

13,140 

Stanley. 

10,505 

Bladen. 

16,158 

Forsyth .... 

18,070 

Mecklenb’g 

34,175 

Stokes. 

15,353 

Brunswick . 

9,389 

Franklin... 

20,829 

Mitchell.... 

9,435 

Surry. 

15,302 

Buncombe . 

21,909 

Gaston. 

14,254 

Montgom’y. 

9,374 

Swain. 

3, 1 8 -t 

BurPp 

12,809 

Gates. 

8,897 

2,335 

Moore. 

16,821 

Transylv’a.. 

5,340- 

Cabarrus... 

14,964 

Graham.... 

Nash. 

17,731 

Tyrrell. 

4,545 

Caldwell ... 

10,291 

Granville .. 

31,286 

N. Hanover 

21,376 

Union. 

18,056 

Camden.... 

6,274 

Greene. 

10,037 

N’th’mpt’n. 

20,032 

Wake. 

47,939 

Carteret.... 

9,784 

Guilford ... 

23,585 

Onslow. 

9,829 

Warren.... 

22,619 

Caswell.... 

17,825 

Halifax_ 

30,300 

Orange. 

23,698 

Washing! ’n 

8,928 

Catawba... 

14,946 

Ilarnet. 

10,862 

Pamlico.... 

6,323 

Watauga... 

8,160 

Chatham... 

23,453 

Haywood.. . 

10,271 

Pasquotank 

10,369 

Wayne. 

24,951 

Cherokee... 

8.182 

Henderson . 

10,281 

Pendor. 

12,468 

Wilkes. 

19,181 

Chowan.... 

7,900 

Hertford... 

11,843 

Perquimans 

9,466 

Wilson. 

16,064 

Clav . 

3,316 

16,571 

14,439 

Hyde. 

7,765 

Person. 

13,719 

Yadkin .... 

12,420 

. 

Cleveland .. 
Columbus.. 

Iredell. 

Jackson.... 

22,675 

7,343 

Pitt. 

Polk. 

21,794 

5,062 

Yancey .... 

7,094 

Craven. 

19,729 

Johnston... 

23,461 

Randolph .. 

20,836 

Total .... 

1,399,750 


Ci V VIA. 

^ , . — - 


OH 

IO. 



Adams. 

Allen. 

Ashland 

Ashtabula.. 

24,005 

31,314 

23,833 

37.139 

Athens. 

Auglaize... 
Belmont... 
Brown. 

28,411 

25,444 

49,638 

32,911 

Butler. 

Carroll. 

Champaign. 
Clark. 

42,579 

16,416 

27,817 

41,948 

Clermont... 
Clinton .... 
Columbiana 
Coshocton.. 

36,713 

24,756 

48,602 

26,642 



















































































































































































80 


POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 


OHIO.— (Continued.) 


Counties. 

1880. 

Crawford... 

30,583 

Cuyahoga.. 

196,943 

Darke. 

40,496 

Defiance ... 

25,515 

Delaware .. 

27,381 

Erie. 

32,640 

Eairfield ... 

34,284 

Fayette.... 

20,364 

Franklin... 

86,797 

Fulton. 

21,053 

Gallia. 

28,124 

Geauga .:.. 

14,251 

Greene. 

31,349 

Guernsey... 

27,197 

Hamilton.. 

313,374 

Hancock... 

27,784 

Hardin. 

27,023 

Harrison... 

20,456 

Henry. 

20,585 


Counties. 

1880. 

Highland .. 

30,281 

Hocking ... 

21,126 

Holmes.... 

20,776 

Huron ...... 

31,609 

Jackson.... 

23,686 

Jefferson... 

33,018 

Knox. 

27,431 

Lake. 

16,326 

Lawrence.. 

39,068 

Licking.... 

40,450 

Logan . 

26,267 

Lorain. 

35,526 

Lucas. 

67,377 

Madison.... 

20,129 

Mahoning. . 

42,871 

Marion. 

20,565 

Medina .... 

21,453 

Meigs. 

32,325 

Mercer. 

21,808 


Counties. 

1880. 

Miami. 

30,158 

Monroe .... 

26,496 

Montgom’y. 

78,550 

Morgan.... 

20,074 

Morrow.... 

19,072 

Muskingum 

49,774 

Noble. 

21,138 

Ottawa .... 

19,762 

Paulding... 

13,485 

Perry. 

28,218 

Pickaway.. 

27,415 

Pike. 

17,927 

Portage.... 

27,500 

Preble. 

24,533 

Putnam.... 

23,713 

Richland... 

36,306 

Ross. 

40,307 

Sandusky .. 

32,057 

Scioto. 

33,511 


Counties. 

1380. 

Seneca. 

30,047 

Shelby. 

24.137 

Stark . 

61,031 

Summit.... 

43,788 

Trumbull.. 

44,880 

Tuscarawas 

40,198 

Union.. 

22,375 

Van Wert.. 

23.028 

Vinton. 

17,223 

Warren.... 

28,392 

Washingt’n 

43,244 

Wayne. 

40,076 

Williams .. 

23,821 

Wood. 

34,022 

W yandot... 

22,355 

Total .... 

3,198,0(32 


OREGON. 


Baker. 

4,616 

(lurry. 

1,208 

Lewis. 


Urnnaua^ 


Benton. 

6,403 

Douglas.... 
Grant. 

9,696 

Linn. 

12,676 

Union. 

6,650 

11,120 

7.0S2 

Clackamas.. 

9,260 

4,303 

8.154 

Marion. 

14,576 

W a,sco.. 

Clarke. 


Jackson.... 

Multnomah 

25,203 

Washingt’n 

Clatsop. 

7 9991 1 

• 

Josephine.. 
Lake 

2,485 

Polk. 

6,601 

Yam Hill.. 

7,945 

Columbia .. 

(loos. 

2,042 

4,834 

2,804 

9,411 

Tillamook.. 
Umatilla... 

970 

9,607 


Lane. 

Total.... 

174,768 








PENNSYLVANIA. 




Adams .... 

32,455 

355,869 

Clinton. 

26,278 

Lackawana 

89,269 

Pike.. 

9,663 

13,797 

Allegheny . 

Columbia .. 

32,409 

Lancaster.. 

139^447 

Potter. 

Armstrong. 

47,641 

39,405 

Crawford... 

68,607 

Lawrence.. 

83,312 

Schuylkill.. 

129,974 

Beaver. 

Cumberla’d 

45,977 

Lebanon... 

38,476 

Snyder. 

17,797 

Bedford.... 

34,929 

Dauphin. .. 

76,148 

Lehigh .... 

65,969 

Somerset... 

33,110 

Berks. 

122,597 

Delaware... 

56,101 

Luzerne.. .. 

133,065 

Sullivan.... 

8,073 

Blair. 

52,740 

Elk. 

12.800 

Lycoming.. 

57,486 

Susqueh’n’a 

40,354 

Bradford .. 

58,541 

68,656 

Erie. 

74,688 

McKean. .. 

42,565 

56,161 

19,577 

Tioga 

45,814 

16,905 

43,670 

Bucks. 

Fayette_ 

Forest. 

58,842 j 

Mercer. 

Union 

Butler. 

52,536 

4(385 

Mifflin. 

Venango... 

Cambria... 

46,811 

Franklin... 

49,855 

Monroe .... 

20,175 

W arren.... 

27,981 

Cameron... 

5,159 

Fulton. 

10,149 

Montgom’y. 

96,494 

Washington 

55,418 

Carbon .... 

31,923 

Greene. 

28,273 

Montour.... 

15,468 

Wayne .... 

33,513 

Centre. 

37,922 

Huntingd’n 

33,954 

North amt’n 

70,312 

Westmorl’d 

78,036 

Chester .... 

83,481 

Indiana.. .. 

40,527 

N.’umb’rl’d 

53,123 

Wyoming.. 

15,598 

(’larion. 

40,328 

Jefferson. .. 

27,935 

Perry. 

27,522 

Y ork 

87(841 

4,282,891 

Clearfield .. 

43,408 

Juniata_ 

18,227 

Pliilada.... 

847(170 

Total. 


RHODE ISLAND. 


Bristol. 

11,394 

Newport. 

24,180 

j 

Washington 

90 jner 

Kent. 

20A88 

Providence. 

197^874 

Total. 

276,531 










































































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES 


81 


SOUTH CAROLINA. 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Abbeville.. 

Aiken. 

Anderson .. 
Barnwell .. 
Beaufort... 
Charleston . 
Chester.... 
Chesterfield 
Clarendon .. 

40,815 

28,112 

33,612 

39,857 

30,176 

102.800 

24,153 

16,345 

19,190 

Colleton 
Darlington. 
Edgefield... 
Fairfield. .. 
Georgetown 
Greenville.. 
Hampton .. 
Horry. 

36,386 
34,485 
45,844 
27,765 
19,613 
37,496 
18,741 
15,574 
21,538 

Lancaster.. 
Laurens.... 
Lexington.. 
Marion .... 
Marlboro... 
Newberry. . 

Oconee. 

Orangeburg 
Pendleton. . 

16,903 
29,444 
18,564 
34,107 
20,598 
26,497 
16,256 
41,395 

Pickens.... 
Richland... 
Spartanb’rg 
Sumter..... 

Union. 

Wiliamsb’h 
York. 

Total .... 

14,389 

28,573 

40,409 

37,037 

24,080 

24,110 

30,713 

Kershaw... 

995,577 


TENNESSEE. 


Anderson .. 

10,820 

Franklin. .. 

17,178 

Lauderdale. 

14,918 

Robertson.. 

18,861 

Bedford.... 

26,025 

Gibson. 

32,685 

Lawrence. . 

10,383 

Rutherford 

36,741 

Benton .... 

9,780 

(files. 

36,014 

Lewis. 

2,181 

26,960 

Scott 

6,021 

2,565 

Bledsoe.... 

5,617 

Grainger. .. 

12,384 

Lincoln.... 

Sequatchie. 
Sevier. 

Blount. 

15,985 

Greene. 

24,005 

Loudon .... 

9,148 

15,541 

Bradley_ 

12,124 

Grundy.... 

4,592 

McMinn .. . 

15,064 

Shelby. 

78,'430 

Campbell... 

10,005 

11,859 

Hamblen... 

10,187 

McNairy... 

17,271 

Smith. 

17,799 

Cannon _ 

Hamilton.. 

23,642 

Macon. 

9,321 

Stewart_ 

12,690 

Carroll. 

22,103 

Hancock... 

9,098 

Madison.... 

30,874 

Sullivan . .. 

18,321 

Carter. 

10,019 

Hardeman 

22,921 

14,793 

Marion 

10,910 

19,259 

Sumner .... 
Tipton . 

23,625 

21,033 

Cheatham.. 

7'956 

Hardin. 

Marshall... 

Claiborne .. 

13,373 

Hawkins... 

20,610 

Maury. 

39,904 

Trousdale.. 

6,646 

Clay. 

6,987 

Haywood... 
Henderson . 

26,053 

17,430 

Meigs. 

7,117 

1 nicoi 

3,645 

10,260 

Cocke. 

14,808 

Monroe .... 

14,283 

Union. 

Coffee. 

12,894 

Henry. 

22,142 

Montgom’y. 

28,481 

Van Buren. 

2,933 

Crockett... 

14,109 

Hickman... 

12,095 

Moore. 

6,233 

Warren .... 

14,079 

Cumberland 

4,538 

Houston ... 

4,295 

Morgan- 

5,156 

Washington 

16,181 

Davison.... 

79.026 

Humphreys 

11,379 

Obion. 

22,912 

Wayne. 

11,301 

Decatur.... 

8,498 

Jackson- 

12,008 

Overton.... 

12,153 

Weakley ... 

24,538 

1 )e Kalb . 

14,813 

12,460 

James. 

5,187 

Perry.. 

7,174 

White. 

11 176 

Dickson. ... 

Jefferson. .. 

15,846 

Polk . 

7,269 

Williamson 

28,313 

Dyer. 

15,118 

Johnson . .. 

7,766 

Putnam.... 

11,501 

Wilson. 

28,747 

Fayette .... 

31,871 

Knox. 

39,124 

Rhea. 

7,073 



Fentress ... 

5,941 

Lake. 

3,968 

Roane. 

15,237 

Total. 

1,542,369 


TEXAS. 


Anderson .. 

17,395 

Brazos. 

13,576 

Collingsw’h 

6 

Duval. 

5,732 

Andrews. .. 


Briscoe .... 

12 

Colorado .. . 

16,673 

5,546 

Eastland .. 

4,855 

Angelina .. 

5,239 

Brown. 

8,414 

Comal. 

Edwards... 

266 

Aransas . .. 

996 

Burleson . . 

9,243 

Comanche . 

8,608 

Ellis. 

21,294 

Archer .... 

596 

Burnet. 

6,855 

Concho .... 

800 

El Paso.... 

3,845 

Armstrong. 

31 

|Caldwell... 

11,757 

Cooke. 

20,391 

Encinal.... 

1,902 

Atascosa... 

4,217 

Calhoun . .. 

1,739 

Coryell. 

10,924 

Erath. 

11,796 

A 11 i n 

14,429 

Callahan . . 
Cameron.. . 

3,453 

Cottle. 

24 

Falls. 

16,240 

Bailey. 

14,959 

5,931 

Crockett ... 

127 

Fannin .... 

25,501 

Bandera ... 
Bastrop.... 

Ra.vl nr .... 

2,158 

17,215 

715 

Camp. 

(’arson 

Crosby. 

Dallam .... 

82 

Fayette- 

Fisher. 

27,996 

136 

3 

Ca.ss . 

16,724 

Dallas. 

33,488 

Flovd. 

Bee . 

2,298 

20,518 

Castro. 


Dawson. .. 

' 24 

Fort Bend . 

9,380 

Bell. 

Chambers . 

2,187 

Deaf Smith 

38 

Franklin... 

5,280 

Bexar 

30,470 

3,583 

(’herokee .. 

16,723 

25 

Delta. 

5,597 

Freestone.. 

14,921 

Blanco. 

Childress... 

Denton .... 

18,143 

Frio. 

2,130 




Borden 

35 

Clay. 

5,045 

De Witt ... 

10,082 

28 

Gaines. . .. 

8 

Ilrtcmio 

11,217 

10,965 

Cochran 


Dickens.... 

Galveston *. 

24,121 

Bowie. 

Coleman ... 

3,603 

25,983 

Dimmit . .. 

665 

iGarza. 

36 

Brazoria ... 

9,774 

Collin. 

Donley. 

0 

Gillespie ... 

5,228 













































































































































































POPULATION BY COUNTIES 


82 


TEXAS—(Continued.) 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1S80. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Goliad 

5,832 

a.4,840 

Kendall.... 

2,763 i 

Morris. 

5,032 

24 

• 1 
Somervell. . 

2,649 

Gonzales... 

Kent. 

’ 92 

Motley .... 

Starr. 

8,304 

Gray. 

56 

Kerr. 

2,168 

Nacogdoc’s. 

11,590 

Stephens... 

4,725 

Grayson . .. 

38,108 

Kimble .... 

1,343 

Navarro ... 

21,702 

Stonewall.. 

104 

(t rPiP'P' .... 

8,530 

18,603 

Kinc. 

40 

N ewton.... 

4,359 

Swisher.... 

. 4 

Grimes .... 

Kinney .... 

4,487 

Nolan. 

640 

Tarrant.... 

24,671 

Guadalupe . 
Hale 

12,202 

Knox. 

Lamar 

77 

27,193 

N ueces .... 
Ochiltree... 

7,673 

Taylor. 

Terry. 

1,736 

Hall . 

36 

Lamb. 


Oldham. .. . 

287 

Throckm’n 

711 

Hamilton.. 

6,365 

Lampasas . 
La Salle.... 

5,421 

Orange.... 

2,938 

Titus. 

5,959 

Hansford .. 

18 

789 

Palo Pinto. 

5,885 

Tom Green. 

3,615 

Hardeman . 

50 

Lavaca .... 

13,641 

Panola .... 

12,219 

15,870 

Travis. 

27,028 

IIardin .... 

1,870 

Lee. 

8,937 

Parker. 

Trinity .... 
Tyler .. 

4,915 

Harris 

27,085 

Leon 

]2,817 

Parmer .... 

5,825 

Harrison... 

25,177 

Liberty ... 

4,999 

Pecos . 

1,807 

Upshur .... 

10(266 

Hartley.... 
Haskell .... 

100 

48 

'Limestone . 

16,246 

Polk. 

7,189 

28 

Uvalde. 

2,541 

Lipscomb .. 

' 69 

Potter. 

Van Zandt. 

12,619 

Hays. 

7,555 

Live Oak .. 

1,994 

| Presidio.... 

2,873 

Victoria ... 

6,289 

Hemphill .. 
Henderson . 

149 

Llano. 

4,962 

' Rains. 

' 3,035 
3 

Walker .... 

12,024 

9,735 

Lubbock . . 

' 25 

Randall.... 

Waller. 

9,024 

Hidalgo.... 

4,347 

Linn. 

9 

Red River.. 

17,194 

Washington 

27,265 

Hill . 

16,554 

(McCulloch. 

1,533 

Refugio.... 

1,585 

Webb. 

5,273 

Hockley ... 


McLemmon 

26(934 

Roberts .... 

32 

Wharton... 

4,549 

Hood. 

6,125 

McMullen . 

701 

Robertson.. 

22,383 

Wheeler ... 

512 

Hopkins ... 

15,401 

Madison ... 

5,395 

Rockwall .. 

2,984 

Wichita . .. 

433 

Houston ... 

16,702 

Marion .... 

10,983 

Runnels . .. 

980 

Wilbarger . 

126 

11 o ward 

50 

Martin. 

12 

Rusk. 

18,936 

4,161 

5,084 

Williamson 

15,155 

Hunt . 

17,230 

Mason. 

2,655 

Sabine. 

Wilson . . .. 

7,118 

Hutchinson 

50 

Matagorda . 

3,940 

S Augustine 

Wise . 

16(601 

.lack . 

6,626 

2,723 

Maverick . . 

2,967 

San Jacinto 

6,186 

1,010 

Wood. 

11,212 

Jackson.... 

Medina . 

4(492 

San Patricio 

Voak um ... 

Jasper. 

5,779 

3,489 

Menard .... 

1,239 

San Saba... 

5,324 

Young . 

4,726 

Jefferson .. 

Milan . 

18,659 

Shackleford 

2,037 

9,523 

Zapata .... 

3,636 

Johnson . .. 

.1 nnPQ 

17,911 

546 

3,270 

15,448 

Mitchell ... 
Montague .. 
Montgom’y. 
Moore . .... 

117 

11,257 

10,154 

Shelby . 

Sherman ... 

Scurry . 

Smith . 

Zavalla .... 

410 

Karnes .... 
Kaufman .. 

102 

21,863 

Total . 

1.591,749 


VERMONT. 


Addison . .. 

24,173 

Essex. 

7,931 

Orange .... 

23,525 

Windham.. 

26,763 

Bennington 

21,950 

Franklin... 

30.225 

Orleans .... 

22,083 

Windsor... 

35,196 

Caledonia.. 
Chittenden. 

23,607 

32,792 

Grand Isle-. 
Lamoille... 

4,124 

12,684 

Rutland . .. 
Washington 

41,829 

25,404 

Total .... 

332,286 


VIRGINIA. 


Accomac . . 

24,408 Buchanan.. 

5,694 

Eliz’th City 

10,689 

Greenville.. 

8,407 

Albemarle . 

32,618 

Bucki’gh’m 

15,540 

Essex. 

11,032 

Halifax .... 

33,588 

Alexandria. 

17,546 

Campbell .. 

36,250 

Fairfax .... 

16,025 

Hanover ... 

18,588 

Alleghany . 

5,586 

Caroline . .. 

17,243 

Fauquier . . 

22,993 

Henrico.... 

82,703 

Amelia .... 

10,377 

18,709 

10,080 

Carroll. 

13,323 

Floyd. 

13,255 

Henry.. 

16,009 

5,164 

Amherst... 

Charles City 

5(512 

Fluvanna.. 

10,802 

Highland .. 

Appomatox 

Charlotte .. 

16,653 

Franklin... 

25,084 

Isle of Wi’t 

10,572 

Augusta ... 

35,710 
4,482 
31,205 
5,004 

Chesterfield 

25,085 

Frederick.. 

17,553 

James City. 

5,422 

Bath. 

Clarke . 

7,682 

Giles. 

8,794 

K’g & Qu’n 
King Geor’e 

10,502 

6,397 

Bedford.... 

Craig. 

3,794 

Gloucester . 

11,876 

Bland. 

Culpepper.. 

13,408 

Goochland . 

10,292 

King Win,. 

8,751 

Botetourt.. 

14,809 

Cumberl’nd 

10,540 

Grayson.... 

13,068 

Lancaster.. 

6,160 

Brunswick . 

16,707 

Dinwiddie.. 

32,870 

Greene. 

5,830 

Lee. 

15.116 























































































































































83 


POPULATION J.V COUNTIES. 


VIRGINIA.—(Continued.) 


Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

| 

Counties. 

1880. 

Counties. 

1880. 

Loudoun... 

23,634 

N’hampton 

9,152 

Pulaski .... 

8,755 

Stafford.... 

7,211 

Louisa. 

18,942 

N.’mberla’d 

7,929 

Rappali’n’k 

9,291 

Surry. 

7,391 

Lunenbur’h 

11,535 

N ottoway.. 

11,156 

Richmond.. 

7,195 

Sussex. 

10.062 

Madison.... 

10,562 

Orange. 

13,052 

Roanoke ... 

13,105 

Tazewell. .. 

12,861 

Mathews... 

7,501 

Page. 

9,965 

Rockbridge. 

20,003 

Warren.... 

7,399 

Mecklenb’g 

24,610 

Patrick. 

12,833 

R’kingliam. 

29,567 

Warwick... 

2,258 

Middlesex.. 

6,252 

Pittsylvania 

52,589 

Russell. 

13,906 

Washington 

25,203 

Montgom’y. 

16,693 

Powhatan.. 

7,817 

Scott. 

17,233 

W estmorl’d 

8,846 

Nansemond 

15,903 

Prince Ed’d 

14,668 

Shenandoah 

18,204 

Wise. 

7(772 

Nelson. 

16,536 

Prince G’ge 

10,054 

Smyth. 

12,160 

Wythe. 

14,318 

NeAV Kent.. 

5,515 

P’nc’s Anne 

9,394 

So’hampton 

18,012 

York. 

7,349 

Norfolk.... 

58,657 

Prince Wm. 

9,180 

Sp’tsylvania 

14,828 

Total. 

1,512.565 


WEST VIRGINIA. 


Barbour. ... 

11,870 

I 

Hancock ... 

4,882 

Mineral .... 

• 8,630 

Roane . 

12,184 

Berkeley . . . 

17,380 

Hardy . 

6,794 

Monongalia 

14,985 

Summers... 

9,033 

Boone. 

5,824 

Harrison.. 

20,181 

16,312 

Monroe 

11,501 

Tavlor 

11,455 

3,151 

Braxton. ... 

9,787 

Jackson.... 

Morgan .... 

5,777 

Tucker . 

Brooke . 

6,013 

Jfferson .... 

15,005 

32,466 

Nicholas.. . 

7,223 

Tvler 

11,073 

Cabell . 

13,744 

Kanawha .. 

Ohio . 

34,457 

8,022 

6,256 

J . . 

Upshur . 

10(249 

14,739 

Calhoun. . . . 

6,072 

Lewis . 

13,269 

Pendleton. . 

Wayne . 

Clay . 

3,460 

Lincoln .... 

8,739 

Pleasants. .. 

W ebster .... 

3,207 

Dodridge.. . 
Payette .... 

10,552 

[Logan . 

7,329 

Pocahontas. 

5,591 

Wetzel . 

13,896 

11 (560 
7,108 

Marion . 

17,198 

Preston .... 

19,091 

Wirt. 

7,104 

Gilmer. 

Marshall... 

18,840 

22,293 

3,074 

Putnam... . 

11,375 

Wood.... 

25,006 

Grant . 

Greenbrier . 

5(542 

15,060 

Mason. 

McDowell. . 

Raleigh .... 
Randolph .. 

7,367 

8,102 

Wyoming . . 

4,322 

Hampshire. 

10,366 

Mercer. 

7,467 

Ritchie. 

13,474 

Total. 

618,457 


Adams. 

Ashland.... 

Barron. 

Bad Ax.... 

6,741 

1,559 

7,024 

Bayfield.... 

Brown. 

Buffalo. 

Burnett.... 
Calumet ... 
Chippewa.. 
Clark. 

564 

34,078 

15,528 

3,140 

16,632 

15,491 

10,715 

Columbia .. 
Crawford... 
Dallas. 

28,065 
15,644 

Dane. 

53,233 

Dodge. 

45,931 

Doore. 

11,645 


WISCONSIN. 


Douglas.... 

655 

Lincoln.... 

2,011 

Rock. 

38,823 

Dunn. 

16,817 

Manitowoc 

37,505 

Sauk. 

28,729 

Eau Claire . 

19,993 

Marathon .. 

17,121 

Shawano... 

10(371 

Fond d' Lac 

46,859 

Marinette.. 

8,929 

Sheboygan . 

34,206 

Grant. 

37,852 

Marquette.. 

8,908 

St. Croix... 

18,956 

Green. 

21,729 

Milwaukee. 

138,537 

Taylor. 

2,311 

17,189 

Green Lake 

14,483 

Monroe .... 

21,607 

Trempelea u 

Iowa. 

23,628 

13,285 

Oconto. 

9,848 

Vernon .... 

23,235 

26,249 

Jackson.... 

Outogamie. 

28,716 

Walworth.. 

Jefferson... 

32,156 

Ozaukee ... 

15,461 

W ashingt ’n 

23,442 

Juneau .... 

15,582 

Pepin. 

6,226 

W aukesha.. 

28,957 

Kenosha ... 

13,550 

Pierce. 

17,744 

Waupaca... 

20,955 

Kewaunee.. 

15,807 

Polk. 

10,018 

Waushara.. 

12,687 

La Crosse.. 

27,073 

Portage- 

17,731 

Winnebago. 

42,740 

La Fayette. 
La Pointe.. 
Langdale... 

21,279 

Price. 

Racine 

785 

30,922 

Wood. 

8,981 

~685 

Richland... 

18,174 

Total .... 

1,315,49* 


DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 


Georgetown City. 

Washington City. 

Remainder of the District 


12,578 

147,298 

17,758 


Total 


177,624 


IDAHO. 


Ada. 

4,674 

Cassia. 

1,312 

2,031 

518 

Nez Perces. 

3,965 

Washingt ’n 

879 

Alturas .... 
Bear Lake . 

1(693 

3,235 

Idaho. 

Kootenai... 

Oneida. 

Owyhee.... 

6,964 

1,426 

Total. 

32,610 

Boise 4 . 

3,214 

Lemhi. 

2,230 

Shoshone... 

469 
















































































































































































84 


POPULATION BY COUNTIES. 

DAKOTA. 


Counties. 

Armstrong. 
Ashmore 

Sully... 
Aurora. 
Brule .. 
Aurora. 
Buffalo. 
Lyman. 

C res! 10 . 
Barnes. 
Beadle . 
Hand .. 
Berthold 
Botineau 
McHenry 
Renville. 
Stevens . 
Billings. 
Mercer.. 
Morton . 
Starke .. 

B j reman 
Campbell 
Rush_ 


. 880 . 


J 


2,607 

587 

262 

232 

1,585 

1,443 

247 


1,235 


Counties. 


676 


Bonhomme. 
Brookings.. 
Brown ... ) 

Day. ) 

Buffalo. 

Burl’h p’t.. 
Burl'h p’t 
Emmons. 
Sheridan . 

Cass. 

Cavilier.. ) 
Foster ... > 
Ramsey... ) 
Clias. Nix ) 
Douglas.. > 

Todd.S 

Clark. 

Clay. 

Codington.. 

Custer. 

Davidson... 

Deuel. 

G’dForks.. 
Grant. 


1880 . 

5,469 

4,965 

450 


1.997 
1,287 

8.998 
318 

616 

114 

5,001 

2,156 

995 

1,256 

2,302 

6,248 


Counties. 


De Smet . 
Gingras.. 
Kidder... 
Logan.... 
Edmunds 
Faulk.... 
jMcPher’n , 
Spink .... J 
Forsyth .. ) 
Shannon . S 
Hanson 
Howard.. 1 
M’ntr’lle. ! 
Wallette . j 
Williams. J 
Hughes... I 
Stanley... 
Hutchinson 

Jayne . 

Kingsbury . 

Lake. 

La Moure ) 
Ransom.. S 
Lawrence .. 


1880 . 

89 

481 

113 

1,301 

471 

770 

2,966 


Counties. 


1,102 

2,657 

557 

13,248 


McCook.... 

Meyer. 

Miner. 

Minnehah.. 

Moody. 

Pembina ... 
Pennington 
Richland... 
Stuttsman.. 

Todd. 

Traill. 

Turner. 

Union. 

Yankton... 
Sisseton.. 
Wall pet’n 
Ind. Res . 
Unorgan- ) 
ized Ter. $ 


1880 . , 


1,283 
115 
363 
8,25 l> 
3,91 
4,862 
2,244 
3,597 
1,007 


4,123 

5,320 

6,813 

8,390 

207 


Total .... 135,180 


Walworth, 


Hamlin .... 

! 693 

Lincoln .... 

5,897 



MONTANA. 

Beaver H’d 
Big Horn .. 

Choteau_ 

Custer. 

,712 

Dawson.... 
Deer Lodge 
Gallatin.... 
Jefferson... 

180 

8,876 

3,643 

2,464 

Lewis and 
Clarke ... 
Madison ... 
Meagher ... 

6,521 

3,915 

2,743 

Missoula... 

2,537 

’ 3,058 
2,510 

Total .... 

39,159 


NEW MEXICO. 


Total Population. 119,565 


UTAH. 


Beaver. 

3,918 

Kane. 

3,085 

3.727 

San Juan .. 

204 

Wasatch ... 

2,927 

Box Elder.. 

6,761 

Millard .... 

San Pete ... 

11,557 

Washington 

4^235 

Cache. 

12,562 

5,279 

Morgan .... 
Pi-Ute 

1,783 

Sevier. 

4,457 

j Weber. 

12,334 

Davis 

1 651 

Summit.... 
Tooele. 

4*921 

4,497 

799 

17,973 



Emery. 

556 

Rich . 

1,263 

Total .... 

143.963 

Iron ... 

Jaub. 

4,013 

3,474 

Rio Virgin. 
Salt Lake.. 

31,977 

LTintah. 

Utah. 



WASHINGTON. 


Chehalis ... 

921 

King. 

6-,910 

San Juan... 

948 

Walla Walla 

8,716 

(dallam_ 

638 

Kitsap. 

1,738 

Skamania.. 

809 

Whatcom.. 

3,137 

( larke . 

5,490 

Ivlikitat.... 

4,055 

Snohomish. 

1,387 

Whitman .. 

7,014 

Columbia .. 

7,103 

Lewis. 

2,600 

Spokan. 

Stevens .... 
Thurston .. 
Wahkiak’m 

4,262 

Yakima.... 

2,811 

Cowlitz .... 

I sland 

2,062 

1.087 

Mason. 

Pacific 

639 

1,645 

3,319 

1,245 

3,270 

1,598 

Disp’d Isl’s. 


Jefferson... 

1,712 

lberce. 

Total_ 

75,116 


WYOMING. 


Albany . .. 

4,626 

Crook. 

239 

Pease. 

637 

Uintah. 

2,879 

(’arbon .... 

3,438 

Laramie ... 

6,409 

Sweetwater 

2,561 

Total_ 

20,789 


i 




























































































































































































STATE MOTTOES. 


85 


GROWTH OF AMERICAN CITIES HAVING 50,000 POPULATION 

OR UPWARDS IN 1880. 


Cities. 


Albany ... 
Allegheny 
Baltimore. 
Boston.... 
Brooklyn . 
Buffalo.... 
Cambridge 
Chicago... 
Cincinnati 
Cleveland. 
Columbus. 
Detroit ... 
Indianap’ls 
Jersey City 
Kansas “ 
Louisville. 
Lowell ... 
Milwaukee 
N ewark... 
New I lav’n 
NewOrl’ns 
New York 
Paterson.. 
Philadel’a. 
Pittsburg . 
Providence 
Richmond. 
Rochester. 
St. Louis.. 
S. Fran’sco 
Syracuse .. 
Toledo.... 

Troy . 

Washing’ll 

Worcester. 


1790 


3,498 


13,503 
18,038 
1,603 


2,115 


200 


5,500 

33,131 


1800 


5,349 


1810 


9,356 


26,614 46,555 
24,027 [32,250 
4,402 
1,508 
2,323 


3,298 

2,453 

750 


359 


42,520 70,287 


4,049 

8,500 

60,489 


2,540 

547 

’ 770 


1820 


1830 


12,630 


62,738 

43,298 

7,172 

2,095 

3,295 


1,357 


5,772 

17,242 

96,373 


6,380 

3,761 


96,664 


1,565 4,768 
7,61410,071 
5,537 9,735 

1,600 


3,210 

2,095 


4,926 

8,208 

2,577 


9,644 

606 

1,450 

1,422 


4,012 


6,507 

7,147 

27,176 

123.706 


108,116 

7,248 

11,767 

12,046 

1,502 

4,598 


1,814 


5,264 

13,247 

2,962 


24,238 


1840 


33,721 


80,625 
61,392 
12,042 
8,653 
6,078 

24,831 
1,076 
2,437 
2,222 
1,924 


10,352 

6,474 


10,953 

10,180 

46,310 

203,007 


167,188 

12,542 

16,832 

16,060 

9,269 

5,852 


6,929 


11,605 

18,827 

4,172 


134,379 

93,383 

36,233 

18,213 

8,409 

4,479 

46,338 

6,071 

6,048 

9,102 

2,692 

3,072 


21,210 

20,796 

1,700 

17,290 

14.890 

102,193 

312,710 

7,596 

258,037 

21,115 

23,171 

20,153 

20,191 

16,469 

500 

11,014 

1,222 

19,334 

23,364 

7,497 


1850 

50,763 
21,261 
169,054 
136,881 
96,838 
42,261 
15,215 
29,963 
115,436 
17,034 
17,822 
21,019 
8,034 
6,856 


43,194 

33,383 

20,061 

38,894 

20,345 

116,375 

515,547 

11,334 

340,045 

46,601 

41,513 

27,570 

36,403 

77,860 

34,776 

22,271 

3,829 

28,785 

40,001 

17,049 


1860 

62,367 
28,702 
212.418 
177,812 
266,661 
81,129 
26,060 
109,260 
161,044 
43,417 
18,629 
45,614 
18,611 
29,226 
4,418 
68,033 
36,827 
45,246 
71,914 
39,267 
168,675 
805,651 
19,588 
562,529 
49,217 
50,666 
37,910 
48,204 
60,773 
56,802 
28,119 
13,768 

QQ OQ9 
61,122 
24,960 


1870 

69,422 
53,180 
267,354 
250,526 
396,099 
117,714 
39,634 
298,977 
216,239 
92,829 
31,274 
79,577 
48,244 
82,546 
32,260 
100,753 
40,928 
71,440 
105,059 
50,840 
191,418 
942,292 
33,579 
674,022 
86,076 
68,904 
51,038 
62,386 
310,864 
149,473 
43,051 
31,584 
40,465 
109,199 
41,105 


1880 


90,758 

78,682 

332,313 

369,832 

566,663 

155,134 

52.669 
503,185 
255,139 
160,146 

51,647 

116,390 

75,056 

120,722 

55,785 

123,758 

59,475 

115,712 

136,508 

62,882 

216,090 

1206,299 

51,031 

847,170 

156,389 

104,857 

64.670 
89,366 

350,518 

233,959 

51,792 

50,137 

56,747 

147,293 

58,291 


STATE MOTTOES. 

United States of America. —E Pluribus Unum — “Many in one.” 
Alabama. —Here we rest. 

Arkansas. —Regnant Populi — “ The People rule.” 

California. —Eureka — “ I have found.” 

Colorado. —Nil Sine humine — “Nothing without Divine aid.” 
Connecticut. —Qui Transtulit Sustinet — “He who planteth still sustains.” 
Delaware. —Liberty and Independence. 

Georgia. —Constitution, Wisdom, Justice, Moderation. 

Illinois. —State Sovereignty, National Union. 

Iowa. —Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will maintain. 

Kansas.— Ad Astra per Aspera — “Through rough ways to the stars.” 
Kentucky. —United we stand; divided we fall. 

Louisiana.— Justice, Union, Confidence. 

Maine. —Dirigo — “I direct.” 

Maryland.— Crescite et Multiplicamini — “Increase and multiply.” 
Massachusetts. —Ense petit placidam sub libertate quietem—“By the sword 
she seeks peace under liberty.” 



































































8G CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Michigan. —Tucbor — U I will defend it. ’ Si quoseris peninsulam amcenam 
circumspice — “If tliou seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here.” 
Minnesota.— L’Etoile du Nord —“The Star of the North.” 

Missouri. —United we stand; divided we fall. Solus populi suprema lex esto 
“The public safety is the supreme law.” 

Nebraska.— Popular Sovereignty, Progress. 

Nevada.— Yolens et potens— “Willing and able.” All for our country. 
New York. —Excelsior—“More elevated.” 

Ohio. —Imperium in imperio. 

Oregon. —Alis Volat Propriis—“The Union.” 

Pennsylvania. —Virtue, liberty, independence. 

Rhode Island. —Hope. 

South Carolina. —Animis opibusque parati — “Heady with our lives and 
property.” 

Tennessee. —Agriculture, commerce. 

Texas.—T he lone star. 

Vermont. — Freedom and Unity. 

Virginia. — Sic semper tyrannis — “Thus we serve tyrants.” 

West Virginia.— Montani semper liberi—“ Mountaineers are always freemen.” 
Wisconsin. — Civilitas successit barbarum — “Civilization has succeeded bar¬ 
barism.” 

Arizona. — Sitat Deus. 

Dakota. — Liberty and union, one and inseparable, now and forever. 
District of Columbia. —Justia Omnibus. 

New Mexico.—C rescit Eundo —“It increases by going.” 

Washington Territory. —Al-Ki — “By and by.” 

W yoming. —Cedant anna togal—“ Let military authority yield to the civil power.” 


Florida, Indiana, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, Idaho, Montana, 
and Utah have no mottoes on their State seals. 


NUMBER OF CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Baptist churches, 24,794; ordained ministers, 15,401, and 2,133,044 members, 
or one minister to each 139 members in the United States. 

Methodist Episcopal churches, 16,721; ordained ministers, 9,261, and 
1,680,779 members, or one minister to each 181 members in the United States. 

Methodist Episcopal (South) ordained ministers, 3,593, and 828,013 
members, or one minister to each 230 members in the United States. 

Lutheran churches, 5,556; ordained ministers, 3,102, and 684,570 members, 
or one minister to each 221 members in the United States. 

Presbyterian churches, 5,338; ordained ministers, 4,920, and 573,377 
members, or one minister to each 117 members in the United States. 

Roman Catholic churches, 5,670; priests, 6,012, and 6,174,202 Catholic 
population, or one priest to each 1,027 Catholic people in the United States. 

Christian churches, (Disciples of Christ) 4,861; ordained ministers, 3,658, and 
567,448 members, or one minister to eacli 155 members in the United States. 

Congregational churches, 3,689; ordained ministers, 3,589, and 383,685 
members, or one minister to each 107 members in the United States. 

Protestant Episcopal churches, 3,049; ordained ministers, 3,242, and 
323,876 members, or one minister to each 100 members in the United States. 




87 




CHURCHES IN THE UNITED STATES. 

United Brethren in Giirist churches, 2,207; ordained ministers, 2.200, 
and 155,437 members, or one minister to each seventy-one members in the United 
States. 

Reformed Churches 1,384; ordained ministers, 752, and 154,742 members, 
or one minister to each 206 members in the United States. 

United Evangelical churches, 366; ordained ministers, 363, and 144,000 
members, or one minister to each 396 members in the United States. 

Presbyterian (South) churches, 1,928; ordained ministers, 1,031, and 
119,970 members, or one minister to each 116 members in the United States. 

Protestant Methodist churches, 1,501; ordained ministers, 2,120, and 
118,170 members, or one minister to each fifty-six members in the United States 

Cumberland Presbyterian churches, 2,474; ordained ministers, 1,386, and 
111,855 members, or one minister to each eighty-one members in the United 
States. 

Mormon churches, 654; high priests, 3,906, and 110,377 members, or one high 
priest to each twenty-eight members in the United States. 

Evangelical Association churches, 1,332; ordained ministers, 1,340, and 
99,607 members, or one minister to each seventy-four members in the United 
States. 

The Brethren (Dunkards) churches, 710; ministers, 1,655, and 90,000 
members, or one minister to each fifty-four members in the United States. 

Six Principle Baptist churches, twenty ; ordained ministers, seventeen, and 
2,075 members, or one minister to each 122 members in the United States. 

Independent Methodist churches, thirteen; ordained ministers, fourteen, 
and 2,100 members, or one minister to each 150 members in the United States. 

Shaker churches, seventeen; ministers, sixty-eight, and 2,400 members, or one 
minister to eacii thirty-five members in the United States. 

American Communities churches, fourteen; ministers, eight, and 2,838 
members, or one minister to eacii 355 members in the United States. 

New Mennonite churches, thirty-one; ministers, forty-four, and 2,990 
members, or one minister to each sixty-eight members in the United States. 

Primitive Methodist churches, 121; ordained ministers, fifty, and 3,370 
members, or one minister to eacii sixty-seven members in the United States. 

New Jerusalem churches, ninety-one; ministers, eighty-one, and 4,734 
members, or one minister to each fifty-eight members in the United States. 

Reformed Presbyterian churches, forty-one; ordained ministers, thirty- 
one, and 6,020 members, or one minister to each 194 members in the United 
States. 

Seventh Day Baptist churches, eighty-seven ; ordained ministers, 103, and 
8,606 members, or one minister to each eighty-four members in the United States. 

Reformed Episcopal churches, fifty-five; ordained ministers, sixty-eight, 
and 10,459 members, or one minister to eacii 154 members in the United States. 

Adventist churches, ninety-one; ministers, 107, and 11,100 members, or one 
minister to each 101 members in the United States. 

Free Methodist churches, 287; ordained ministers, 601, and 12,120 members, 
or one minister to each twenty members in the United States. 

Jews (total population 230,457), synagogues, 269; rabbis, 202, and 13,683 
members, or one rabbi to each sixty-eight members in the United States. 

Seventh Day Adventist churches, 608; ordained ministers, 138, and 14,733 
members, or one minister to each 107 members in the United States. 

Moravian churches, seventy-four; ordained ministers, ninety-six, and 16,112 
members, or one minister to each 167 members in the United States. 

Wesleyan Methodist churches, 260; ordained ministers, 472, and 17,847 
members, or one minister to each thirty-eight members in the J nited States. 




88 


CREEDS. 


Unitarian Congregational churches, 342; ordained ministers, 394, and 
17,900 members, or one minister to each fifty members in the United States. 

Church of God (Winebrennerian), churches, 509; ordained ministers, 498, 
and 20,224 members, or one minister to each forty-one members in the United 
States. 

Universalist churches, 776 ; ordained ministers, 724, and 37,945 members, or 
one minister to each fifty-two members in the United States. 

Anti-Mission Baptist churches, 1,090; ordained ministers, 888, and 40,000 
members, or one minister to each forty-five members in the United States. 

Second Adventist churches, 583; ordained ministers, 501, and 63,500 
members, or one minister to each 127 members in the United States. 

Friends churches, G21 ; ministers, 876, and 67,643 members, or one minister 
to each seventy-seven members in the United States. 

Methodist Episcopal (Colored), churches, 1,031; ordained ministers, 648, 
and 74,195 members, or one minister to each 115 members in the United States. 

Free Will Baptist churches, 1,485; ordained ministers, 1,286, and 76,700 
members, or one minister to each sixty members in the United States. 

Reformed Ciiurcii in America churches, 489; ordained ministers, 519, 
and 78,917 members, or one minister to each 152 members in the United States 

United Presbyterian churches, 793; ordained ministers, 658, and 80,236 
members, or one minister to each 122 members in the United States. 


ESTIMATED NUMBER OF ALL CREEDS. 


Buddhists. 

Christians. 

Mohammedans. 

Brahma nists. 

Nondescript heathens 
Jews.!. 


Number 

405,600,000 

399,200,000 

204,200,000 

174,200,000 

111 , 000,000 

5,000,000 


Proportion to Tota. 
Number percent 

31.2 

30.7 

15.8 
13.4 

8.3 

0.6 


STATISTICS OF THE GLOBE. 

The earth is inhabited by about 1,300 millions of inhabitants, viz: 


Of the Caucasian race. 360,000.000 

Of the Mongolian. 550,000 c 000 

Of the Ethiopian. 190,000,000 

Of the Malay. 200,000,000 

Of the American Indian. 1,000,000 


All these respectively speak 3,064 languages and possess 1,000 different 
religions. 

The number of deaths per annum is 33,333,333, or 91,934 per day, 3,730 per hour, 
sixty per minute, or one per second. This loss is compensated for by an equal 
amount of births. 

The average duration of life throughout the globe is thirty-three years. One- 
fourth of its population dies before the seventh year, and one-lialf before the 
seventeenth. Out of 10,000 persons only one reaches his hundredth year, only one 
in 500 his eightieth, and only one in 100 his sixty-fifth. 

Married people live longer than unmarried ones, and a tall man is likely to live 
longer than a short one. Until the fiftieth year, women have a better chance of 
life than men; but beyond that period the chances are equal. 















RECEIPTS. 


80 


RECEIPTS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 

SHOWING FROM WHAT SOURCES THE MONEY IS DERIVED— 1857-1881. 


Years. 

Customs 

Internal Revenue 

Direct Tax. 

Public Lands. 

1857. 

$63,875,905 05 



$3,829 486 64 

1858. 

41,789,620 96 



3,513 715 87 

1859. 

49,565,824 38 



1 756 687 30 

1860. 

53487,511 87 



1.77(S.?vV7 71 

1861. 

39'582^125 64 



870,658 54 

1862. 

49,056'397 62 


$1 795 331 73 

152 203 77 

1863. 

69,059,642 40 

$ 37,640,787 95 

1,485,103 61 

167,617 17 

1864. 

102,316,152 99 

109,741,134 10 

475,648 96 

588,333 29 

1865. 

84,928,260 60 

209,464,215 25 

1,200,573 03 

996,553 31 

1866 .#«#••••* 

179,046,651 58 

309,226,813 42 

1.974,754 12 

665,031 03 

1867. 

176,417,810 88 

266,027,537 43 

4,200,233 70 

1,163,575 76 

1868. 

164,464,599 56 

191,087,559 41 

1,788,445 85 

1,348,715 41 

1869. 

180,048,426 63 

158,356,460 86 

765,685 61 

4.020,344 34 

1870. 

194,538,374 44 

184,899,756 49 

229,102 88 

3,350,481 76 

1871. 

206,270,408 05 

143,098,153 63 

580,355 37 

2,388,646 68 

1872. 

216,370,286 77 

130,642,177 72 


2,575,714 19 

1873. 

188.030,522 70 

113,729,314 14 

315,254 51 

2^882'312 38 

1874. 

163.103,833 69 

102,409,784 90 


1,852,428 93 

1875. 

157467,722 35 

110,007,493 58 


1 '413,640 17 

1876. 

148,071,984 61 

116,700,732 03 

93,798 80 

1.129'466 95 

1877. 

130,956,493 07 

118,630,407 83 


976,253 68 

1878. 

130,170,680 20 

110,581,624 74 


1,079;743 37 

1879.... 

137,250,047 70 

113,561,610 58 


924,781 06 

1880. 

186,522,064 60 

124,009,373 92 

30 85 

1,016,506 60 

1881. 

198,159,676 02 

135,264,385 51 

1,516 89 1 

2,201,863 17 


Years. 


Premiums. 


Interest. 


Dividends. Miscellaneous 
Receipts. 


Total Net Ordinary 
Receipts, 
Excluding Loans. 


1857.. 

1858.. 

1859.. 

1860.. 

1861.. 
1862.. 

1863.. 

1864.. 

1865.. 

1866.. 

1867.. 

1868.. 

1869.. 

1870.. 

1871.. 

1872.. 

1873.. 

1874.. 

1875.. 

1876.. 

1877.. 

1878.. 

1879.. 

1880.. 
1881.. 


$709,357 72 
10,008 00 
33,630 90 
68,400 00 
602,345 44 
21,174,101 01 
11,683,446 89 
38,083,055 68 
27,787,330 35 
! 29,203,629 50 
| 13,755,491 12 
i 15,295,643 76 
8,892,839 95 
9,412,637 65 
11,560,530 89 
5,037,665 22 
3,979,279 69 
4,029,280 58 
405,776 58 
317,102 30 
1,505,047 63 
110 00 


1 $ 1,259,920 88 
| 1,352,029 13 
1,454,596 24 
1,088,530 25 
1,023,515 31 
915,327 97 
3,741,794 38 
30.291,701 86 
25,441,556 00 
29,036,314 23 
15,037,522 15 
17,745,403 59 
13,997,338 65 
12,942,118 30 
22,093,541 21 
15,106,051 23 
17,161,270 05 
32,575,043 32 
15,431,915 ,31 
24,070,605 Cl 
18,031,655 16 
15,614,728 C9 
20,585,697 49 
21,978,525 01 
25,154,850 98 


$68,965,312 57 
46,655,365 96 
52,777,107 92 
56,054,599 83 
41,476,299 49 
51,919,261 09 
112.094,945 51 
243^412,971 20 
322,031,158 19 
519,949,564 38 
| 462,846,679 92 
| 376,434,453 82 
357,188,256 09 
395,959,833 87 
374,431,104 94 
I 364,694,229 91 
322,177,673 78 
299,941,090 84 
284,020,771 41 
290,066,584 70 
269,000,586 62 
257,763,878 70 
273,827,184 46 
333,526,610 96 
360,782,292 57 














































































































































































90 


EXPENDITURES. 


EXPENDITURES OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 

SHOAVING TO WHAT PURPOSES THE MONEY IS APPLIED.— 1857 TO 1881. 


Year. 

Civil and Miscel¬ 
laneous. 

AVAR. 

Navy. 

Indians. 

1857 • • • ■ 

$28,565,498 77 

$19,159,150 87 

$12,651,694 61 

$4,354,418 87 

1858- ••• 

26,400,016 42 ! 

25,679,121 63 

14,053,264 64 

4,978,266 18 

1859- ••• 

23,797,544 40 

23,154,720 53 

14,690,927 90 

3,490,534 53 

I860- ••• 

27,977,978 30 

16,472,202 72 

11,514,649 83 

2,991,121 54 

1861- •.• 

23,327,287 69 

23,001,530 67 

12,387,156 52 

2,865,481 17 

1862. ••• 

21,385,862 59 

. 389,173,562 29 

42,640,353 09 

2,327,948 37 

1863. • . . 

23,198,382 37 

603,314,411 82 

63,261,235 31 

3,152,032 70 

1864. . . . 

27,572,216 87 

690,391,048 66 

85,704,963 74 

2,629,975 97 

1865.... 

42,989,383 10 

1,030,690,400 06 

122,617,434 07 

5,059,360 71 

1866.... 

40,613,114 17 

283,154,676 06 

43,285,662 00 

3,295,729 32 

1867.... 

51,110,223 72 

95,224,415 63 

31,034,011 04 

4,642,531 77 

1868.... 

53,009,867 67 

123,246,648 62 

25,775,502 72 

4,100,682 32 

1869.... 

56,474,061 53 

78,501,990 61 

20,000,757 97 

7,042,923 06 

1870.... 

53,237,461 56 

57,655,675 40 

21,780,229 87 

3,407,938 15 

1871.... 

60,481,916 23 

35,799,991 82 

19,431,027 21 

7,426,997 44 

1872.... 

60,984,757 42 

35,372,157 20 

21,249,809 99 

7,061,728 82 

1873.... 

. 73,328,110 06 

46,323,138 31 

23,526,256 79 

7,951,704 88 

1874.... 

85,141,593 61 

42,313,927 22 

30,932,587 42 

6,692,462 09 

1875.... 

71,070,702 98 

41,120,645 98 

21,497,626 27 

8,384,656 82. 

1876.... 

73,599,661 04 

38,070,888 64 

18,963,309 82 

5,966,558 17 

1877.... 

56,252,066 60 

37,082,735 90 

14,959,935 36 

5,277,007 22 

1878.... 

53,177,703 57 

32,154,147 85 

17,365,301 37 

4,629,280 28 

1879.... 

65,741,555 49 

40,425,660 73 

15,125,126 84 

5,206,109 08 

1880.... 

57,508,850 18 

38,116,916 22 

13,536,984 74 

5,945,457 09 

1881.... 

64,415,324 71 

40,466,460 55 

15,686,671 66 

6,514,161 09 


Year. 

Pensions 

Premiums. 

Interest. 

Total Net Ordinary 
Expenditures, 
Excluding Interest. 

1857- ••• 

$1,310,380 58 

$363,572 39 

$1,593,265 23 

$66,041,143 70 

1858- ••• 

1,219,768 30 

574,443 08 

1,652,055 67 

72,330.437 17 

1859- ••• 

1,222 222 71 


2,637,649 70 

66,355,950 07 

I860- ••• 

1,100,802 32 


3,144,120 94 

60,056,754 71 

1861- ■•• 

1,034,599 73 


4,034,157 30 

62,616,055 78 

1862- ••• 

852,170 47 


13,190,344 84 

456,379,896 81 

1863. •• • 

1,078,513 36 


24,729,700 62 

694,004,575 56 

1864. ••• 

4,985,473 90 


53,685,421 69 

811,283,679 14 

1865. •• . 

16,347,621 34 

1,717,900 11 

77,395,090 30 

1,217.704,199 28 

1866-• • . 

15,605,549 88 

58,476 51 

133,066,724 91 

385.954,731 43 

1867.• . . 

20,936,551 71 

10,813,349 38 

143,781,591 91 

202,947,733 87 

1868.... 

23,782,386 78 

7,001,151 04 

140,424,045 71 

229,915,088 11 

1869.... 

28,476,621 78 

1,674,680 05 

130,694,242 80 

190,496,354 95 

1870.... 

28,340,202 17 

15,996,555 60 

129,235.498 00 

164,421,507 15 

1871... . 

34.443,894 88 

9,016,794 74 

125,576,565 93 

157,583,827 58 

1872.... 

28,533,402 76 

6,958,266 76 

117,357,839 72 

153,201,856 19 

1873.... 

29,359,426 86 

5,105,919 99 

104,750,688 44 

180,488,636 90 

1874.... 

29,038,414 66 

1,395,073 55 

107,119,815 21 

194,118,985 60 

1875.... 

29,456,216 22 


103,093.544 57 

171,529,848 27 

1876.... 

28,257,395 69 


100,243,271 23 

164,857,813 36 

1877.... 

27,963,752 27 


97,124,511 58 

141,535,497 35 

1878.... 

27,137,019 08 


102,500,874 65 

134,463,452 15 

1879.... 

35,121,482 39 


105,327,949 00 

161,619,934 53 

1880.... 

56,777,174 44 


95,757,575 11 

171,885,382 67 

1881... . 

50,059,279 62 

1 

1,061,248 78 

82,508,741 18 

178,204,146 41 





























































PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. 


91 


ELECTORAL AND POPULAR VOTES FOR PRESIDENTS OP 

THE UNITED STATES.-1789-1881. 


Term 

Began. 


Candidates. 


1789 

1793 

1797 

1801 

1805 

1809 

1813 

1817 

1821 

1825 

1829 

1833 

1837 

1841 

1845 

1849 

1853 

1857 


1861 


1865 

1869 

1873 

1877 

1881 


George Washington. 

John Adams. 

George Washington (Federal) 
John Adams (Federal).. 

| John Adams (Federal)... *.'. 1 ‘ ’ ’ 
Thomas Jefferson (Republican).. 

Thomas Jefferson (Rep.). 

I Aaron Burr (Republican). 

Thomas Jefferson (Rep.). 

Charles C. Pinckney (Federal)... 
James Madison (Republican)... 
Charles C. Pinckney (Federal).. 

George Clinton (Democrat). 

James Madison (Republican).. 

! De Witt Clinton (Federal). 

James Monroe (Republican)... 

Rufus King (Federal). 

James Monroe (Republican)... 

John Quincy Adams. 

John Quincy Adams (Coalition) 
Andrew Jackson (Republican)... 
William H. Crawford (Rep.).... 

Henry Clay (Republican). 

Andrew Jackson (Democrat). 
John Q. Adams (National Rep.). 
Andrew Jackson (Democrat). 

Henry Clay (National Rep.). 

Martin Van Buren (Democrat) 
William II. Harrison (Whig).... 

Daniel Webster (Whig). 

Wm. H. Harrison (Whig)*. 

Martin Van Buren (Democrat).. 
James K. Polk (Democrat).... 

Henry Clay (Whig). 

Zachary Taylor (Whig) *_ 

Lewis Cass (Democrat). 

Franklin Pierce (Democrat). 

Winfield Scott (Whig). 

James Buchanan (Democrat) . 
John C. Fremont (Free Soil).... 
Millard Fillmore (American) ... 

Abraham Lincoln (Rep.)*_ 

John C. Breckenridge (Democrat) 
Stephen A. Douglas (Ind. Dem.). 

| John Bell (Constitutional Union) 

Abraham Lincoln (Rep.) <_ 

George B. McClellan (Democrat) 
Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) 

Horatio Seymour (Democrat)_ 

Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) 
Horace Greely (Dem.andL. Rep.) 
Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.), i 
Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat).... 
James A. Garfield (Rep.)*... 
Winfield S. Hancock (Democrat) 


Popular Vote 

Electo’l 

No. OF 

jS tates 


Vote. 

Electo’s 

Yoti’g 


69 

73 

10 


34 




132 

135 

15 


i i 




71 

138 

16 


68 




• 73 

138 

16 


73 




162 

176 

37 


14 




122 

176 

17 


47 




6 




128 

218 

18 


89 




183 

221 

19 


34 




231 

235 

24 


1 



105,321 

84 

261 

24 

152,899 

99 



47,265 

41 



47,087 

37 



650,028 

178 

261 

24 

512,158 

83 


• 

687,502 

219 

288 

24 

550,189 

762,149 

49 



170 

294 

26 

736,736 

73 

26 



T,274,783 

234 

294 

26 

1,128,702 

60 



1,335,834 

170 

275 

26 

1,297,053 

105 



1,362,031 

163 

290 

30 

1,222,455 

127 



1,590,490 

254 

296 

31 

1,378,589 

42 



1,832,232 

174 

296 

31 

1,315,514 

114 



874,707 

8 



1,857,610 

180 

303 

33 

874,953 

72 



1,365,976 

590,631 

12 



39 



2,203,131 

212 

233 

26 

1,797,019 

21 



3,012,833 

214 

294 

34 

2,703,249 

80 



3,597,070 

2,834,079 

286 

349 

35 

4,033,295 

185 

369 

38 

4,284,265 

184 



4,43 / ,345 

214 

369 

38 

4,435,015 

155 




Died while in office. 


























































































THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED 


President and Vice 
Presidents. 

Elect¬ 

ed. 

Secretary of 
State. 

Secretary of 
Treasury. 

Secrretary of 
War. 

WASHINGTON 

Adams. 

U89 

Thos. Jefferson.. 

E. Randolph_ 

Tim’y Pickering 

Alex. Hamilton. 
Oliver Wolcott.. 

Henry Knox. 

Henry Pickering 
James McHenry. 

ADAMS 

Jefferson. 

1797 

Tim’y Pickering 
John Marshall... 

Oliver Wolcott .. 
Samuel Dexter.. 

James McHenry. 
Samuel Dexter.. 
Roger Griswold.. 
Henry Dearborn. 

JEFFERSON 

Burr. 

1801 

James Madison.. 

Samuel Dexter.. 
Albert Gallatin.. 





JEFFERSON 

Clinton. 

1805 

James Madison., 

Albert Gallatin.. 

Henry Dearborn. 





MADISON 

Clinton. 

1809 

Robert Smith.... 
James Monroe... 

Albert Gallatin.. 

William Eustis.. 
John Armstrong. 

MADISON 

Gerry. 

1813 

James Monroe .. 

Albert Gallatin.. 
G. W. Campbell. 
Alex. J. Dallas 

John Armstrong. 
W. II. Crawford. 



MONROE 

Tompkins. 

1817 

John Q. Adams. 

Alex. J. Dallas.. 
W. II. Crawford. 

W. II. Crawford 
John C. Calhoun 



ADAMS 

Calhoun. 

1825 

Henry Clay. 

Richard Rush. .. 

James Barbour.. 
P. B. Porter. 

JACKSON 

Calhoun. 

JACKSON 

Van Buren 

1829 

1833 

M. Van Buren.. 
Edw. Livingston 
Louis McLane.. 
John Forsyth.... 
John Forsyth.... 

Sam. D. Ingham. 
Louis McLean... 
Wm. J. Dunne.. 
Levi Woodbury. 
Levi Woodbury. 

John H. Eaton.. 

Lewis Cass. 

Lewis Cass. 

VAN BUREN 
Johnson. 

1837 

Joel R. Poinsett. 

HARRISON 

Tyler. 

1841 

Daniel Webster.. 

Thomas Ewing.. 

John Pell. 

TYLER 

POLK 

Dallas. 

1841 

1845 

HughS. Legare.. 
Abel P. Upshur . 
John C. Calhoun 
James Buchanan 

Walter Forward. 
John C. Spencer. 
George M. Bibb. 
Robt. J. Walker. 

John C. Spencer. 
James M. Porter 
Wm. Wilkins... 
Wm. L. Marcy.. 





TAYLOR 

Fillmore. 

1849 

John M. Clayton 

Wm. Meridetli.. 

G. W. Crawford. 

FILLMORE 

1849 

Daniel Webster.. 
Edward Everett. 

Thomas Corwin. 

Clias. M. Conrad 

PIERCE 

King. 

1853 

Wm. L. Marcy.. 

James Guthrie.. 

Jefferson Davis.. 

BUCHANAN 

Breckenridge. 

1857 

Lewis Cass. 

Jere. S. Black... 

Ilowell Cobb.... 
P. F. Thomas... 
John A. Dix.... 

John B. Flovd.. 
Joseph Holt. 

LINCOLN 

ILvmlin. 

1861 

Wm. II. Seward. 

Salmon P. Chase 
W. P. Fessenden 
II.McCullough.. 

Simon Cameron . 
E. M. Stanton.. 
E. M. Stanton.. 

LINCOLN 

Johnson. 

1865 

Wm. H. Seward. 

JOHNSON 

1865 

Wm. II. Seward. 

II. McCullough . 

E. M. Stanton.. 
J. M. Schofield.. 
John A. Rawlins 
W. W. Belknap 

GRANT 

Colfax. 

1869 

E. B. Washburn 
Hamilton Fish.. 

Geo. S. Boutwell 





GRANT 

Wilson. 

1873 

Hamilton Fish.. 

W. A. Richard’n 
B. F. Bris.tow... 
Lot M. Morrill.. 
John Sherman... 

W. W. Belknap . 
Alfonzo Taft.... 
J. D. Cameron.. 
G. B. McCrary.. 
Alex. Ramsey. .. 
Rob’t T. Lincoln 




HAYES 

Wheeler. 

1877 

Wm. M. Evarts . 

GARFIELD 

Arthur. 

1881 

James G. Blaine. 

Wm. Windom... 

ARTHUR. 

1881 

F. T. Frelingh’n 

Clias. J. Folger.. 

Rob’t T. Lincoln 















































































CABINETS. 


< 


> 

’> 


STATES WITH THEIR CABINETS. 


Secretary of 
Navy. 

Secretary of 
Interior. 

Postmaster General. 

Attorney Genf.nal. 

Henry Knox. 


. 

Samuel Osgood.... 
Timothy Pickering 
Joseph Habersham. 
Joseph Habersham. 

Edmund Randolph 
William Bradford 
Charles Lee. 

Timothy Pickering 
James McHenry.., 
Benjamin Stoddard 



% 

Charles Lee.. 


Not a Cabinet office 


' 

Benjamin Stoddard 
Robert Smith. 

Joseph Habersham. 
Gideon Granger.... 

Levi Lincoln. 


Robert Smith. 

J. Crowninshield... 



J. Crowninshield... 


Gideon Granger.... 

Robert Smith. 



J. Breckenridge... 
Csesar A. Rodney. 
Caesar A. Rodney. 
William Pinkney. 
William Pinkney. 
Richard Rush .... 




Paul Hamilton. 


Gideon Granger.... 

William Jones. 


William Jones. 


Gideon Granger.... 
R. J. Meigs. 

B. Crowninshield. . 

. 




B. Crowninshield. . 


R. J. Meigs. 

William Wirt. 

Smith Thompson.. 


John McLean. 


Sami L. Southard. 
Sami L. Southard. 





John McLean. 

William Wirt.... 



John Branch. 


William T. Barry.. 

John M. Berrien.. 
Roger B. Taney .. 
Roger B. Taney... 
Benj. F. Butler... 
Felix Grundy. 

Levi Woodbury.... 


Levi Woodbury.... 


William T. Barry.. 
Amos Kendall. 

Mahlon Dickerson . 
Mahlon Dickerson . 
James K. Paulding 
George E. Badger. 



Amos Kendall. 


John M. N iles. 

Henry D. Gilpin.. 
J. J. Crittenden... 


Francis Granger... 


Abel P. Upshur.... 


Clias. A. Wickliffe. 

Hugh S. Legare .. 
JohnNelson. 

Thomas W. Gilmer 
John Y. Mason 





George Bancroft... 


Cave Johnson. 

John Y. Mason... 
Nathan Clifford .. 
Isaac Toucey. 

John Y. Mason.... 






William B. Preston 

Thomas Ewing.... 

Jacob Collamer.... 

Reverdy Johnson. 

William A. Graham 
John P. Kennedv 

A. H. H. Stuart,.. 

Nathan R. Hall.... 
Samuel D. Hubbard 
James Campbell... 

J. J. Crittenden... 

James C. Dobbin .. 

Robert McClelland. 

Caleb Cushing.... 

Isaac Toucey. 

Jacob Thompson .. 

Aaron V. Brown... 
Joseph Holt. 

J. S. Black. 

E. M. Stanton. 



Horatio King. 


Gideon Wells. 

Caleb B. Smith_ 

John P. Upshur_ 

John P. Upshur_ 

Montgomery Blair. 
William Dennison.. 
William Dennison.. 

Edward Bates.... 
James Speed. 

Gideon Wells. 

James Speed. 

Gideon Wells. 

James Harlan. 

O. H. Browning- 

Jacob D. Cox. 

Columbus Delano. 

William Dennison.. 
Alex. W. Randall.. 
J. A. J. Cresswell.. 

Henry Stanberry.. 
William M. Evarts 

E. R, Hoar. 

A. T. Akerman .. 
Geo. II. Williams. 
Geo. H. Williams. 
Edw. Pierrepont.. 

Alfonzo Taft. 

Charles Devens... 

A. E. Borie. 

George M. Robeson 



George M. Robeson 

Columbus Delano.. 
Zach. Chandler— 

J. A. J. Cresswell.. 

J. W. Marshall_ 

Marshall Jewell_ 

Davie M. Key. 

R. W. Thompson. . 
J Goff Jr 

Carl Schurz 


Horace Maynard... 

William II. Hunt.. 

Sam. J. Kirkwood . 

Thomas L. James.. 

Wayne MacVeagh 

Wm. II.Chandler. . 

H. M. Teller. 

Timothy 0. Howe.. 

Benj. II. Brewster 























































































































94 


TROOPS FURNISHED THE UNION ARMY. 


\ 


TROOPS FURNISHED. 

THE AGGREGATE OF TROOPS FURNISHED TO THE UNION ARMY BY THE 
SEVERAL STATES, 1861-65, WITH BOUNTIES PAID. 


States and 
Territories 

Troops 

Furnished 

1861 - 65 . 

Colored 

Troops 

Fur¬ 

nished 

1861 - 65 . 

Number of Men Drafted. 

Bounties 
paid by 
States. 

Per Cent.oi 

Troops to 

Population 

Numbei 

Drawn. 

i 

Failed 

to 

Report. 

Exemp¬ 

ted. 

Furn’c 
Sub oj 
paid 
Com’n 

Held 

for 

service 

Connecticut.. 

57,379 

1,764 

12,031 

1,014 

6,804 

3,84$ 

202 

$6,887,554 

12.4 

Maine. 

72,114 

104 

27,324 

3,760 

12,997 

4,946 

1,991 

7,837,654 

11.5 

Massachusetts 

152,048 

3,966 

41,582 

5,167 

27,076 

8,383 

912 

22,965,550 

12.3 

N. Hampshire 

34,629 

125 

10,806 

464 

5,476 

3,654 

210 

9,636,313 

10.6 

Rhode Island. 

23,699 

1,837 

4,321 

249 

2,809 

1,142 

117 

820,769 

13.6 

Vermont. 

35,262 

120 

7,743 

429 

4,096 

2,646 

437 

4,528,775 

11.2 

East’n States. 

375,131 

7,916 

103,807 

11,083 

59,254 

24,613 

3,869 

52,676,605 

12.0 

New Jersey .. 

81,010 

1,185 

32,325 

6,205 

8,224 

9,650 

951 

23,868,967 

12.0 

New York.... 

467,046 

4,125 

151,488 

31,745 

68,006 

31,529 

3,210 

86,629,228 

12.0 

Pennsylvania. 

366,107 

8,612 

178,873 

31,309 

70,913 

40,807 

8,615 

43,154,987 

12.5 

Middle States 

914,164 

13,922 

362,686 

69,259 

147,143 

81,986 

12,776 

153,653,182 

12.2 

Colorado Ter. 

4,903 

97 







Ida 

Dakota Ter... 

206 








It.O 

A 9 

Illinois. 

259,147 

1,81] 

32,085 

9,519 

9,555 

5,459 

3,538 

17,296,205 

i . —' 

15.1 

Indiana. 

197,147 

1,537 

41,158 

6,235 

15,478 

5,966 

7,597 

9,182,354 

14.6 

Iowa. 

76,309 

440 

7,548 

702 

2,446 

1,264 

1,862 

1,615,171 

11.3 

Kansas . 

20,151 

2,08( 

1,420 

419 

287 

210 

119 

57,407 

18.8 

Michigan .... 

89,372 

1,381 

22,122 

4,294 

7,130 

3,773 

1,809 

9,664,855 

11.9 

Minnesota.... 

25,052 

10- 

10,796 

2,058 

4,449 

1,291 

862 

2,000,464 

14.5 

Nebraska Ter. 

3,157 







10 Q 

N. Mexico Ter 

6,561 


• 







Ohio. 

319,659 

5,09: 

50,400 

9,368 

19.751 

10,988 

4,241 

23,557,373 

i .u 

13.6 

Wisconsin.... 

96,424 

167 

38,395 

11,742 

14,732 

6,718 

o 790 

5,855,356 

12.4 

West’n States 

1,098,088 

12,711 

203,924 

44,337 

73,828 

35,669 

23,750 

69,229,185 

13.6 

California_ 

15,725 








4 1 

Nevada. 

1,080 








15 7 

< )regon. 

1,810 








3 4 

Wash. Ter... 

964 








8 3 

Pacific States. 

19,579 








4.3 










Delaware .... 

13,670 

954 

8,635 

1,443 

4,170 

2,534 

425 

1,136,599 

12.2 

Dis. Columbia 

16,872 

3,269 

14,338 

5,954 

5,665 

1,751 

968 

134,010 

22.4 

Kentucky.... 

79,025 

23,703 

29,421 

9,503 

8,088 

5,787 

1,860 

692,577 

6.8 

Maryland. 

50,316 

8,718 

29,319 

9,207 

11,011 

6,134 

1,426 

6,271.992 

7.3 

Missouri. 

109,111 

8,344 

21,519 

9,444 

5,781 

1,638 

1,031 

1,282,149 

9.2 

West Virginia 

32,068 

196 

3,180 

1,014 

569 

219 

242 

864,737 

8.1 

Border States. 

301,062 

45,184 

106,412 

36,565 

35,284 

18,063 

5,952 

10,382,064 

8.3 

Alabama. 

2,576 

4.969 







9 

Arkansas .... 

8,289 

5,526 







1 9 

Florida. 

1,290 

1.044 







.9 

0 

Georgia. 








Louisiana.... 

5,224 

3,486 







h- 

Mississippi ... 

545 

17,869 







0 

N. Carolina .. 

3,156 

5,035 







a 

S. Carolina... 


5,462 







o 

Tennessee.... 

31,092 

20,133 







2 8 

Texas . 

1,965 

47 







.3 

o 

Virginia. 









South’n States 

54,137 

63,571 







.6 


-- 







Grand Total *2,859,132 

173,079 776,829 

161,244; 

115,509 

73,607 

46,347 

285,941,036 

9.1 


This is the aggregate of troops furnished for all periods of service, including 3 530 from the Indian 
nation and 93,441 colored troops from the States in rebellion. 


































































































































































































REVENUE TAXES. 


95 


SALARIES OF UNITED STATES OFFICERS. 


PER ANNUM. 


President. $50,000 

Vice President. 8,000 

Secretary of State. 8,000 

“ of Treasury. 8,000 

“ of Interior. 8,000 

“ of War. 8,000 

Postmaster General. 8,000 

Secretary of Navy. 8,000 

Attorney General. 8,000 

Chief Justice Supreme Court.. 10,500 

Associate Justices. 10,000 

Circuit Courts. 6,000 

Senators. 5,000 

(Mileage 20 c. per mile each way; 
allowance for stationery and news¬ 
papers, $125.) 

Representatives, Speaker. $8,000 

u Members. 5,000 


(Allowance, same as Senators.) 

ARMY. 

PEIi ANNUM. 


General.$13,500 

Lieutenant General. 11,000 

Major General. 7,500 

Brigadier General. 5,500 


NAVY. 

PER ANNUM. 



/ 

Shore 

Waiting 


At Sea. 

Duty. 

Orders. 

Admiral. 

. $13,000 $13,000 

$13,000 

Vice Admiral.. 

. 9,000 

8,000 

6,000 

Rear Admiral., 

.. 6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

Commodore.... 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

Captains. 

. 4,500 

3,500 

o 

o 

CO 

Cl 

Commanders... 

. 3,590 

3,000 

2,300 


UNITED STATES MINISTERS AT 
FOREIGN COURTS. 

PER ANNUM. 

Great Britain, France, Russia, 

and Germany. $17,000 

Austria, Brazil, China, Italy, 

Japan, Mexico, and Spain.... 12,000 

Central America, Chili, Peru... 10,000 


Argentine Republic, Belgium, 
Columbia, Hawaiian Islands, 

Ilayti, Netherlands, Norway 
and Sweden, Turkey, and 

Venezuela,. 7,500' 

Bolivia, Denmark, Paraguay, 

Uragi ay, Portugal, and Swit¬ 
zerland . 5,000 

Liberia and Roumania. 4,000 




INTERNAL REVENUE TAXES OF THE UNITED STATES, 


As amended, May 28 , 1880 . 

DISTILLED SPIRITS, ETC. 

Spirits, distilled, per proof gallon. $ 90 

Rectifiers of any quantity less than 500 barrels, (special tax). 100 00 

Rectifiers of 500 barrels or more, (special tax).. 200 00 

Wines, liquors, or compounds known or denominated as wine, and made 
in imitation of sparkling wine or champagne, or as a substitute for 
wine, in bottles containing not more than one pint, per bottle or 

package. 10 

Same, in bottles containing not more than one quart, per bottle. 20 

Retail liquor dealers, (special tax)... 25 00 

Wholesale liquor dealers, (special tax). 100 00 

Manufacturers of stills, (special tax). 50 00 

Stills or worms, manufactured (special tax), each. 20 00 

Stamps for distilled spirits intended for export, for expense, etc., of each, 10 

TOBACCO, SNUFF, CIGARS, ETC. 

Cigars and cheroots of all descriptions, domestic or imported, per thousand G 00 
Cigarettes, domestic or imported, weighing not over three pounds, per 

thousand 1 15 









































or, 


REVENUE TAXES. 


Cigarettes, domestic or imported, weighing over three pounds per thousand 6 00 

Manufacturers of cigars, (special tax). 10 00 

Snuff of all descriptions, domestic or imported, per pound. 16 

Tobacco, chewing and smoking, of every description, per pound. 16 

Stamps for tobacco and snuff intended for export, for expense, etc., of 

each 10 

Stamps for cigars intended for export, for expense, etc., of, each. 10 

Dealers in leaf tobacco, (special tax)... 25 00 

Retail dealers in leaf tobacco, annual sales not over $1,000, (special tax).. 500 00 
Retail dealers in leaf tobacco, annual sales over $1,000, for every $1 over 

$1,000 50 

Dealers in manufactured tobacco, (special tax). 5 00 

Manufacturers of tobacco, (special tax. 10 00 

Peddlers of tobacco, when traveling with more than two horses. 50 00 

Peddlers of tobacco, when traveling with two horses. 25 00 

Peddlers of tobacco, when traveling with one horse. 15 00 

Peddlers of tobacco, when traveling on foot, or by public conveyance_ 10 00 

FERMENTED LIQUORS. 

Fermented liquors, per barrel, containing not more than 31 gallons. 1 00 

Brewers, annual manufacture less than 500 barrels, (special tax). 50 00 

Brewers, annual manufacture 500 barrels or more, (special tax). 100 00 

Retail dealers in malt liquors. 20 00 

Wholesale dealers in malt liquors. 50 00 


BANKS AND BANKERS, ETC. 

Deposits in-banks or with persons, &c., engaged in the business of banking, 

per month.-.yr of 1 % 

Deposits in savings banks, with certain exceptions, specified in the law, 

per month.,.of 1 % 

Capital of banks, etc., not savings banks, and capital employed by any person 
in the business of banking beyond average amount in U. S. bonds, per 

month. 2 1 j of 1 % 

Capital of savings banks beyond amount invested in U. S. bonds, per 

month. .2 T r°f 1 % 

Circulation issued by any bank, etc., or person, per month. t l of 1 % 

Circulation exceeding 00 per cent, of capital, in addition, per month.£ of 1 % 

Banks, etc., on amount of notes of any person, State bank, or State banking 

association, used for circulation and paid out. 10% 

Banks, bankers, or associations, on amount of notes of any town, city, or 

municipal corporation, paid out by them. 10% 

Every person, firm association, other than national bank associations, and 
every corporation, State bank, or State banking association, on the 
amount of their own notes , used for circulation and paid out by them.. 10% 

STAMP TAX. 

Bank check, draft, or order. 02 


STAMP TAXES UNDER SCHEDULE A. 

Medicines or preparations: For and upon every packet, box, bottle, pot, 
vial, or other inclosure, containing any pills, powders, tinct ures, troches, 
lozenges, syrups, cordials, bitters, anodynes, tonics, plasters, liniments, 
salves, ointments, pastes, drops, waters, essences, spirits, oils, or other 
nedicinal preparations or compositions whatsoever, which retails for 
the sum of twenty-five cents. 01 




























COFYRIGHT LAW. 97 

Exceeding twenty-five and not exceeding fifty .cents. 02 

Exceeding fifty and not exceeding seventy-five cents... OS 

Exceeding seventy-five cents and not exceeding one dollar. 04 

Exceeding one dollar, for every additional fifty cents, or fractional part 

thereof in excess of one dollar. ... 02 


Perfumery and cosmetics: For and upon every packet, box, bottle, pot, 
vial, or other inclosure, containing any essence, extract, toilet-water, 
x cosmetic, hair-oil, pomade, hair-dressing, hair-restorative, hair-dye, 
tootli-wasli, dentifrice, tooth-paste, aromatic cachous, or any similar 
articles, the same rates per package, etc., as for medicines and prepara¬ 
tions . 


Friction matches: For and upon every parcel or package of 100 or less.... ol 

More than 100 and not more than 200. 02 

For every additional 100 or fractional part thereof. 01 

W ax tapers, double the rates for friction matches. 

Cigar lights, in parcels or packages containing twenty-five lights or less in 

in each parcel or package.✓. 01 

When containing more than twenty-five and not more than fifty lights.... 02 

For every additional twenty-five lights, or fraction, one cent additional... 

Playing cards: For and upon every pack, irrespective of price or value... 05 


UNITED STATES PATENT FEES. 


On filing each application for a 

patent. $15 

On issuing each Original Patent 

(17 years). 20 

On application for Re-issue. 30 

On application for Extension- 50 

On granting every Extension of 

Patent (7 years). 50 

On each Caveat. 10 


On appeal to Examiners-in-chief. $10 
On appeal to Commissioner of 


Patents. 20 

On filing a Disclaimer. 10 

On application for Design (34 y’s) 10 
On application for Design (7 y’s) 15 
On application for Design (14 y’s) 30 
On each Trade Mark (30 years).. 25 

On each Label (28 years). 6 


THE COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Every applicant for a copyright must state distinctly the name and residence of 
the claimant and whether right is claimed as author, designer or proprietor. No 

affidavit or formal application is required. 

A printed copy of the title of the book, map, chart, dramatic or musical 
composition, engraving, cut, print, or photograph, or a desciiption of the 
painting, drawing, chromo, statue, statuary or model or design for a work of the 
fine arts, for which copyright is desired, must be sent by mail or otherwise, 
prepaid, addressed “ Librarian of Congress, Washington, D. C.” This 
must be done before publication of the book or other article. 

A fee of 50 cents for recording the title of each book or other article must be 
enclosed with the title as above, and 50 cents in addition (or one dollar in all) for 
each certificate of copyright under seal of the Libraiian of Congiess, which will 
be transmitted by early mail. 

G 























08 


PUBLIC LANDS. 


Within ten days after publication of each book or other article, two complete 
copies must be sent prepaid or under free labels, furnished by the Librarian, to 
perfect the copyright, with the address, “ Librarian of Congress, Washington, 
D. C.” 

Without the deposit of copies above required the copyright is void, and a 
penalty of $25 is incurred. 

No copyright is valid unless notice is given by inserting in every copy pub¬ 
lished, 

“ Entered according to act of Congress in the year -, by - in the office of the 

Librarian of Congress, at Washington ,' 1 ’ or at the option of the person entering 
the copyright, the words: “ Copyright IS — by -.” 

The law imposes a penalty of $100 upon any person who has not obtained 
copyright who shall insert the notice “ Entered according to act of Congress ' 1 ' 1 or 
“ Copyright ,” or words of the same import in or upon any book or other article. 

Each copyright secures the exclusive right of publishing the book or article 
copyrighted for the term of twenty-eight years. Six months before the end of 
that time the author or designer, or his widow or children, may secure a renewal 
for the further term of fourteen years, making forty-two years in all. 

Any copyright is assignable in law by any instrument of writing, but such 
as nment must be recorded in the office of the Librarian of Congress within 
six days from its date. The fee for this record and certificate is one dollar. 

A copy of the record (or duplicate certificate) of any copyright entry will be 
furnished, under seal, at the rate of fifty cents. 

Copyrights cannot be granted upon Trade-marks nor upon Labels intended to 
be used with any article of manufacture. If protection for such prints or labels 
is desired, application must be made to the Patent Office, where they are registered 
at a fee of $6 for labels and $25 for trade-marks. 


HOW AND WHERE TO OBTAIN UNITED STATES 

PUBLIC LAND. 

The public lands of the United States which are still undisposed of and open to 
settlement lie in nineteen States and eight Territories. In each case, except Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, the Indian Territory and Alaska, land offices are established, in 
charge of an officer known as Register of the Land Office, where the records of all 
surveyed lands are kept, and all applications concerning lands in each district are 
filed and inquiries answered. The public lands are divided into two great classes. 
The one class have a dollar and a quarter an acre designated as the minimum price, 
and the other two dollars and a half an acre, the latter being the alternate sections 
reserved by the United States in land grants to railroads, etc. Titles to these 
lands may be acquired by private entry or location under the homestead, pre-emp¬ 
tion and timber-culture laws; or, as to some classes, by purchase for cash, in the 
case of lands which may be purchased at private sale, or such as have not been 
reserved under any law. Such tracts are sold on application to the Land Register, 
who issues a certificate of purchase, the receiver giving a receipt for the money 
paid, subject to the issue of a patent, or complete title, if the proceedings are found 
regular, by the Commissioner of the General Land Office at 'Washington. 

Entries under land warrants (given mostly for military services under acts of 
Congress), have fallen off very largely by the absorption of such warrants, there 
having been no military bounty land warrants provided for on account of services 
in the late war. 






PUBLIC LANDS. 


99 


Entries under the pre-emption law are restricted to heads of families, or citi¬ 
zens over twenty-one, who may settle upon any quarter section (or 160 acres)) and 
have the right of prior claim to purchase on complying with certain regulations. 

The homestead laws give the right to one hundred and sixty acres of a dollar 
and a quarter lands, or to eighty acres of two dollar and'a half lands, to any citizen 
or applicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will actually settle upon and 
cultivate the land. This privilege extends only to the surveyed lands, and the 
title is perfected by the issue of a patent after five years of actual settlement. 
The only charges in the case of homestead entries are fees and commissions, vary¬ 
ing from a minimum of $7 to a maximum of $34 for the whole tract entered, 
according to the size, value, or place of record. 

Another large class of free entries of public lands is that provided for under 
the timber-culture acts of 1873-78. The purpose of these laws is to promote the 
growth of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right to any settler who 
has cultivated for two years as much as five acres in trees to an eighty acre home¬ 
stead ; or, if ten acres, to a homestead of one hundred and sixty acres, and a free 
patent for his land is given him at the end of three years instead of five. The 
limitation of the homestead laws to one hundred and sixty acres for each settler is 
extended in the case of timber culture so as to grant as many quarter sections of 
one hundred and sixty acres each as have been improved by the culture for ten 
years of forty acres of timber thereon, but the quarter sections must not lie imme¬ 
diately contiguous. The fees and commissions in timber culture entries vary from 
$13 to $18 for the tract. 

The following is the complete list of United States Land Offices: 

Alabama.— Huntsville, Montgomery. 

Arkansas. —Little Rock, Camden, Harrison, Dardanelle. 

Arizona Territory. —Prescott, Florence. 

California.— San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, Stockton, Visalia, Sacra¬ 
mento, Los Angeles, Shasta, Susanville, Bodie. 

Colorado.— Denver City, Leadville, Central City, Peublo, Del Norte, Lake City. 
Dakota Territory.— Mitchell, Watertown, Fargo, Yankton, Bismarck, Dead- 
wood, Grand Forks. 

Florida .—Gainesville. 

Idaho Territory.— Boise City, Lewiston, Oxford. 

Iowa— Des Moines. 

Kansas.— Topeka, Salina, Independence, Wichita, Kirwin, Concordia, Larned, 
Wa-Keeny. 

Louisiana. —New Orleans, Natchitoches. 

Michigan.— Detroit, East Saginaw, Reed City, Marquette. 

Minnesota— Taylor’s Falls, St. Cloud, Duluth, Fergus Falls, Worthington 
Crookston, Benson, Tracy, Redwood Falls. 

Mississippi. —Jackson. 

Missouri.— Booneville, Ironton, Springfield. 

Montana Territory. —Helena, Bozeman, Miles City. 

Nebraska.— Norfork, Beatrice, Lincoln, Niobrara, Grand Island, North Platte, 
Bloomington. 

Nevada. —Carson City, Eureka. 

New Mexico Territory. —Santa Fe, La Mesilla. 

Oregon.— Oregon City, Roseburg, Le Grand, Lake View, The Dalles. 

Utah Territory.— Salt Lake City. 

Washington Territory. —Olympia, Vancouver, Walla Walla, Colfax, \ akims. 
Wisconsin— Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La Crosse, Bayfield, Eau 
Claire. 

Wyoming Territory. —Cheyenne, Evanston. 


100 


PUBLIC LANDS 


THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC LANDS—WHERE THEY LIE. 


STATEMENT SHOWING TIIE NUMBER OF ACRES OF PUBLIC LANDS SURVEYED 1 
IN THE LAND STATES AND TERRITORIES UP TO 1881; ALSO, THE TOTAL 
AREA OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN REMAINING UNSURVEYED. 


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POSTAL LAWS. 


101 


UNITED STATES POSTAL LAWS. 

FIRST CLASS MAIL MATTER. 

Letters. —This class includes letters, postal cards, and anything sealed or 
otherwise closed against inspection, or anything containing writing not allowed 
as an accompaniment to printed matter under class three. 

Postage , 3 cents each half ounce or fraction thereof. 

On local or drop letters, at free delivery offices, 2 cents. At offices where no free 
•delivery by carrier, 1 cent. 

Prepayment by stamps invariably required. 

Postal cards, 1 cent. 

Registered letters, 10 cents in addition to the proper postage. 

The Post Office Department or its revenue is not by law liable for the loss of 
any registered mail matter. 

SECOND CLASS. 

Regular Publications. —This class includes all newspapers, periodicals or 
matter exclusively in print and regularly issued at stated intervals as frequently 
as four times a year, from a known office of publication or news agency. Postage 
2 cents a pound or fraction thereof, prepaid by special stamps. Publications 
designed primarily for advertising or free circulation, or not having a legitimate 
list of subscribers, are excluded from the pound rate, and pay third class rates. 

THIRD CLASS. 

Mail matter of the third class includes books, transient newspapers and 
periodicals, circulars and other matter wholly in print, legal and commercial 
papers filled out in writing, proof-sheets, corrected proof-sheets, and manuscript 
copy accompanying the same. 

MS. unaccompanied by proof-sheets, letter rates. 

Limit of weight, 4 pounds each package, except single books—weight not 
limited. 

Postage , 1 cent for each 2 ounces or fractional pari thereof , invariably prepaid by 
stamps. 

FOURTH CLASS. 

Embraces merchandise and all matter not included in the 1st, 2d, or 3d class, 
which is not liable to injure the mail matter. Limit of weight, 4 pounds. 

Postage , 1 cent each ounce or fraction thereof , prepaid. 

All packages of matter of the 3d or 4th class must be so wrapped or enveloped 
that their contents may be examined by postmasters without destroying the 
wrappers. 

Matter of the second, third or fourth class containing any writing, except as 
here specified, or except bills and receipts for periodicals or printed commercial 
papers filled out in writing, as deeds, bills, etc., will be charged with letter 
postage; but the sender of any book may write names or addresses therein, or on 
the outside, with the word “from” preceding the same, or may write briefly on 
any package the number and names of the articles inclosed. 

POSTAL MONEY ORDERS. 

An order may be issued for any amount, from one cent to fifty dollars , inclusive, 
but fractional parts of a cent cannot be included. 

The Fees for orders are: On orders not exceeding $15.10 cents 

“ u over $15 and not exceeding $30.... 15 u 

u u over 30 “ “ 40....20 u 

“ “ over 40 “ “ 50....25 “ 

When a larger sum than fifty dollars is required, additional orders must be 
•obtained; but no more than three orders will be issued in one day from the same 
post-office to the same remitterin favor of the same payee. 




102 


RATES OF FOREIGN POSTAGE. 


FREE DELIVERY. 

The free delivery of mail matter at the residences of the people desiring it is 
required by law in every city of 50,000 or more population and may be established 
at every place containing not less than 20,000 inhabitants. The present number of 
free delivery offices is ninety. 

The franking privilege was abolished July 1, 1873, but the following mail 
matter may be sent free by legislative saving-clauses, viz: 

1. All public documents printed by order of Congress, the Congressional Record 
and speeches contained therein, franked by members of Congress or the Secretary 
cf the Senate, or Clerk of the House. 

2. Seeds transmitted by the Commissioner of Agriculture or by any member of 
Congress, procured from that department. 

3. All periodicals sent to subscribers within the county where printed. 

4. Letters and packages relating exclusively to the business of the Government 
of the United States, mailed only by officers of the same, publications required to 
be mailed to the Librarian of Congress by the copyright law, and letters and 
parcels mailed by the Smithsonian Institution. All these must be covered by 
specially printed u penalty ” envelopes or labels. 

All communications to Government officers, and to and from members of 
Congress, are required to be prepaid by stamps. 


RATES OF FOREIGN POSTAGE. 


The standard single rate is L ounce, avoirdupois. 

♦Prepayment optional in case of country marked with a star, embraced in the Postal Union Treaty 

of 1 S 78 . When not prepaid, double rates are collected. 


Destination. 

Letters 

News¬ 

papers. 

Africa, British Possessions 

Cts. 

*5 

Cts. 

2 

on West Coast. 



Africa, French, Portugese. 

*5 

2 

and Spanish Possessions . 



Amoy. 

*5 

2 

Argentine Republic. 

*5 

2 

Australia, except ISTew St’li 
Wales, Victoria and 



Queensland. 

5 

2 

Austria. 

*5 

2 

Azores .. 

*5 

2 

Balearic Isles. 

*5 

2 

Belgium. 

*5 

2 

Bermuda. 

*5 

2 

Bolivia, British Mail. 

17 

4 

Borneo. 

*5 

2 

Brazil. 

*5 

2 

British Columbia. 

3 

1 

Buenos Ayres. 

*5 

9 

Bulgaria. 

*5 

o 

Burmali, British Mail. 

*5 

2 


Destination. 

Letters 

News- 

pap'rs 

Canada. 

Cts. 

Cts. 

3 

1 

Canary Islands. 

*5 

2 

Canton. 

*5 

2 

Cape of Good Hope. 

15 

4 

Carthagena. 

13 

4 

Ceylon. 

*5 

2 

Chili, British Mail. 

17 

4 

China, via San Francisco .. 

5 

2 

Cochin China. 

*5 

2 

Colombia, U. S. of. 

*5 

2. 

Costa Rica, Western Ports. 

5 

9 

JmJ 

Cuba. 

*5 

2 

Curacoa. 

*5 

2 

Cyprus . 

*5 

2 

Denmark. 

*5 

9 

Ecuador. 

20 

9 

Egypt. 

*5 

2 

England. 

*5 

9 

Faroe Islands. 

*5 

2 

Fiji Islands, direct, via San 
Francisco. 

6 

9 

mJ 





















































103 


RATES OE FOREIGN POSTAGE. 


RATES OF FOREIGN POSTAGE.—(Continued.) 


Destination. 

1 

etters 

News¬ 

papers. 

Destination. 

Lettse 

News- 

pap’rs 

Finland. 

Cts. 

*5 

Cts. | 
2 

New Foundland. 

Cts. 

*5 

Cts. 

9 

France. 

*5 

2 

New Grenada, direct Mail. 

5 

o 

la 

French Colonies. 

*5 

2 

New South Wales, dir. Mail. 

12 

9 

La 

Gambia. 

*5 

2 

New Zealand, direct Mail.. 

12 

O 

Germany. 

*5 

9 

Nicarauga, direct. 

5 

o 

Gibraltar. 

*5 

2 

Norway. 

*5 

9 

Gold Coast. 

*5 

2 

Nova Scotia. 

3 

1 

Great Britian. . 

*5 

2 

Panama, direct Mail. 

5 

9 

Greece. 

*5 

2 

Paraguay. 

* 17 

4 

Greenland.. 

*5 

2 

Persia. 

*5 

<> 

Greytown, British Mail_ 

13 

4 

Peru. 

*5 

9 

La 

Guadaloupe. 

*5 

2 

Philippine Islands. 

*5 

o 

Guatemala, direct Mail.... 

10 

2 

Poland. 

*5 

9 

Guiana, British, French and 
Dutch . 

*5 

2 

Porto Bico . 

Portugal . 

*5 

*5 

r> 

La 

9 

Havana . 

*5 

2 

Prince Edward Island . 

3 

l 

Hawaiian Kingdom. 

G 

1 

Queensland . 

12 

9 




Hayti, by direct steamer... 

5 

2 

Roumania . 

*5 

9 

•a 

Hindostan 

*5 

2 

Russia . 

*5 

9 

Honduras . 

*5 

2 

St. Croix . 

*5 

O 

Homr Komr. 

*5 

2 

St. Domingo . 

13 

G 

Hungary . 

*5 

2 

St. Helena, British Mail ... 

15 

4 

Iceland 

*5 

2 

St. Thomas . 

*5 

9 

India. British Mail 

*5 

2 

Salvador . 

*5 

9 

Ireland . 

*5 

2 

Sandwich Islands . 

G 

1 

Italy 

*5 

2 

Scotland . 

*5 

9 

.Tamacia. 

*5 

2 

Servia . 

*5 

9 

.Tanan 

*5 

2 

Shanghai .*. 

*5 

9 

Java. 

*5 

2 

Siam, dir. from S. Francisco 

10 

2 

Liberia 

*5 

2 

Sierra Leone. 

*5 

9 

Luxemhnrer 

*5 

2 

Singapore. 

*5 

9 





M n 

*5 

2 

Spain. 

*5 

9 

La 

A r ii ri n irn sp.n.r 

23 

6 

Sumatra. 

*5 

9 





Madeira . 

*5 

2 

Surinam. 

*5 

9 

Malta 

*5 

2 

Sweden. 

*5 

9 

la 

Manila 

*5 

2 

Switzerland. 

*5 

2 

IVTurHninne 

*5 

9 

Tangier. 

*5 

9 

Mauritius. 

*5 

2 

Tripoli, Italian Mail. 

*5 

9 

La 

Mexico 

*5 

2 

Tunis, Italian Mail. 

*5 

9 

M olda via 

*5 

9 

Turkey. 

*5 

9 

La 

Monaco. 

*5 

o 

Turk’s Island, British Mai' 

13 

4 

AT nnfpnp.crrn 

*5 

9 

Urusfuav . 

27 

4 

Morocco 

*5 

2 

Vancouver’s Island. 

*5 

2 

Morocco, except Spanish 
West Coast 

15 

3 

4 

Van Diemen’s Land . 

Venezuela. 

5 

13 

.) 

4 

N assau N 1* 

2 

Victoria. 

12 


N atal 

*5 

9 

Wallachia. 

*5 

9 

LA 

Netherlands . 

*5 

9 

jU 

West Indies, direct Mail .. 

*5 

9 

tmA 

Vow Brunswick 

3 

1 

Zanzibar . 

*5 

9 

— 

• 



































































































































104 


TEMPERATURE. 


f 


MAIL TIME FROM NEW YORK TO PROMINENT CITIES. 


CITIES. 


HOUKS. 


Baltimore, Md. 


... 7 

Bangor, Me. 


... 21 

Benton, M. T. 


... 100 

•Boston, Mass. 



Buffalo, N. Y. 


.. . 16 

Burlington, Iowa. 

\ 

. .. 47 

Charleston, S. C. 


.. . 40 

Chicago. Ill. 


... 36 

Cincinnati, O. 


... 26 

Cleveland, O. 


... 23 

Columbus, O. 


... 21 

Dayton, O. 


... 25 

Detroit, Mich. 


... 25 

Ft. Wayne, Ind. 


... 29 

Indianapolis, Ind. 


... 30 

Louisville, Ivy. 


... 31 

Memphis, Tenn. 


... 50 

Milwaukee, Wis. 


... 40 


CITIES. HOURS. 

Mobile, Ala. 00 

Nashville, Tenn. 41 

New Orleans, La. 65 

Omaha, Neb. 60 

Philadelphia. 3 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 15 

Portland, Me. 15 

Quincy, Ill. 47 

Richmond, Ya. 14 

Salt Lake City, U. T. 120 

San Francisco, Cal. 168 

St. Joseph, Mo. 60 

St. Louis, Mo. 30 to 45 

St. Paul, Minn. 58 

Toledo, 0. 27 

Washington. D. C. 9 

Weldon, N. C. 21 

Wiimington, N. C.... 83 


THE TEMPERATURE OF THE UNITED STATES. 


CITIES. 

JANUARY. 

APRIL. 

JULY 


OCTOBER. 

< 2 1 
£ s 

MINI¬ 

MUM. 

MEAN 

Pi g 
£ ^ 

MINI¬ 

MUM. 

MEAN 

*£ 

< £> 

£ << 

MINI¬ 

MUM. 

MEAN 

MAXI¬ 

MUM 

MINI¬ 

MUM. 

MEANj 

Baltimere, Md. 

64° 

170 

41° 

-i 

o 

o 

30° 

52° 

96° 

61° 

78° 

77° 

34° 

55° 

Boston, Mass. 

64 

5 

30 

66 

24 

43 

88 

55 

71 

70 

31* 

49 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

56 

11 

32 

60 

20 

39 

82 

53 

68 s 

72 

32 

46 

Charleston, S. C. 

76 

28 

55 

Si 

46 

64 

98 

75 

84 

81 

44 

63 

Chicago, Ill. 

65 

4 

83 

67 

33 

46 

92 

57 

68 


30 

48 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 

69 

15 

42 

1 75 

33 

54 

96 

66 

77 1 

' 73 

34 

53 

Davenport, Iowa. 

58 

0 

20 

69 

30 

51 

92 

58 

74 

73 

29 

48 

Denver, Col. 

56 

o 

- xj 

28 

79 

16 

49 

95 

53 

68 

81 

27 

54 

Detroit, Mich. 

54 

9 

32 

67 

oo 

44 

85 

52 

70 

1 70 

26 

46 

Key West, Fla. 

82 

58 

72 

87 

69 

76 

92 

75 

82 

91 

71 

79 

Louisville, Ky. 

66 

19 

43 

80 

35 

55 

96 

66 

79 

79 

OO 

t.*> 

54 

Memphis, Tenn. 

73 

23 

47 

1 85 

45 

63 

99 

71 

82 

79 

38 

57 

Milwaukee, Wis. 

48 

0 

25 

69 

29 

41 

90 

52 

65 

76 

28 

44 

Mobile, Ala. 

72 

32 

56 

80 

42 

66 

99 

73 

83 

80 

44 

62 

New York. 

56 

12 

35 

68 

30 

46 

88 

61 

72 

72 

34 

52 

New Orleans, La. 

/ 7 

44 

60 

81 

55 

69 

92 

73 

81 

79 

54 

67 

Omaha, Neb... . . 

55 

1 

26 

1 79 

31 

51 

97 

58 

74 

h- — 

i i 

92 

49 

Portland, Me. 

58 

99 

39 

67 

35 

50 

85 

58 

69 

i l) 

4o 

58 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

60 

15 

37 

68 

31 

49 

92 

61 

74 

74 

35 

53 

San Francisco, Cal. 

58 

41 

48 

65 

44 

54 

68 

52 

57 

79 

51 

60 

St. Louis, Mo . 

67 

16 

41 

82 

36 

57 

97 

66 

78 

80 

33 

54 

St. Paul, Minn. 

41 

0 

16 

64 

25 

43 

95 

53 

73 

70 

21 

42 

Vicksburg. Miss. 

77 

28 

56 

85 

47 

66 

96 

70 

83 

83 

46 

62 

Washington. D. C. 

62 

17 

55 

1 68 

30 

51 

O 1 

(i 

7C 

7° 

‘ 1 

54 


Note.— The above cities are chosen because they represent all sections of the United States. Of 
course there would be little or no difference between Ihe temperature of New York and Brooklyn or 
between Charleston, S. C , and Savannah. Ga.. etc. Some might doubt the accuracy of the above 
table because it places the maximum duly temperature of St. Louis. Mo., at f> 7 °. when, during the 
heated term of 1878 , it arose to 103 °. That, however, was an exceptional occurence. 


































































































































AGRICULTURE. 


105 


AVERAGE OF PRINCIPAL FARM CROPS. 

SHOWING TIIE AVERAGE ANNUAL PRODUCT, IN DOLLARS, OF THE PRINCIPAL 
FARM CROPS IN EACH STATE FOR TIIE PAST TEN YEARS. 


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106 


RANK OF THE STATES. 


COMPARATIVE RANK OF THE STATES 

IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS, FARM ANIMALS, 

MINERALS, ETC. 


STATES. 


Maine. 

New Hampshire 

Vermont. 

Massachusetts.. 
Rhode Island.. 

Connecticut_ 

N ew Y ork. 

New Jersey. 

Pennsylvania... 

Delaware. 

Ohio. 

Indiana. 

Illinois. 

Michigan. 

Wisconsin. 

Minnesota. 

Nebraska. 

Nevada. 

Colorado. 

Iowa. 

Kansas. 

Oregon. 

California. 

Maryland. 

Virginia. 

West Virginia.. 
North Carolina. 
South Carolina. 

Georgia. 

Florida. 

Alabama. 

Mississippi. 

Arkansas. 

Louisiana. 

Texas. 

Missouri. 

Kentucky. 

Tennessee. 

Arizona. 

Dakota. 

Idaho. 

Montana. 

New Mexico.... 

Utah. 

Wash. Ter. 

Wyoming. 

Indian Ter. 


FARM CROPS. 


FARM ANIMALS. 


COAL, MIN¬ 
ERALS, Etc. 
















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New York—hops, 1; buckwheat, 1; flax, 1. Illinois—lumber traffic, 1; 
agriculture instruments, 1. California — vineyards, 1; quicksilver, 1. Maryland — 
canned oysters, 1. North Carolina — rosin and turpentine, 1. Louisiana— sugar 
and molassas, 1. Missouri —lead and zinc smelting, 1. Kentucky— hemp, L 
Michigan —lumber, 1; copper, 1. New Jersey—zinc, 1. 










































































































































































































































AGRICULTURE. 


107 


FARM AVERAGES. 

WHEAT AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of bushels for the past ten years. 312,142,792' 

Average number of acres planted...* * 25478*998 

Annual average value.$377*453’216 

Average yield per acre in bushels. 12.3 

Average price per bushel. 106 

Average value per acre. $13.10 

CORN AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of bushels for the past ten years.1,184,486,953 

Average number of acres planted. 43,741,330 

Annual average value.$504,571’o47 

Average yield per acre in bushels. 27 

Average price per bushel. .43 

Average value per acre. $ 11.77 

OAT AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of bushels for the past ten years. 314,441,177 

Average number of acres planted. 11,076,821 

Annual average value.$111,075,222 

Average yield per acre in bushels. 28 

Average price per bushel. .36 

Average value per acre. $10.22 

BARLEY AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of bushels for the past ten years. 33,704,651 

Average number of acres planted. 1,529,356 

Annual average value. $24,885,502 

Average yield per acre in bushels. 21 

Average price per bushel. .74 

Average value per acre. $16.35 

RYE AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of bushels for the past ten years. 18,460,984 

Average number of acres planted. 1,305,050 

Annual average value. $12,945,136 

Average yield per acre in bushels. 14 

Average price per bushel. .71 

Average value per acre. $10.01 

HAY AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of tons for the past ten years. 35,492,000 

Average number of acres planted. 27,489,990 

Annual average value.$330,804,493 

Average yield per acre in tons. 1.29 

Average price per ton. $9.31 

Average value per acre. $12.04 

POTATO AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of bushels for the past ten years. 132,837,174 

Average number of acres planted. 1,514,043 

Annual average value. $63,653,771 

Average yield per acre in bushels. 87 

Average price per bushel. -56 

Average value per acre. $50.05 












































108 


FOREIGN STATISTICS. 


COTTON AVERAGE. 

Annual average number of bales for the past ten years. 5,261,201 

Average number of acres planted. 12,595,499 

Annual average value.$242,140,956 

Average yield per acre in pounds, lint.. 188 

Average price per pound. -Id 

Average value per acre. $19.22 

TOBACCO AVERAGE 

Annual average number of pounds for the past ten years. 391,278,149 

Average number of acres planted. 492,101 

Annual average value. $22,727,524 

Average yield per acre in pounds. 794 

Average price per pound. .51 

Average value per acre. $46.18 


FOREIGN. 

PRINCIPAL EXPORTS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 


Arabia. —Coffee, aloes, myrrh, frank¬ 
incense, gum arabic. 

Asiatic Islands. —Pepper, cloves, 
nutmegs, camphor, opium. 

Belgium. —Grain, flax, hops, woolens, 
linens, laces, etc. 

Brazil. —Cotton, sugar, coffee, gold, 
diamonds, dye-woods. 

Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 
Furs, lumber, fish. 

Central America.— Logwood, ma¬ 
hogany, indigo, cocoa. 

Chili. —Silver, gold, copper, hemp, 
hides, sugar, fruits. 

China. —Tea, silks, nankeens, porce¬ 
lain, ivory, pearl articles. 

Denmark. —Horses, cattle, beef, pork, 
butter, cheese, grain. 

Africa. —Gold, ivory, diamonds, os¬ 
trich feathers. 

Egypt.— Rice, linseed, fruits, indigo, 
cotton, sugar, grain. 

Ecuador. —Coffee, cotton, indigo, 
fruit, sugar, cocoa. 

France. —Silks, woolens, linens, wine, 
brandy, porcelain, toys. 

Germany. —Linen, grain, various 
manufactures of silver, etc. 

Great Britain.— Woolens, cottons, 
linens, hardware, iron. 

Holland. —Fine linens, woolens, but¬ 
ter, cheese, etc. 


Italal—S ilks, wines, marble, oil, rice, 
fruits. 

Ireland. —Linens, hides, tallow, beef, 
potatoes, barley. 

Japan. —Silk, tea, japanware, indigo, 
porcelain. 

Mexico. —Gold, silver, logwood, fruits. 

Persia. —Carpets, shawls, wine, silk, 
hubarb, guns, swords. 

Peru. —Peruvian bark, mercury, gold, 
silver, sugar, fruits. 

Russia.— Hemp, ivory, linen, grain, 
timber, furs, platina. 

Spain and Portugal. —Silks, wool, 
wines, oil, fruits, salt. 

Sweden and Norway. —Iron, steel, 
copper, timber, fish. 

Switzerland. —Watches, silk goods, 
jewelry, paper, laces. 

UNITED STATES : 

Eastern States.— Lumber, beef, fish, 
pork, cottons, woolens, watches, 
clocks, etc. 

Middle States. —Flour, wheat, salt, 
coal, cottons, woolens, oil, watches, 
sewing machines. 

Southern States.— Cotton, lumber, 
rice, tobacco, pitch, beef, whiskies, 
fruits. 

Western States.— Corn, wheat, lard, 
coal, iron, salt, lime, beef, pork, gold, 
silver. 




















FOREIGN STATISTICS. 


10> 

RULERS OF THE PRINCIPAL NATIONS OF THE WORLD 

IN 1882. 


Governments. 

Rulers. 

Title. 

Year of 

Birth. 

_ 

Date of 
Accession. 

Argentine Republic .. 

Julio A. Roca. . . 

President. 


Oct. 

12, 1880 

Austria-H ungary. 

Franz Joseph I. 

Emperor. 

1830 

Dec. 

2, 1848 

Belgium. 

Leopold II. 

King. 

1835 

Dec. 

10, 1865 

Bolivia. 

Nicolas Campero.... 

President. 

• • • • 

June 

1, 1880 

Brazil. 

Pedro II. Alcantara. 

Emperor. 

1825 

April 

7, 1831 

Chili. 

Domingo San. Maria. 

President. 

• • • • 

Sept. 

18, 1881 

China. 

Kwong Shu. 

Emperor. 

1871 

Jan. 

12, 1875 

Colombia. 

R. Nunez. 

President. 

• • • • 

April 

1, 1880 

Costa Rica. 

Tomas Guardia. 

President. 

King. 

President. 


Provisional. 

Denmark. 

Christian IX. 

1818 

Nov. 

15, 1863 

Ecuador. 

Jose de Vintimilla... 


Sept. 

8. 1876 

France. 

Fran. P. Jules Grevy 

President. 

1813 

Jan. 

30, 1879 

Germany. 

Wilhelm I.. 

Emperor. 

1797 

Jan. 

18, 1871 

G. Britain and Ireland 

Victoria I. 

Queen & E.of I. 

1819 

J une 

20, 1837 

Greece. 

Georgios I. 

King. 

1845 

June 

6, 1863 

Guatemala. 

J. Rufino Barrios_ 

President. 

• • • • 

May 

7, 1873 

Rayti. 

Gen. Salomon. 

President. 

• • • • 

Nov. 

25,1879 

Hawaiian Islands. 

Kalakaua I. 

King. 

President. 

1830 

Feb. 

12, 1874 

Honduras. 

M. A. Soto. 

• • • • 

May 

29,1877 

Italy. 

Humbert I. 

King. 

1844 

Jan. 

9, 1878 

Japan . 

Mutsu Ilito. 

Mikado. 

1852 

Feb. 

13, 1867 

Mexico. 

Manuel Gonzalez.... 

President. 

• • • • 

Dec. 

1, 1880 

Morocco. 

Muley-Hassan. 

Sultan . 

1831 

Sept. 

Mar. 

25,1873 

N etherlands. 

Willem III. 

King. 

President. 

1817 

17, 1849 

N icaragua. 

Joaquin Zavala. 

• • • • 

Mar. 

1, 1879 

Paraguay. 

Gen. B. Caballero_ 

President. 

• • • • 

Oct. 

—, 1881 

Persia. 

Nassr-ed-deen. 

Shah. 

1829 

Sept. 

10,1848 

Peru. 

Montero. 

President, act.. 


Dec. 

—, 1881 

Portugal. 

Luis I. 

King. 

King. 

Emperor. 

President. 

1838 

Nov. 

11,1861 

Ron mania. 

Karl I. 

1839 

Mar. 

26, 1881 

Russia. 

Alexander III. 

1841 

Mar. 

1, 1881 

Salvador. 

Rafael Zaldivar. 

April 30, 1876 

Santo Domingo. 

F. A. de Moreno_ 

President. 

• • • • 

July 

23, 1880- 

Servia.. . 

Milan IV, Obrenovic 

Prince. 

1855 

July 

2, 1868 

Spain. 

Alfonso XII. 

King. 

1857 

Dec. 

30, 1874 

Sweden and Norway.. 

Oscar II... 

King. 

1829 

Sept. 

18, 1872 

Switzerland. 

Numa Droz. 

President. 


Jan. 

1, 1881 

Turkey. 

Abdul-Hamid-Khan. 

Sultan. 

1842 

Aug. 

31, 1876 

Eirvnt . 

Tewfik Pacha. 

Khedive. 

1852 

Aug. 

8, 1879 

United States. 

Chester A. Arthur... 

President. 

1830 

Sept. 

20, 1881 

TTrneriiav... 

F. A. Vidal. 

President. 


Mar. 

17, 1880 

A ClCt jJ . 

Y enezuela. 

Guzman Blanco. 

President. 

• • • . 

Feb. 

26, 1879 


In addition to these there are numerous rulers of small principalities within 
the German Empire, known as Grand Dukes, Kings, Princes and Burgomasters 7 
twenty-five in all, whose office is somewhat similar to that of the Governors of our 
States, hut they are all subject to the Emperor of Germany. 











































































































110 


FOREIGN STATISTICS. 


FOREIGN STATISTICS. 


Countries 

Population 

Territorial 
Area ; Eng¬ 
lish square 
miles. 

Creeds. 

Army. 

Navy. 

National Debt 
1876 . 

Protestant. 

R. Catholic. 

('Rina 

425 213 152 

4,524,627 



270,000 

56 

$64,500,000 

British Tj 

285 860 000 

8,871,135 




4,670,800,000 

Russia.... 

85,865,945 

8,325,393 

2,581,691 

8,732,958 

974,771 

389 

2^)81417,740 

Germany. . 

45,194,172 

208,744 

25,581,709 

14,867,091 

445,462 

86 

1,867,210,581 

IT States 

50 155 783 

3,603,844 



25,000 

139 

1,818,010,698 

France. ... 

39,905,788 

' 204,096 

600,000 

35,497,325 

503^000 

258 

4,700,860,700 

Austria... 

37,744,491 

240,940 

3,509,012 

28,000,000 

289,190 

68 

2,290,308,213 

Turkey.... 

25,350,000 

862,048 

25,000 

640,000 

350,000 

78 

1,289,565,000 

J n ruin 

34 310,825 

155,525 



36,000 

27 

363,721,776 

Italy. 

28,209,610 

114,406 

39,480 

26,624,600 

736^470 

67 

2,041,243,000 

Spain. 

16,835,506 

195,755 

20,000 

16,710,000 

90,000 

139 

2,514,123,647 

Urn 7i 1 

10 196 328 

3,288,000 



15,940 

41 

406,724,125 

Afp'vi n.n.... 

9 158,250 

741,820 



24,900 

4 

143,742,642 

Sweden.... 

6,383,291 

291,750 

4,000,000 

889 

4L320 

252 

87,196,326 

Belgium... 

5,253,821 

11,373 

15,120 

5,069,105 

46,500 

10 

351,854,223 

Portugal.. 

4,367,882 

35,802 

500 

3,994,600 

34,800 

44 

388,102,044 

Netheil’nd 

3,967,263 

12,680 

2,193,281 

1,313,084 

65,000 

122 

372,870,076 

"Ppm. 

3,374,000 

72,380 




18 

280,674,347 

Columbia 

2,900,633 

320,750 





19,642,000 

Switzerl’d. 

2,869,147 

15,991 

1,566,347 

1,084,369 

119,000 

• • • • 

6^21,650 

Denmark.. 

1,910,400 

15,504 

1,774,239 

1,857 

50,900 

33 

46,594,498 

G. Britain. 

35,246,633 

121,315 

26,100,000 

5,520,000 

370,000 

238 

3,843,518,720 

Canada.... 

4,352,085 

3,204,381 


. 


7 

199,175,323 


CITIES OF THE WORLD HAVING A POPULATION OF 

300.000 AND OVER. 


London, England,!. 3,832,441 

Paris, France,. 1,988,806 

Canton, China,. 1,500,000 

New York,. 1,206,577 

Be v lin, Germany,. 1,122,385 

Siangtan, China,. 1,000,000 

Singan-fu, China,. 1,000,000 

Tschantschau-fu, China,. 1,000,000 

Tientsin, China,. 950,000 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,.. 847,170 

Tschingtu-fu, China,. 800,000 

Vienna, Austria,. 726,105 

Foochow, China,. 600,000 

Hankow, China,. 600,000 

Tsclnmgking-fu, China,. 600,000 

Bankok, India,. 600,000 

Bombay, India,. 644,405 

Calcutta, India,. 683,329 

Moscow, Russia,. 601,969 

St. Petersburg, Russia,. 667,963 

Constantinople, Turkey,. 600,000 


Brooklyn, New York,. 566,689 

Chicago, Illinois,... .\. 503,185 

Tokio, Japan,. 594,283 

Glasgow, Scotland,. 555,289 

Liverpool, England,. 552,425 

Birmingham, England,. 400,737 

Naples, Italy,. 450,804 

Baltimore, Maryland,. 332,313 

Boston, Massachusetts,. 369,832 

Cairo, Egypt,. 327,462 

Madras, India,. 397,552 

Budapesth, Austria,. 347,536 

Brussels, Belgium,. 391,393 

Lyons, France,. 342,815 

Marseilles, France,. 318,868 

Leeds, England,. 309,126 

Manchester, England,. 341,508 

Rome, Italy,. 303,383 

Amsterdam, Netlierland,. 308,948 

Warsaw, Russia,. 308,548 

Madrid, Spain,. 397,690 





































































































DISTANCE 


1 RUM PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


1U 


DISTANCES. 


GENERAL RAILROAD DISTANCES FROM THE PRINCIPAL 

CITIES. 


Adrian, Midi. 

Albany, N. Y. 

Alexandria, Ya. 

Algiers, La. 

Allegheny, Pa. 

Allentown, Pa. 

Alton, Ill. 

Annapolis, Md. 

Ann Arbor, Mich... 

Atchison, Kan. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Auburn, 1ST. Y. 

Augusta, Me. 

Augusta, Ga. 

Aurora, Ill. 

Akron, Ohio. 

Alliance, Ohio. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Bangor, Me. 

Bath, Me. 

Baton Kouge, La... 

Belfast, Me. 

Beliefontaine, Ohio. 
Binghamton, N. Y. 
Blackstone, Mass... 
Bloomington, Ill.... 

Boston, Mass. 

Bridgeport, Conn... 

Bristol, B. I. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Burlington, Iowa... 

Burlington, Yt. 

Cambridge, Mass... 
Canandaigua, -1ST. Y. 
Carson City, Nev... 
Chambersburg, Pa.. 

Charleston, S. C_ 

Charleston, Mass... 
Cattanooga, Tenn.. 

Chelsea, Mass. 

Chicago, Ill. 

Chillicotlie, Ohio... 
Cincinnati, Ohio.... 
Circleville, Ohio.... 
Cleveland, Ohio.... 


FROM NEW YORK CITY TO 


748 

142 

237 
1 503 
432 
92 
1,053 
226 
717 
1,360 
952 
317 
403 
837 
938 
610 
529 
188 
478 
380 
1,320 
424 
698 
215 
206 
984 
230 
56 
175 
423 
1,106 
304 


Columbia, S. C. 

Columbus, Ohio_ 

Corning, N. Y. 

Concord, N. II. 

Covington, Ky.._ 

Cumberland, Md... 

Danville, Pa. 

Davenport, Iowa... 

Dayton, Ohio. 

Dedham, Mass. 

Denver, Col. 

Des Moines, Iowa .. 

Detroit, Mich. 

Dover, N. II. 

Dubuque, Iowa. 

Dunkirk, N. Y. 

Easton, Pa. 

Elmira, N. Y. 

Erie, Pa. 

Evansville, Ind. 

Pall River, Mass.... 

Fitchburg, Mass_ 

Ft. Kearney, Neb... 

Ft. Wayne, Ind. 

Fredericksburg, Ya. 

Freeport , Ill. 

Galena, Ill. 

Galesburg, Ill. 

Galveston, Texas... 

Gettysburg, Pa. 

Hamilton, Ohio. 

Harrisburg, Pa. 


234 

365 

2,800 

234 

817 

231 

850 

234 

899 

679 

741 

714 

581 


Hartford, Conn. 
Indianapolis, Ind... 
Jackson, Miss ...*... 
Jefferson City, Mo.. 
Kalamazoo, Mich... 
Knoxville, Tenn.... 

Lafayette, Ind. 

Lansing, Mich. 

Lawrence, Mass_ 

Leavenworth, Kan. 

Lexington, Ky. 

Lexington, Mo. 

Little Rock, Ark... 


749 | 

Lockport, N. Y. 

428 

624 

Louisville, Ky. 

852 

291 

Lowell, Mass. 

256 

298 

Lynchburg, Ya. 

406 

745 

Lynn, Mass. 

241 

366 

Macon, Ga. 

1,055 

216 

Madison, Ind. 

841 

1,082 

Madison, Wis. 

1,037 

695 

Memphis, Tenn. 

1,159 

240 

Meriden, Conn. 

92 

1,980 

Milledgeville, Ga... 

990 

1,256 

Milwaukee, Wis.... 

953 

679 

Mobile, Ala. 

1,332 

298 

Montgomery, Ala... 

1,127 

1,087 

Montpelier, Yt. 

344 

460 

Nashua, N. II. 

263 

80 

Nashville, Tenn.,.. 

1,601 

274 

New Albany, Ind... 

853 

486 

New Bedford, Mass. 

201 

994 

Newburg, N. Y_ 

62 

180 

Newburyport, Mass. 

270 

230 

New Haven, Conn.. 

76 

1,598 

New Orleans, La ... 

1,502 

751 

Newport, Ky. 

744 

299 

Newport, It. I. 

162 

1,020 

Omaha, Neb. 

1,396 

1,070 

Oswego, N. Y . 

237 

1,0C3 

Pekin, Ill . 

1,005 

1,900 

Peoria, Ill . 

995 

228 

Petersburg, Ya . 

383 

730 

Pittsburg, Pa . 

431 

182 

Portland, Me. 

341 

110 

Providence, R. I. ... 

188 

812 

Philadelphia, Pa.... 

88 

1,319 

Quincy, Ill . 

1,162 

1,210 

Raleigh, N. C . 

537 

823 

Reading, Pa . 

128 

740 

Richmond, Ya . 

858 

876 

Rochester, N. Y _ 

371 

725 

Rock Island, Ill . 

1,081 

256 

Rome, N. Y. 

253 

1,393 

Roxbury, Mass . 

238 

844 

Sacramento, Cal. ... 

3,172 

1,554 

Saco, Me . 

330 

1,430 

Joseph, Mo. .., 

1,337 





























































































112 


DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


FROM 

St. Louis, Mo.1,098 

St. Paul, Minn. 1,390 

Salem, Mass. 255 

Salt Lake City, U’h. 2,465 
San Francisco, Cal.. 3,310 

Sandusky, Ohio. 673 

Savannah, Ga. 877 

Scranton, Pa. 147 

Springfield, Ill. 1,035 

Springfield, Mass... 138 


Albany N. Y. 201 

Annapolis, Md. 458 

Bangor, Me. 245 

Baltimore, Md. 422 

Concord, N. II. 73 

Columbia, S. C. 975 

Charleston, S. C_ 1,110 

Columbus, Ohio.... 872 
Cincinnati, Ohio.... 992 

Chicago, Ill. 1,020 

Dover, Del. 400 

Detroit, Mich. 736 

Des Moines, Iowa... 1,377 
Fitchburg, Mass.... 50 

Indianapolis. 1,060 

Jackson, Miss. 1,555 

Little Rock, Ark ... 1,666 

Anderson, Ind. 359 

Baltimore, Md. 334 

Boston, Mass. 674 

Cleveland, Ohio. 150 

Cairo, Ill. 716 

Dayton, Ohio. 264 

Decatur, Ill. 550 

Detroit, Mich. 328 

Jefferson City, Mo.. 778 

Kansas City, Mo.... 938 


NEW YORK CITY TO 
Springfield, Ohio... 

Staunton, Ya. 

Steubenville, Ohio. 
Stonington, Conn.. 

Syracuse, 1ST. Y_ 

Tallahassee, Fla... 

Taunton, Mass. 

Terre Haute, Ind.. 

Toledo, Ohio. 

Tonawanda, FT. Y. 

FROM BOSTON, MASS 

Lansing, Mich. 842 

Louisville, Ky. 1,120 

Lecomx>ton, Kas.... 1,654 

Lowell, Mass. 26 

Milwaukee, Wis.... 1,010 

Madison, Wis.1,158 

Montpelier, Yt. 204 

Milledgeville, Ga ... 1,192 
Montgomery, Ala... 1,421 

Mobile, Ala. 1,607 

Memphis, Tenn. 1,477 

New Haven, Conn.. 156 
New York, N. Y... 236 

New Orleans, La... 1,736 
Nashville, Tenn.... 1,252 
New Bedford, Mass. 55 
Newburyport, Mass. 36 


-(Continued.) 

712 
494 
474 
138 
290 
1,190 
197 
826 
694 
463 

TO 


Louisville, Ky. 450 

Lafayette, Ind. 445 

Logansport, Ind.... 390 

Madison, Wis. 606 

Mattoon, Ill. 524 

New York, N. Y... 431 

Newark, Ohio. 160 

Nashville, Tenn_ 638 

Odin, Ill. 588 

Quincy, Ill. 702 


Albany N. Y. 

Alliance, Ohio. 

Alton, Ill. 

Annapolis, Md. 

Atlanta, Ga. 

Boton Rouge, La... 
Beliefontame, Ohio. 
Bloomington, Ill.... 

Boston, Mass. 

Buffalo, N. Y. 

Burlington, Iowa... 


FROM PHILADELPHIA, 

240 Catawissa, Pa. 

437 Canandaigua, N. Y 

990 Cairo, Ill. 

134 Cedar Falls, Iowa . 

1,278 Carlisle, Pa. 

1,766 Cincinnati, Ohio... 

609 Chicago, Ill. 

949 Chattanooga, Tenn 
324 Cheyenne, W. T... 
442 Charleston, S. C... 
1,030 Corry, Pa. 


PA., 

145 

352 

1,053 

1,111 

126 

667 

823 

762 

1,838 

786 

410 


Troy, N. Y. 

148 

Utica, N. Y. 

238 

Yicksburg, Miss.... 

1,400 

Washington, D. C .. 

230 

Wheeling, W. Ya... 

541 

Wilmington, Del... 

118 

Wilmington, N. C.. 

606 

Worcester, Mass.... 

191 

Zanesville, Ohio.... 

610 

Omaha, Neb. 

1,511 

Portland, Me. 

107 

Raleigh, N. C. 

775 

Richmond, Ya. 

592 

Savannah, Ga. 

1,113 

St. Louis, Mo. 

1,334 

St. Paul, Minn. 

1,416 

Springfield, Ill. 

1,271 

Springfield, Mass... 

98 

Saco, Me. 

94 

Salem, Mass. 

16 

Taunton, Mass. 

33 

Wilmington, Del... 

352 

Washington, D. C.. 

462 

Wheeling, W. Ya... 

775 

Worcester, Mass_ 

44 

Richmond, Ind. 

313 

St. Louis, Mo. 

643 

Springfield, Ohio... 

287 

Springfield, Ill. 

588 

Terre Haute, Ind... 

447 

Toledo, Ohio. 

263 

Urbana, Ohio. 

240 

Washington, D. C. 

374 

Xenia, Ohio. 

248 

Zanesville, Ohio.... 

174 

'O 


Concord, N. II. 

397 

Columbia, S. C. 

651 

Clayton, Del. 

65. 

Columbus, Ohio.... 

548 

Cleveland, Ohio_ 

505 

Crestline, Ohio. 

544 

Dayton, Ohio. 

619 

Des Moines, Iowa .. 

1,180 

Detroit , Mich. 

683 

Decatur, Ill. 

936 

Dover, Del. 

76 



































































































DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


113 


/ 


i ROM PHILADELPHIA, pa., to (Continued.) 


Elmira, N. Y. 283 

Evansville, Ind. 911 

Forest, Ohio. 585 

Ft. Wayne, Ind. G75 

Gettysburg, Pa. 135 

Galena, Ill. 995 

Huntsville, Ala. .1,135 

Indianapolis, Ind... 736 

Joliet, Ill. 863 

Jackson, Miss. 1,461 

Kansas City, Mo.... 1,277 

Lansing, Mich. 728 

Louisville Ky. 776 

Lafayette, Ind. 784 

Leavenworth, Kan. 1,303 

Lebanon, Pa. 86 

Madison, Ind. 764 


Mattoon, Ill. 864 

Milwaukee, Wis.... 908 

Memphis, Tenn. 1,153 

Montpelier, Yt. 528 

Mobile, Ala. 1,501 

Nashville, Tenn.... 928 

FTew Haven, Conn.. 166 

New Orleans, La... 1,414 

Newark, Ohio. 514 

N iagara Falls, N. Y. 458 

Omaha, Neb. 1,320 

Oil City, Pa. 444 

Piqua, Ohio. 621 

Portland, Me. 398 

Pittsburgh, Pa. 355 

Quincy, Ill. 1,057 

Richmond, Ya. 268 


Richmond, Ind. 668 

Rock Island, Ill.... 1,005 
Sacramento, Cal.... 2,992 
Salt Lake City, Utah 

Territory,. 2,374 

Sandusky, Ohio. 566 

Scranton, Pa. 164 

Springfield, Ill. 946 

Springfield, Ohio.... 592 

St. Louis, Mo. 1,008 

St. Paul, Minn. 1,274 

Terre Haute, Ind... 809 

Toledo, Ohio. 618 

Washington, Hist, of 

Columbia. 138 

Wheeling, W. Ya.. 451 

Xenia, Ohio. 603 


Augusta, Me. 559 

Augusta, Ga. 696 

Atlanta, Ga. 867 

Albany, N. Y. 338 

Batan Rouge, La... 1,360 

Bangor, Me. 634 

Bloomington, Ill ... 782 

Bowling Green, Ky. 812 

Boston, Mass. 432 

Burlington, Yt. 499 

Buffalo, N. Y. 422 

Cambridge, Md. 187 

Cairo, Ill. 988 

Canandaigua, N. Y. 325 

Charleston, S. C_ 587 

Cleveland, Ohio. 483 

Chicago, Ill. 801 

Cincinnati, Ohio.... 591 

Columbus, Ohio.... 513 

Detroit, Mich. 666 

Denver, Col. 1,811 

Des Moines, Iowa... 1,173 

Elmira, N. Y. 256 

Frankfort, Ky. 719 

Fort Wayne, Ind... 707 

Frederick, Md. 61 

Hagerstown, Md_ 103 

Alliance, Ohio. 271 

Akron, Ohio. 246 

Athens, Ohio. 159 

Albany, N. Y. 738 

Altoona, Pa. 429 ; 

II 


FROM BALTIMORE, MD., 


Huntsville, Ala. 761 

Harrisburg, Pa. 85 

Hartford, Conn. 300 

Indianapolis, Ind... 701 

Lynchburg, Ya. 218 

Louisville, Ky. 698 

Little Rock, Ark... 1,057 
Los Angeles, Cal... 3,782 

La Crosse, Wis. 1,158 

Leavenworth, Kan. 1,240 
Montgomery, Ala... 999 

Montpelier, Yt.,_ 626 

Milledgeville, Ga... 770 

Milwaukee, Wis.... 886 

Macon, Ga. 790 

Mobile, Ala. 1,185 


Montreal, Canada.. 585 

New Haven, Conn.. 264 
New York, N. Y... 188 


New Orleans, La... 1,316 
Nashville, Tenn.... 830 

New Castle, Del.... 76 

Omaha, Neb. 1,292 

Pittsburg, Pa. 333 

Portland, Me. 496 

Providence, R. I_ 376 

Petersburg, Ya. 193 

FROM CINCINNATI, O., T( 

Annapolis, Md. 548 

Beliefontaine, Ohio. 117 

Boston, Mass. 870 

Burlington, Iowa... 447 

Baltimore, Md. 580 


Placerville, Cal. 3,066 

Pueblo, Col. 1,862 

Peoria, Ill. 822 

Pensacola, Fla. 1,157 

Portland, Oregon... 3,760 
Quebec, Canada.... 760 

Raleigh, N. C. 353 

Richmond, Ya. 170 

Rock Island, Ill_ 983 

Rochester, N. Y_ 354 

San Francisco, Cal.. 3,206 
Salt Lake City, Utah 2,332 


Savannah, Ga. 691 

Springfield, Mass... 326 

St. Joseph, Mo. 1,273 

Selma, Ala. 938 

Springfield, Ill. 933 

Sacramento, Cal.... 3,068 

Salem, Oregon. 3,709 

Sitka, Alaska. 4,740 

Topeka, Kan. 1,270 

Terre Haute, Ind... 779 

Tallahassee, Fla.... 1,061 

Warrenton, Ya. 87 

Washington, D. C.. 40 

Yankton, D. T. 1,374 

Zanesville, Ohio.... 458 


Bloomington, Ind.. 163 

Bloomington, Ill.... 307 

Buffalo, N. Y. 441 

Columbus, Ohio_ 120 

Chillicothe, Ohio... 99 




































































































114 


DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


FROM CINCINNATI, O.. 


258 j 
104 
183 
198 
. 94 | 
1,015 
399 
676 
918 
706 
629 
145 
267 
60 
401 
482 
300 
1,363 
353 
243 
118 
175 
540 


Harrisburg, Pa 

Helena, Ark. 

Indianapolis, Ind... 

Jackson, Miss. 

Jefferson City, Mo.. 
Jeffersonville, Ind.. 

Iventon, Ohio. 

Lafayette, Ind. 

Louisville, Ky. 

Lancaster, Ky. 

Little Rock, Ark... 
Lecompton, Kan ... 

Lima, Ohio. 

Logansport, Ind.... 

Lansing, Mich. 

Montpelier, Yt. 

Milledgeville, Ga... 

Mansfield, Ohio. 

Montgomery, Ala... 

Madison, Ind. 

Madison, Wis. 

Muscatine, Iowa.... 

Mitchell, Ind. 

Memphis, Tenn..... 
New Albany, Ind... 
New Orleans, La.... 
New York, N. Y... 

Newark, Ohio. 

Nashville, Tenn. 


to— (Continued.) 

561 
574 
115 
677 
465 
136 
142 
179 
107 
598 
667 
800 
131 
177 
318 
937 
764 
184 
756 
97 
431 
516 
127 
484 
110 
874 
744 
153 

OQO 


Cleveland, Ohio. 

Circleville, Ohio.... 

Crestline, Ohio. 

Clyde, Ohio. 

Columbus, Ind. 

Concord, N. II. 

Cairo, Ill. 

Columbia, S. C. 

Charleston, S. C_ 

Dover, Del. 

Des Moines, Iowa.. 

Delaware, Ohio. 

Detroit, Mich. 

Dayton, Ohio. 

Dunkirk, N. Y. 

Dunleitli, Ill. 

Decatur, Ill. 

Denver, Col. 

Erie, Pa. 

Evansville, Ind,.... 

Frankfort, Ky. 

Fremont, Ohio. 

Frederick, Md. 

Fort Wayne, Ind... 180 
Fort Kearney, Neb. 1,017 


Forest, Ohio.. 153 

Findlay, Ohio. 186 

Gabon, O. 177 

Grafton, Ohio. 233 

Albany, N. Y.1,128 

Annapolis, Md. 940 

Boston, Mass. 1,320 

Baltimore, Md. 959 

Brookfield, Md. 203 

Boonville, Mo. 232 

Concord, N. H. 1,392 

Columbia, S. C. 1,247 

Charleston, S. C_ 1,377 

Cincinnati, Ohio.... 340 

Chicago, Ill. 280 

Cairo, Ill. 200 

Dover, Del. 1,046 

Detroit, Mich. 564 

Davenport, Iowa... 344 

Denver, Col.1,000 

Des Moines, Iowa... 496 

Fort Kearney, Neb.. 1,090 

Hermann, Mo. 81 

Hannibal, Mo. 145 

Independence, Mo.. 272 


FROM ST. LOUIS, MO., TO 


Indianapolis, Ind... 262 

Jefferson City, Mo.. 125 

Jackson, Miss. 698 

Kansas City, Mo.... 282 

Lexington, Mo. 470 

Little Rock, Ark... 590 

Louisville, Ky. 302 

Lansing, Mich. 504 

Lafayette, Ind. 172 

Lecompton, Kan.... 347 

Leavenworth, Kan.. 309 

Mexico, Mo... 108 

Milwaukee, Wis.... 365 

Madison, Wis.. 418 

Montpelier, Yt. 1,557 

Milledgeville, Ga... 1,075 
Montgomery, Ala... 895 

Memphis, Tenn. 450 

New Haven, Conn.. 1,160 
New Orleans, La... 1,090 
New York, N. Y... 1,084 


Omaha, Neb. 741 

Odin, 111. 276 

Portland, Oregon... 2,100 

Portland, Me. 981 

Pittsburg, Pa. 313 

Peru, Ind. *176 

Richmond, Ya. 638 

Richmond, Ind. 70 

Raleigh, N. C. 1,250 

St. Louis, Mo. 340 

Springfield, Ohio ... 84 

Savannah, Ga. 874 

Sidney, Ohio. 100 

Sacramento, Cal.... 2,513 

Sandusky, Ohio. 215 

San Francisco, Cal. 2,655 

Seymour, Ind. 87 

Shelbyville, Ind.... 88 

Salt Lake City, Utah 1,810 

St. Paul, Minn. 786 

Springfield, Ill. 338 

Terre Haute, Ind... 187 

Toledo, Ohio. 202 

Urbana, Ohio.- 100 

Yincennes, Ind. 192 

Washington, D. C.. 620 

Wooster, Ohio. 220 

Wheeling, W. Ya... 251 

Wilmington, Del... 660 


Nashville, Tenn. 455 

Omaha, Neb. 800 

Pilot Knob, Mo.' 87 

Portland, Me. 1,492 

Pittsburg, Pa. 653 

Philadelphia, Pa.... 1,008 

Raleigh, N.C. 1,317 

Richmond, Ya. 1,008 

Syracuse, N. Y. 878 

St. Joseph, Mo. 305 

Springfield, Mo. 200 

Savannah, Ga.1,245 

Sacramento, Cal.... 1,950 
San Francisco, Cal.. 2,030 

St. Paul, Minn. 810 

Salt Lake City, Utah 

Territory. 1,500 

Washington, D. C.. 951 . 

Wilmington, Del... 999 

Wheeling, W. Ya... 590 

Weston, Mo. 310 






































































































DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES. 


115 










FROM INDIANAPOLIS, INI)., TO 


Annapolis, Md. 775 

Anderson, Ind. 36 

Albany,AT. Y.1,013 

Bloomington, Ind .. 81 

Burlington, Iowa... 308 

Bedford, Ind. 107 

Baltimore, Md. 743 

Boston, Mass. 1,055 

Columbus, Ind. 41 

Cruwfordsville, Ind. 70 

Concord, N. II. 1,167 

Charleston, S. C.!.. 890 

Columbus, Ohio.... 188 

Cincinnati, Ohio.... 115 

Chicago, Ill. 193 

Detroit, Mich. 290 

Denver, Col. 1,262 

Des Moines, Iowa... 547 

Dubuque, Iowa. 381 

Edinburg, Ind. 30 

Faribault, Minn.... 650 

Ft. Wayne, Indiana 131 

Franklin, Ind. 20 

Galena, Ill. 364 

Greencastle, Ind.... 20 

Iowa City, Iowa. 430 

Jeffersonville, Ind.. 108 

Jackson, Miss. 523 

.... X 

Altoona, Pa. 584 

Albany, N. Y. 817 

Annapolis, Md. 834 

Atlanta, Ga. 795 

Buffalo, N. Y. 542 

Baltimore, Md. 801 

Beliefontaine, Ohio. 273 

Boston, Mass.1,020 

Burlington, Iowa... 207 

Concord, N. II. 1,083 

Chattanooga, Tenn. 657 

Columbia, S. C. 837 

Charleston, S. C-1,103 

Columbus, Ohio.... 314 

Cincinnati, Ohio.... 293 

Cleveland, Ohio. 357 

Council Bluffs, Iowa 488 

Cresline, Ohio. 271 

Dayton, Ohio. 264 

Dubuque, Iowa. 188 

Dunkirk, N. Y. 500 

Dover, Del. 898 

Denver City, Col.... 1,113 


Little Bock, Ark... 543 

Lansing . Mich. 396 

Louisville, Ivy. 109 

Lecompton, Kan... 662 j 

Lafayette, Ind. 64 

Lawrenceburg, Ind. 95 

Logansport, Ind.... 91 

Leavenworth, Kan. 571 

Mobile, Ala. 543 

Milwaukee, Wis_ 297 

Madison, Wis. 350 

Milledgeville, Ga... 726 

Montgomery, Ala... 755 

Memphis, Tenn. 486 

Muncie, Ind. 56 

Michigan City, Ind. 156 

Montpelier, Vt. 1,313 

Madison, Ind. 86 


New Albany, Ind... 112 

New Orleans, La... 862 

New York, N. Y... 839 

New Haven, Conn.. 935 

Nashville, Tenn.... 293 

Ottumwa, Iowa.... 383 


Omaha, Neb. 604 

Philadelphia, Pa.... 736 

Pittsburg, Pa. 381 

Prairie du Chi’n,Wis 491 

FROM CHICAGO, ILL., TO 

Des Moines, Iowa... 357 

Erie, Pa. 452 

Evansville, Ind. 338 

Ft. Wayne, Ind. 148 

Ft. Kearney, Neb... 682 

Forest, Ohio. 238 

Grenada, Miss. 598 

Green Bay, Wis. 242 

Harrisburg, Pa. 716 

Hannibal, Mo. 329 

Hamilton, Ohio. 238 

Jackson, Miss. 708 

Kansas City, Mo.... 489 

Little Bock, Ark... 710 

La Crosse, Wis. 280 

Louisville, Ky. 297 

Lansing, Mich. 245 

Lyons, Iowa. 137 

Logansport, Ind.... 116 

Lexington, Ky. 391 

Madison, Ind.. 297 

Muscatine, Iowa.... 220 

Marquette, Mich ... 390 


Portland, Me. 1,208 

Peru, Ind. 75 

Princeton, Ind. 188 

Busliville, Ind. 45 

Biclimond, Va.1,013 

Bock Island, Ill. 375 

Salem, Ind. 143 

Seymour, Ind. 59 

St. Louis, Mo. 262 

San Francisco, Cal. 2,256 

St. Paul, Minn. 730 

Savannah, Ga. 790 

Springfield, Ill. 223 

Sandusky, Ohio. 213 

Salt Lake City, Utah 

Territory. . 1,762 

Sioux City, Iowa .. 735 

St. Joseph, Mo. 108 

Trenton, N. J. 796 

Thornton, Ind. 38 

Terre Haute, Ind... 73 

Urbana, Ill. 117 

Vincennes, Ind. 104 

Wilmington, Del... 811 

Wilmington, N. C.. 1,041 
Wheeling, W. Ya... 325 

W asliington, Dist. of 639 
Columbia. 


Montpelier, Yt. 1,242 

Montgomery, Ala... 870 

Mobile, Ala. 845 

Memphis, Tenn. 517 


New York, N. Y.... 899 

New Haven, Conn.. 975 

New Orleans, La... 891 

Nashville, Tenn.... 482 


Omaha, Neb. 497 

Peru, Ind. 132 

Philadelphia, Pa.... 823 

Portland, Me. 1,127 

Pittsburg, Pa. 468 

Bacine, Wis. 62 

Bochester, N. Y.... 590 

Bichmond, Ind. 223 

Baleigli, N. C.1,154 

Bichmond, Ya. 933 

Springfield, Ohio.... 299 

Sandusky, Ohio. 298 

Steubenville, Ohio.. 426 

St. Louis, Mo. 280 

Savannah, Ga. 1,088 









































































































DISTANCES FROM PRINCIPAL CITIES BY WATER. 


110 


San Francisco, Cal.. 

St. Paul, Minn. 

Terre Ilaute, Ind... 
Toledo, Ohio. 


from Chicago, ill., to— (Continued,. 


2,411 

491 

229 

243 


Urbana, Ohio. 267 

Vincennes, Ind. 287 

Vicksburg, Miss.... 753 

Wilmington, Del... 851 


Washington, D. C, 
Wheeling, W. Va... 

Xenia, Ohio. 

Zanesville, Ohio.... 


821 

451 

280 

372 


DISTANCES BY WATER 

FROM NEW ORLEANS, LA., TO 


Amsterdam, IIol... 4,720 

Baltimore, Md. 1,610 

Barbadoes, W. I.... 1,240 

Batavia, Java. 12,400 

Bermudas, W. I... 1,640 

Bordeaux, France. 4,605 

Boston, Mass. 2,000 

Botany Bay, Aus.. 12,630 
Bombay, India .... 10,810 
Buenos Ayres, S. A. 6,380 
Calcutta, India.... 12,700 

Canton, China.13,240 

Cape Horn, S. A... 7,380 
Cape of Good Hope 6,250 
Chagres, X. Gren’a 1,320 
Charleston, S. C... 1,300 

Columbia River.... 15,300 
Constantinople .... 6,435 

Copenhagen, Den.. 5,825 


Callao, Peru 

via. Panama. 3,100 

Dublin, Ireland.... 5,840 

Gibralter, Spain... 4,700 

Galveston, Texas.. 444 

Halifax, X. S. 2,650 

Hamburg, Ger. 5,520 

Havana, Cuba. 625 

Havre, France,.... 5,475 

Kingston, Jamaica. 1,025 
Lima, Peru.10,765 


Lisbon, Portugal.. 4,575 
London, England.. 5,115 
Liverpool, England 4,750 
Madras, British I’a 11,276 

Malta. 5,720 

Manila, Philip’e Is 13,120 
Melbourne, Aust’a. 10,138 
Xew York, X. Y.. 1,785 


Xaples, Italy. 5,725 

Panama, Xew Gr’a 1,370 

Pekin, China.14,775 

Philadelphia, Pa... 1,745 

Pernambuco, Bra’l 3,925 
Quebec, Canada... 3,450 

Rio Janerio, Braz’l 5,150 
Sandwich Islands 
(via. Panama.) .. 6,380 

St. Petersburg, R’a 6,500 
Singapore, China.. 11,850 
Smyrna, Asia Mi’r 6,400 
Stockholm, Sw’n .. 6,525 

Tahiti, S. 1. 11,475 

Triest, Austria.... 6,525 
Valparaiso, Chili.. 9,000 

Vera Cruz, Mexico 820 
Victoria, Australia 12,875 
Washington, D. C. 1,860 


Alexandria, Egypt. 5,075 
Archangel, Mich .. 4,320 

Aspinwall, C. A. 

via. Havana. 2,338 

Amsterdam, Hol’d 3,510 
Azores, Western Is 2,240 
Belfast, Ireland ... 2,895 
Belize, Honduras.. 1,790 

Baltimore, Md. 460 

Boston, Mass., C. C 390 
Bremen, Germany. 3,575 
Bordeaux, France. 3,310 
Bristol, England... 3,100 
Brussels, Belgium. 3,420 
Buenos Ayres, S, A 6,120 
Botany Bay, Aus’a 13,294 

Batavia, Java. 13,066 

Bombay, India .... 11,574 
Bermudas, W. I.... 660 

Copenhagen, Den’k 3,640 
Calcutta, India (P.) 13,400 


Callao, Peru. 3,500 

Canton, China.10,600 


Chagres, Xew Gr’a 2,328 


r ROM NEW YORK CITY, TC 

Charlestown, Mass 638 
Cherbourg, France 3,125 
Columbia River.... 15,965 
Constantinople, T.. 5,140 
Coatzacoalcos R. M 2,045 
Dublin, Ireland.... 3,225 
Edinburgh, Scotl’d 2,960 
Galway, Ireland... 3,000 
Gibraltar, Spain... 3,300 
Glasgow, Scotland. 2,926 
Guayaquil, Ec. (P.) 2,800 
Halifax, Xova Sc’a 555 

Havana, Cuba. 1,280 

Hamburg, Germa’y 3,775 

Havre, France. 3,148 

Hong Kong, China 6,488 
Kingston, Jamaica 1,635 

Lima, Peru.11,310 

Lisbon, Portugal.. 3,175 
Liverpool, England 3,023 
London, England.. 3,225 

Malta,.:.. 4,325 

Mazatlan, Mexico.. 4,000 
Melbourne, Aust’a. 11,165 


Mobile, Ala. 

1,780 

Madras, India. 

11,850 

Xew Orleans, La.. 

1,785 

Xorfolk, Va. 

300 

Xaples, Italy. 

4,330 

Panama, X. G. (via 


Isthmus.). 

2,377 

Paris, France. 

3,700 

Pensacola, Fla. 

1,750 

Philadelphia, Pa... 

265 

Quebec, Canada... 

1,400 

Rio Janeiro, Brazil 

5,920 

St. Petersburg, R’a 

4,420 

Singapore, China.. 

12,710 

Smyrna, Turkey... 

5,000 

San Francisco, Cal 

5,249 

San Francisco (by 


Cape Horn). 

18,850 

Savannah, Ga. 

716 

Stockholm, Sweden 

4,050 

St. John’s X. B.... 

800 

Sandwich Islands.. 

7,157 

Washington, D. C. 

400 

Yokohama, Japan. 

7,520 
















































Weights and Measures. 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES of all kinds, which are also reduced to 
to their equivalents. 

EIELD AND LOT measurement. 

METRIC SYSTEM of Weights and Measures, which are also converted 
into English weights and measures. 

RAILROAD charges ot freights by weight. 

GRAIN AND HAY measurement, and legal weights of bushels. 

CAPACITY of boxes, cisterns, and bins, with various rules for the 
measurement of other capacities and areas. 

MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS, such as stone work, brick, plas¬ 
tering, painting, glazing, and roofing. 

LUMBER measurements, including plank, cubic, logs, boards, timber 
and scantling, and round reduced to square timber. 

MISCELLANEOUS. —Footprints in the sands of time; Origin of the 
names of the months; Expectations of life; Value of different woods 
for fuel; Differences of time; Sizes of oceans, seas, lakes, mountains, 
monuments and rivers. 

A CALENDAR for two hundred years. 

MEDICAL. —Signs used by physicians in writ, g recipes; terms used 
to express the properties of medicine^; Nutriment in food. 




I • 



















































































WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 


TROY. 

24 grains .1 pennyweight. 

20 pennyweights.1 ounce. 

12 ounces.1 pound. 


lb. 

1 


Equivalents. 

oz. pwt. 

12 - 240 

1 20 

1 


gr. 

5760 

480 

24 


APOTHECARIES. 

20 grains.1 scruple. 

3 scruples.1 dram. 

8 drams.1 ounce. 

12 ounces.1 pound. 


Equivalents. 

lb. oz. dr. 

1 - 12 - 96 - 

1 - 8 - 

1 - 

AVOIRDUPOIS. 


sc. 

288 

24 

3 

1 


gr. 

5760 

480 

60 

20 


16 drams.1 ounce. 

16 ounces.1 pound. 

25 pounds.1 quarter. 

4 quarters.1 hundred weight. 

20 hundred weight.. .1 ton. 

Equivalents. 

lbs. oz. dr. 
100 - 32000-512000 


t. 

1 


cwt. 
- 20 

1 


qr. 

80 - 
4 - 

l - 


100 - 1600- 25600 

25- 400- 6400 

1- 16- 256 

1- 16 

DRY. 

2 pints..1 quart. 

8 quarts...1 peck. 

4 pecks.1 bushel. 

36 bushels.1 chaldron. 


WINE OR LIQUOh. 

4 gills.1 pint. 

2 pints.1 quart. 

4 quarts.1 gallon. 

314 gallons.1 barrel. 

2 barrels.1 hogshead. 

Equivalents. 


hhd. 

1 


bbl. 

o 

jU 

1 


gal. 


qt. 

- 63 - 252 - 

- 314- 126 - 

1 - 4 - 

1 - 


gi- 


32 

8 

4 


pt 

504 - 2016 
252 - 1008 
8 - 
2 - 
1 - 

CLOTH. 

24 inches.1 nail. 

4 nails.1 quarter. 

4 quarters.1 yard. 

5 quarters.1 ellenglish. 

Equivalents. 

yd. 

i 


na. 


in. 


qr. 

4 - 16 - 36 

1 4-9 

1 - 24 

LONG. 

12 inches.1 foot. 

3 feet.1 yard. 

54 yards.1 rod. 

40 rods.1 furlong. 

8 furlongs.1 mile. 

Equivilents. 


mi. 

1 - 


fur. 

8 

1 


rd. yd. ft. in. 
320 - 1760 -5280 -63360 
40 - 220 - 660 - 7920 


1 - 


54- 

1 - 


164- 
3 - 

1 - 


198 

36 

12 




Equivalents. 



< 

a. r. sq. rd. 

JLj'J' Lvh l/vvut / H/O • 

sq. yd. sq. ft. 

sq. in. 

ch. 

bu. 

pk. 

qt. 

pt. 

1 - 4 - 160 

- 4840 - 

43560 - 

6272640 

1 

36 

- 144 - 

1152 - 

2304 

1 - 40 

- 1210 - 

10890 - 

1568160 


1 

4 - 

32 - 

64 

1 

- 304 - 

97 oi _ 

39204 



1 - 

8 - 

16 


1 - 

9 - 

1296 




1 - 

2 


> 

1 - 

, 144 


SQUARE. 

144 square inches.1 square foot. 

9 square feet.1 square yard. 

304square yards.1 square rod. 

40 square rods.1 square rood. 

4 square roods.1 square acre. 

640 square acres.1 square mile. 


( 119 ) 










































120 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 


TAPER COUNT. 


24 sheets. 

.1 quire. 

240 sheets. 

.1 token. 

10 quires. 

.1 token. 

20 quires. 

.1 ream. 

2 reams. 


5 bundles. 

.1 bale. 


MARINER’S MEASURE. 

6 feet.1 fathom. 

120 fathoms.1 cable length. 

51 feet (nearly).1 knot of log line 

1 geographical mile..lknotof dis.atsea 

SURVEYOR’S LONG MEASURE. 

7.92 inches.1 link. 

25 links.1 rod or pole. 

4 rods or 66 feet_1 chain. 

80 chains.1 mile. 

Equivalents. 


mi. ch. 

rd. 

1 . 

in. 

1 - 80 - 

320 - 

8000 

- 63360 

1 - 

4 - 

100 

792 


1 - 

25 

198 


1 - 7.92 

SURVEYOR’S SQUARE MEASURE. 

625 square links.1 pole. 

16 poles.1 square chain. 

10 square chains.1 acre. 

640 acres.1 square mile. 

36 square miles.1 township. 

Equivalents. 

t. sm. a. sq. ch. p. sq. 1. 


1-36-23040-230040 - 3686400 - 2304000000 


1- 640- 

6400- 

102400 - 

64000000 

1- 

10- 

160 - 

10000 


1 - 

16 - 

1000 



1 - 

625 


CUBIC. 

1728 cubic inches.1 cubic foot. 

27 cubic feet.1 cubic yard. 

128 cubic feet.1 cord wood. 

40 cubic feet.1 ton, shipping. 

LONGITUDE AND TIME. 

For a difference of There is a difference of 

1 deg. in long.4 min. in time. 

1 min. in long.4 sec. in time. 

1 sec. in long.1-15 sec. in time. 

1 hour in time.15 deg. in long. 

1 min in time.15 min. in long. 

1 sec. in time.15 sec. in long. 

OLD ENGLISH LONG MEASURE. 


3 

barleycorns 1 inch. 

4 

inches.... 

. .1 hand. 

6 

feet. 

. .1 fathom. 

1-15 

stat. miles 

.. 1 geographic mile. 

3 

geogr. miles-1 league. 

60 

694 

geogr. miles. > 

stat. miles ( 1 de S ree ‘ 

360 

degrees... 

.. .circum. of earth. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 

12 

dozen. 

.1 gross. 

12 

gross. 

,1 great-gross. 

20 

things. 

.1 score. 

112 

pounds_ 

.1 quintal of fish. 

196 

pounds_ 

. 1 barrel of flour. 

200 

pounds.... 

.1 barrel of pork. 

56 

pounds_ 

.1 firkin of butter. 

14 

pounds.... 

•1 stone of iron. 

214 

pounds.... 

.1 pig. 

2 

weys328 tbs.l sack of wool. 

12 

sacks 39cwt.l last. 

3 

inches. 

.1 palm. 

4 

inches. 

.1 hand. 

9 

inches. 

.1 span. 

18 

inches. 

. 1 cubit. 


CONTENTS OF FIELDS AND LOTS. 


The following table will assist farmers in making an accurate estimate of the 
amount of land in different fields under cultivation: 


10 rods x 16 rods, 1 acre. 

8 rods x 20 rods, 1 acre. 

5 rods x 30 rods, 1 acre. 

4 rods x 40 rods, 1 acre. 

5 yards x 968 yards, 1 acre. 
10 yards x 484 yards, 1 acre. 
20. yards x 242 yards, 1 acre. 
40 yards x 121 yards, 1 acre. 
80 yards x 604 yards, 1 acre. 
70 yards x 694 yards, 1 acre. 


220 

feet 

X 

198 

feet, 

1 acre. 

440 

feet 

X 

90 

feet, 

1 acre. 

110 

feet 

X 

3 9 

feet, 

1 acre. 

60 

feet 

X 

726 

feet, 

1 acre. 

120 

feet 

X 

363 

feet, 

1 acre. 

240 

feet 

X 

1814 feet 

, 1 acre. 

200 

feet 

X 

108 

9-10i 

feet, 4 acre. 

100 

feet 

X 

145 

2-101 

feet, 4 acre. 

100 

feet 

X 

108 

9-10 

feet, 4 acre. 















































METRIC SYSTEM. 


121 


METRICAL SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 

The Metrical System is based upon the length of the fourth part of a terrestrial 
meridian. The ten-millionth part of this arc was chosen as the unit of measures 
of length, and called a Metre. The cube of the tenth part of the metre was 
adopted as the unit of capacity, and denominated a Litre. The weight of a litre 
of distilled water at its greatest density was called a Kilogramme , of which the 
thousandth part, or Gramme , was adopted as the unit of weight. The multiples of 
these proceeding in decimal progression are distinguished by the employment of 
the prefixes cZeca, liecto , fciZo, and myria , from the Greek, and the subdivision by 
(Zed, centi, and milli , from the Latin:— 


MEASURES OF LENGTH (UNIT METRE). 


Equal to 

Inches. 

Feet. 

Yards. 

Miles. 

Millimetre. 

. 0*03937 

0*003281 

0*0010936 

0*0000006 

Centimetre. 

. 0*39371 

0.032809 

0*0109363 

0*0000062 

Decimetre. 

. 3*93708 

0*328090 

0*1093633 

0*0000621 

Metre. 

. 39*37079 

3*280899 

1*0936331 

0*0006214 

Decametre. 

. 393*70790 

32*808992 

10*9363306 

0*0062138 

Hectometre. 

. 3937*07900 

328*089917 

109*3630556 

0*0621382 

Kilometre. 

. 39370*79000 

3280*899167 

1093*6330556 

0.6213824 

Myriametre. 

.393707*90000 

32808*991667 

10936*3305556 

6*2138242 

Cubic, or 

Measures of Capacity (unit Litre). 

* 

Equal to 

Cubic Inches. 

Pints. 

Gallons. 

Bushels. 

Millilitre, or cubic centimetre 0*06103 

0*00176 

0*0002201 

0*0000275 

Centilitre, 10 cubic do... 

0*61027 

0*01761 

0*0022010 

0*0002751 

Decilitre, 100 cubic do... 

6*10271 

0*17608 

0*0220097 

0*0027512 

Litre, or Cubic Decimetre. 6L02705 

1*76077 

0*2200967 

0*0275121 

Decalitre or Centistere.. 

.... 610*27052 

17*60773 

2*2009668 

0*2751208 

Hectolitre, or Decistere. 

.... 6102*70515 

176*07734 

22*0096677 

2*7512085 

Kilolitre,orStere,orcub.met. 61027*05152 

1760*97341 

220*0966767 

27*5120846 

Myrialitre, or Decastre., 

.610270*51519 1 

7607*73414 2200*9667675 ‘ 

275*1208459 

Measures of Weight (unit Gramme). 


Equal to 

Grains. Troy Oz. Avoirdupois lb. Tons-20cwt. 

Milligramme. 

0*01543 

0*000032 

0*0000022 

0*0000000 

Centigramme. 

0*15432 

0*000322 

0*0000220 

0*0000000 

Decigramme. 

1*54323 

0*003215 

0*0002205 

0*0000001 

Gramme. 

15*43235 

0*032151 

0*0022046 

0*0000010 

Decagramme. 

154*32349 

0*321507 

0*0220462 

0*0000098 

Hectogramme. 

1543*23488 

3*215073 

0*2204621 

0*0000984 

Kilogramme. 

15432*34880 32*150727 

2*2046213 

0*0009842 

Myriagramme. 

154323*48800 321*507267 

22*0462126 

0*0098421 

Square, 

or Measures of 

Surface (unit Are). 


Equal to 

Sq. Feet. 

Sq. Yards. 

Sq. Roods. 

Sq. Acres. 

Centiare, or square metres .. 10*764299 

1*196033 0*000988^ 

0*0002471 

Are, or 100 square metres .. 1076*429934 

1*19603326 0*0988457 

0*0247114 

Hectare, or 10,000 sq. metres 107642*993419 

11960*332602 9*8845724 

2*4718431 























122 


« 


METRIC SYSTEM. 


TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF METRIC WEIGHTS AND 

MEASURES INTO ENGLISH. 


Metres into 

Kilometr 

es to 

Litres into gal. 

Hectoliti 

•\s into 

Kilog 

ams into 

Hectares into 


yards. 

miles 

& 

fards. 

and quarts. 

qts. 

and 

pints. 

cwts 

. qrs 

lbs 

.oz. 

acres. 

r. 

p- 

1 

1.094 

1 

0 

1094 

1 

0 

0.880 

1 

0 

2.751 

1 

0 

0 

9 

Jmd 

34 

1 

9 

jU 

1 

35 

9 

2.187 

2 

1 

427 

9 

JmJ 

0 

1.761 

o 

JmJ 

0 

5.502 

9 

0 

0 

4 

64 

2 

4 

3 

31 

3 

3.281 

3 

1 

1521 

Q 

O 

0 

2.641 

3 

1 

0.254 

3 

0 

0 

6 

9f 

3 

/ 

1 

20 

4 

4.374 

4 

9 

lj 

855 

4 

0 

3.521 

4 

1 

3.005 

4 

0 

(1 

8 

13 

4 

9 

3 

99 

5 

5.468 

5 

3 

188 

5 

0 

0.402 

5 

1 

5.756 

5 

0 

1) 

11 

0i 

5 

12 

1 

17 

0 

6.562 

6 

3 

1282 

6 

1 

1.282 

6 

9 

0.507 

6 

0 

0 

13 

34 

6 

14 

3 

12 

7 

7.655 

7 

4 

615 

7 

1 

2.163 

( 

2 

3.258 

7 

0 

0 

15 

i 

7 

17 

1 

8 

8 

8.749 

8 

4 

1709 

8 

1 

3.043 

8 

9 

6.010 

8 

0 

0 

17 

104 

8 

19 

3 

3 

9 

9.843 

9 

5 

1043 

9 

1 

3.923 

9 

3 

0.761 

9 

0 

0 

19 

134 

9 

22 

0 

38 

10 

10.936 

10 

6 

376 

10 

9 

— 

0.804 

10 

3 

3.512 

10 

0 

0 

99 

LjLj 

Of 

10 

24 

9 

34 

20 

21.873 

20 

12 

753 

20 

4 

1.608 

20 

6 

7.024 

20 

0 

1 

16 

14 

20 

49 

1 

28 

30 

32.809 

30 

18 

1129 

30 

6 

2.412 

30 

10 

2.536 

30 

0 

9 

10 

24 

30 

74 

0 

21 

40 

43.745 

40 

24 

1805 

40 

8 

3.215 

40 

13 

6.048 

40 

II 

3 

4 

3 

40 

98 

3 

15 

50 

54.682 

50 

31 

122 

50 

11 

0.019 

50 

17 

1.560 

50 

II 

3 

26 

3f 

50 

123 

9 

0 

00 

65,618 

60 

37 

498 

60 

13 

0.823 

60 

20 

5.072 

60 

1 

0 

20 

44 

60 

148 

1 

3 

70 

76.554 

70 

43 

874 

70 

15 

1.627 

70 

24 

0.585 

70 

1 

1 

14 

54 

70 

172 

3 

37 

80 

87.491 

80 

49 

1251 

80 

17 

2.431 

80 

27 

4.097 

80 

1 

9 

Li 

8 

6 

80 

197 

9 

38 

90 

98.427 

90 

55 

1627 

90 

19 

3.235 

90 

30 

7,609 

90 

1 

3 

2 

64 

90 

222 

1 

24 

100 

109.363 

100 

62 

243 

100 

22 

0.039 

100 

34 

3.121 

100 

1 

3 

24 

i 

100 

247 

0 

18 

200 

218.727 

200 

124 

487 

200 

44 

0.077 

200 

68 

6.242 

200 

3 

3 

20 

15 

200 

494 

0 

37 

300 

328.090 

300 

186 

730 

300 

66 

0.116 

300103 

1.362 

300 

5 

3 

17 

6 

300 

741 

1 

15 

400 

437.453 

400 

248 

973 

400 

88 

0.155 

400137 

4.483 

400 

7 

3 

13 

14 

400 

988 

1 

33 

500 

546.816 

500 

310 

1217 

500 

110 

0.193 

500 

171 

7.604 

500 

9 

3 

10 

5 

5001235 

9 

** 

11 


RAILROAD FREIGHT CHARGES. 


TABLE OF GROSS WEIGHTS. 

The articles named are billed at actual weights, if possible, but usually at the 
weights in the table below, when it is not convenient to w.eigh them: 


Ale and beer,.320 per barrel. 

Ale and beer,.170 per 4 “ 

Ale and beer,.100 per 4 “ 

Beef,.320 per barrel. 

Bran,. 20 per bushel. 

Brooms,. 40 per dozen. 

Cider,.350 per barrel. 

Eggs,..'.200 per barrel. 

Eish,.300 per barrel. 

Lime,.200 per barrel. 


Flour,.200 per barrel. 

Highwines,.350 per barrel. 

Millet,. 45 per bushel. 

Kails,.108 per keg. 

Oil,.400 per barrel. 

Pork,.320 per barrel. 

Salt,.200 per sack. 

Vinegar,.350 per barrel. 

Whisky,.350 per barrel. 

One ton weight is 2,000 lbs. 


MEASUREMENT OF GRAIN AND HAY. 

Grain is usually measured in the United States by the bushel. The standard 
bushel is 2150.42 cubic inches. Since a cubic foot is 1728 cubic inches, a cubic 
foot is nearly .8 of a bushel; hence the 

Rule.—T o find the contents of any quantity of grain in bushels, find the con¬ 
tents in cubic feet, and multiply by .8. 

For the same reason any number of bushels increased by one-quarter the 
number will equal the number of cubic feet. 

Heaped measure is regarded as containing one-quarter more than stricken or 
even measure. 


v 













































WEIGHT OF BUSHELS. 


123 


THE LEGAL WEIGHT OF BUSHELS. 


STATES. 

c* 5 Wheat. 

Qj 

h-i 

ft 

xA 

-M 

o 

ft 

Qx 

rH 

Cw 

ft 

ft 

c? Buckwheat. 

5^ Corn, Indian. 

o 

Q 

o 

£ 

° 

ft1 

c 

CJ 

ft 

AH 

1—1 

C' 

rH 

O 

O 

73 

<d 

Hi 

ft 

c* Potatoes, Irish. 

ft 

<d 

o> 

£ 

r Jl 

r- 

zn 
<d 
o 
-+—> 
c3 
-t- 

o 

r\ 

hH 

ft 

c? Onions. 

c* Turnips. 

xA 

c5 

a; 

ft 

ft 

a* Peas. 

££ Apples,Peaches,Prs 

XA 
O' 

< 

o 

r—t 

H 

ft 

ei 

05 

73 

c3 

CD 

r\ 

1—1 

.O 

ft 

ft 

i— 1 

o 

CL) 

<Jl 

X 

ft 

ft 

& Hemp Seed. 

c? Timothy. 

& Blue Grass. 

Clover. 

California. ... 

60 

54 

32 

50 40 

52 

















Colorado. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 

70 

50 

GO 


57 


CO 






44 

55 

14 

60 

Connecticut . .. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

48 

56 


50 

60 


50 

50 

CO 

CO 









Delaware. 

60 





56 


48 















Dist. of Col ... 

60 

56 

32 



56 


48 

GO 














Georgia. 

60 

56 

32 

47 

52 

56 

70 

48 

60 

55 

57 

55 

60 

CO 


24 

33 

56 

44 

4 5 

1-1 

CO 

Illinois. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 

70 

48 

60 

55 

57 

55 

CO 



24 

33 

56 

44 

45 

14 

60 

Indiana. 

60 

56 


48 

50 

56 

68 

50 

60 


48 

. , 

CO 



25 

O r> 

GO 


44 

45 

14 

60 

1 owa. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56, 

70 


60 

46 

57 


CO 


48 

24 

33 

56 

44 

45 

14 

60 

Kansas. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

50 

56 

70 

50 

60 

57 

50 

55 

60 



24 

33 

54 

44 

45 

14 

60 

Kentucky. 

60 

56 

32 

47 

55 

55 

70 

50 

60 

55 

57 

CO 

CO 

CO 

, . 

24 

39 

56 

44 

45 

14 

60 

Louisiana. 

60 

32 

32 

32 


50 

















Maine. 

60 

50 

30 

48 

48 

56 


50 

60 


52 

50 

64 

60 

44 








Maryland. 

60 

56 

32 

47 

48 

56 

70 

48 


56 

56 


CO 


40 





45 

14 

64 

Massachusetts. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

48 

56 


50 

60 

56 

52 












Michigan. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

48 

56 

70 

50 

60 

56 

54 

58 

CO 

60 

48 

22 

28 

56 

44 

45 

14 

60 

Minnesota. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

42 

56 



60 







28 

28 





60 

Missouri . 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 



60 


57 


CO 


48 

24 

33 

56 

44 

45 

14 

60 

Nebraska . 

60 

56 

34 

48 

52 

56 

70 

50 

60 

50 

57 

55 

60 

60 

, . 

24 

33 

56 

44 

45 

14 

60 

New Hampshir 

60 

56 

32 



56 


50 

60 




60 

60 









New Jersey. 

60 

56 

30 

48 

50 

56 



60 

54 

57 


CO 

60 

50 

25 

33 

55 




64 

New York 

60 

56 

32 

48 

48 

56 



60 




62 

60 




55 


44 


60 

Ohio. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

50 

56 

70 


60 

50 

50 


60 

60 


22 

33 

56 

44 

45 


60 

( Ireemn. 

60 

56 

36 

46 

42 

56 



60 





60 

45 

28 

28 





60 

Pennsylvania.. 

60 

56 

30 

47 

48 

56 


, # 

56 













62 

Rhode Island 

60 

56 

32 

48 


56 


50 

60 


50 












Vermont 

60 

56 

32 

48 

46 

56 



60 


52 

60 

60 

60 

46 







60 

Virginia . 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 

To 

50 

60 

56 

57 

55 

60 

60 

40 

28 

32 

56 

44 

45 

14 

60 

V ast Virginia, 

60 

56 

32 

48 

52 

56 



60 




60 



25 

33 

56 


45 


60 

Wisconsin. 

60 

56 

32 

48 

50 

56 

70 


60 

. . 50 

42 

CO 

• • 

57 

28 

28 

56 


45 


60 


Salt— Colorado, 80; Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, 
Nebraska, Virginia, 50; Massachusetts, 70 ; Michigan, 50; Penn., 85-G2. 
Coal— Bituminous —Colorado, Michigan, Missouri, Virginia, 80; Indiana, 
Ohio, 70-80; Maryland, C0-80. 

Coal — Anthracite —Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Virginia, 80; 
Kentucky, 76. 

Lime — Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Virginia, 80; 
Kentucky, 35; Michigan, Ohio, 70. 


CAPACITY OF BOXES. 

The standard bushel (the Winchester) contains 2150.42 cubic inches. 

WJien heaped, the cone must not be less than six inches high, the contents 
then will be 2747.715 cubic inches. 

The following are inside measurement. In measuring grain it should be scraped 
off level with the top of the box. For vegetables , they must be heap measure: 






















































































































124 


RULES FOR MEASUREMENTS. 


A box 22 inches by 13 inches, and 24 inches deep, will contain a barrel of 
2+ heaped bushels. 

A box 23 inches by 15 inches, and 24 inches deep, will contain a barrel of 3 
heaped bushels. 

A box 22 inches by 124 inches, and 8 inches deep, will hold a bushel. 

A box 12 inches by 114 inches, and 8 inches deep, will hold a half bushel. 

A box 10 inches square, and 104 inches deep, will contain a half bushel. 

A box 8 inches square, and 8 7-16tlis inches deep, will contain a peck. 

A box 64 inches square, and 6f inches deep, will contain a half peck. 

A box 4 inches square, and 44 inches deep, will contain a quart. 

The standard gallon measures 231 cubic inches at the temperature of the 
maximum density of distilled water, 39°, the barometer at 30 inches. 

A box 8 inches square, and 3f inches deep, will contain a gallon. 

A box 5 inches square, and 4f inches deep, will contain a half gallon. 

A box 4 inches square, and 3f inches deep, will contain a quart. 

A box 3 inches square, and 34 inches deep, will contain a pint. 


MEASUREMENTS OF CAPACITY AND PRACTICAL RULES 

FOR VARIOUS CALCULATIONS. 

GAUGING AND ULLAGE. 

t » • • • .* 

RULES FOR FINDING THE CAPACITY IN GALLONS OR BUSHELS OF DIFFERENT 

SHAPED CISTERNS, BINS, CASKS, ETC. 

1. When the vessel is rectangular. —Multiply the interior length, breadth and 
depth in feet together, and the product by the capacity of a cubic foot, in gallons 
or bushels, as desired for its capacity. 

2. When the vessel is cylindrical. —Multiply the square of its interior diameter 
in feet by its interior depth in feet, and the product by the capacityof a cylindrical 
foot, in gallons or bushels, as desired for its capacity, 

3. When the vessel is a rhombus or a rhomboid. —Multiply its interior length in 
feet, its right angular breadth in feet, and its depth in feet together, and the 
product by the capacity of a cubic foot in the special measure desired for its 
capacity. 

4. When the vessel is a frustum of a cone (a round vessel larger at one end than the 
•other? whose bases are planes).—Multiply the interior diameter of the two ends 
together in feet, add one-third to the square of their difference in feet to the 
product, multiply the sum by the perpendicular depth of the vessel in feet, and that 
product by the capacity of a cylindrical foot in the unit of measure desired for its 
capacity. 

5. When the vessel is a prismoid or the frustum of any regular pyramid. —To the 
square root of the product of the areas of its ends in feet add the areas of its 
ends in feet, multiply the sum by one-third its perpendicular depth in feet, and 
that product by the capacityof a cubic foot, in gallons or bushels, as desired for 
its capacity. 

If it is found more convenient to take the dimensions in inches, do so ; proceed 
as directed for feet, divide the product by 1728, and multiply the quotient by the 
capacity of the respective foot, as directed. Or, multiply the capacity in inches 
by the capacity of the respective inch in gallons or bushels; by the quotient 
obtained by dividing the capacity of the respective foot in gallons or bushels by 
1728 —for the contents. 

6. When the vessel is a barrel, hogshead, pipe, etc. —Multiply the difference in 
inches between the bung diameter and head diameter (interior), if the staves be 



ULLAGE. 


126 


much curved, by .7 ; medium curved, by .65; straighter than medium, by .6 ; nearly 
straight, by .55, and add the product to the head diameter, taken in inches; then 
multiply the square of the sum by the lengths of the cask in inches, and divide the 
product by the capacity in cylindrical inches of a gallon or bushel, as desired for 
the contents. Or, divide the contents in cylindrical inches, as above found, by 
1728, and multiply the quotient by the capacity of a cylindrical foot, in gallons or 
bushels, as desired for its contents. Or, multiply the capacity in cylindrical inches 
by the capacity of a cylindrical inch, in gallons or bushels, as desired—that is, by 
the quotient obtained by dividing the capacity of a cylindrical foot in gallons or 
bushels by 1728 for the contents. 


CUBIC FOOT. 

7.4805 Winchester wine gallons. 
6.1276 Ale gallons. 

6.2321 Imperial gallons. 

.80356 Winchester bushel. 

.62888 Winchester heaped bushel. 
.64285 Winchester 14 even bushel. 
.779 Imperial even bushel. 


CYLINDRICAL FOOT. 

5.8751 Winchester wine gallons. 
4.8126 Ale gallons. 

4.8947 Imperial gallons. 

.63111 Winchester bushel. 

.49391 Winchester heaped bushel. 
.50489 Winchester 14 even bushel. 
.61183 Imperial bushel. 


TO CALCULATE TIIE CONTENTS OF A CASK FROM FOUR DIMENSIONS. 

To the square of the bung diameter add the square of the dead diameter, and 
the square of double the diameter midway between the bung and head, and 
multiply the sum by one-sixth the length of the cask for its cylindrical contents; 
the product multiplied by .0034 expresses the contents in wine gallons. 


ULLAGE. 

The ullage or wantage of a cask is the quantity the cask lacks of being full. 

TO FIND THE ULLAGE OF A STANDING CASK WHEN THE CASK IS HALF FULL 

OR MORE. 

To the square of the head diameter add the square of the diameter at the surface 
of the liquor and the square of twice the diameter midway between the surface of 
the liquor and the upper head, and divide the sum by 6; the quotient, multiplied 
by the distance from the surface of the liquor to the upper head multiplied by 
.0034, will give the ullage in wine gallons. 

WHEN THE CASK IS STANDING, AND LESS THAN HALF FULL, TO FIND THE 

ULLAGE. 

Make use of the bung diameter, in place of the head diameter, and proceed in 
all respects as directed in the last rule, and add the quantity found to half the- 
capacity of the cask; the sum will be the ullage. 

WHEN THE CASK IS UFON ITS BILGE, AND HALF FULL OR MORE, TO FIND 

THE ULLAGE. 

Divide the distance from the bung to the surface of the liquor (the height of the 
empty segment) by the whole bung diameter, and take the quotient as the height 
of the segment of a circle whose diameter is 1, and find the area of the segment; 
multiply the area by the capacity of the cask, in gallons, and that product by 1.25; 
the last product will be the ullage, in gallons, as found by the aid of the wantage 
rod , and will correct for casks of the most common form. 

WHEN THE CASK IS UPON ITS BILGE, AND LESS THAN HALF FULL, TO FIND 

THE ULLAGE. 

Divide the depth of the liquor by the bung diameter, and preceed in all respects 
as directecHn the last rule; then subtract the quantity found from the capacity of 
the cask, and the difference will be the ullage of the cask. 



126 


CAPACITY OF CISTERNS. 


TO FIND THE QUANTITY OF LIQUOR IN A CASK F»Y ITS WEIGHT. 

Example. —The weight of a cask of proof spirits is 800 pounds and the weight 
of the empty cask {tare) is 32 pounds. How many gallons are there of the liquor ? 

300—32=208 m- 7.732=34f Gallons. Answer. 


THE CAPACITY OF CISTERNS, BINS, ETC. 

To find the capacity of a bin in bushels. —Divide the contents in cubic inches 
by 2150.42! 

The cubic contents are found by multiplying together the length, breadth and 
thickness. The standard bushel of the United States contains 2150.42 cubic inches 
which explains the use of that number in these computations. 

To find the cubic contents in a given number of bushels. —Multiply the number 
of bushels by 2150.42; the product will be the number of cubic inches. 

Any number of cubic feet diminished by one-eiglitli will represent an equiva¬ 
lent number of bushels. 

Any number of bushels increased by one-fifth will represent an equivalent 
number of cubic feet. 

A shorter method of finding the capacity of a bin in bushels, and sufficiently 
accurate for all practical purposes, is to multiply the cubic contents in feet by 
four-fifths. 

To find the capacity of a vessel in gallons. —Divide the contents in cubic inches 
by 231 for liquid gallons, or by 268.8 for dry gallons. 

To reduce gallons to cubic inches. —Multiply the given number of liquid gallons 
by 231. 

Cisterns. —The capacity of a cistern or well may be found by multiplying the 
square of the diameter in inches by .7854 and dividing this product by' 231, which 
will show the capacity in gallons. Divide the contents by .14553, and the quotient 
will be the number of hogsheads of sixty-three gallons. 

MEASURING GRAIN IN BULK. 

Stack or pile it in the form of a cone or pyramid; then multiply the area of the 
base by one-third the height. The area of the base may be ascertained by 
multiplying the square of its diameter by .7854. 

MEASUREMENT OF SUPERFICIAL AREAS. 

To Compute the Work of Mechanics and Artificers in Buildings,' 

1. Bricklaying is estimated by bricks in thousands. 

2. Stonecutting and glazing by the square foot. 

3. Slating, flooring and roofing by the square of 100 square feet, or by the 
square foot or square yard. 

- 4. Paving, ceiling-work and plastering by the square foot or square yard. 

5. A square in shingling is 1,000 shingles, averaging 4 inches wide, and laid 
5 inches to the weather or in the open. 

MEASUREMENT OF STONE WORK. 

Stone Masonry is usually estimated by the perch. 

A perch of stone is "6! feet long, 1 foot high, and H feet thick, and is equiva¬ 
lent to 24f cubic feet. 

The following is the common rule to find the contents of a wall or other 
• stone-work: 

Rule —Find the contents in cubic feet, and divide by 24.75. 

Brick-work. —Since brick vary in size, in different localities, the general mode 
of computing the number in a wall is to allow a certain number per superficial 
foot, taking into consideration the thickness of the wall. The number in a 
superficial can be easily found, and a percentage be added to or deducted from 



STONE WORK. 


127 


the measurement, according to the varying size of the brick. The following table 


will be useful: 

44-inch wall (half brick), per foot superficial. 7 bricks. 

9-inch wall (one brick), i>er foot superficial.14 bricks. 

13-inch wall (one and one-half bricks), per foot superficial.21 bricks. 

18-incli wall (two bricks), per foot superficial.28 bricks. 

22-inch wall (two and one-half bricks), per foot superficial.35 bricks. 


Add seven bricks for each half brick added to the thickness. 

Bricklayers deduct for openings for windows, doors, arches and gateways, but 
not for minor openings, as flues, window-boxes and the like. 

A yard of paving requires thirty-six bricks laid flat or eighty-two on the side. 

Plastering .—Of walls and ceilings the actual surface is measured, no deductions 
being made for openings of less extent than seven superficial yards. Returns 
of chimney breasts, pilasters, and all strips of plastering less than twelve 
inches in width, are measured as of twelve inches in width; and if the plastering 
is finished to the surbase or other wood-work, six inches are added to the height 
of the walls. One-half is added to the measurement of closets; and where work 
is done around shelves, the measurement is doubled. For circular or elliptical 
work double rates are charged; for domes, groined ceilings and the like, treble. 
For each twelve feet of interior work, higher from the ground surface than the 
first twelve feet, five per cent, is added. To each foot of outside work, one per 
cent, is added, above the first twelve feet. 

Painting and Glazing .—The following are the usual rules of practice: 

In painting, every part is measured that is painted, an allowance being added 
for ornamental cornices, for mouldings, iron or other railings, curved surfaces and 
surfaces difficult of access. Charge is made for each coat at a stipulated price for 
each one. 

In glazing, charge is made for square foot or pane. For glazing show-cases, 
standing sash,’and for bedding and back-puttying, from one-fourth to one-half is 
added to the price for plain work. Reglazing is charged at double rates. 

Hoofing .—The following is the rule for finding the contents of a roof, for 
purposes of slating: 

Rule. —Multiply the length of the ridge by the girth over from eaves to eaves, 
making allowance in this girth for the double row of slates at the bottom, or for 
how much one row of slates is laid over another. When the roof is of a true pitch, 
i. e., forming a right angle at top, then the breadth of the building, with its half 
added, is the girth over both sides. In angles formed in a roof running from the 
ridge to the eaves, when the angle bends inward, it is called a valley; but when 
outward, it is called a hip. Deductions are made for chimney-shafts or window- 
holes. 

The following are the sizes of American slates, together with the number of 
pieces required per square : 


Size in Inches. 

No. of 
Pieces. 

Size in Inches. 

No. of 
Pieces. 

Size in Inches. 

No. of 
Pieces. 

12 x 6 

533 

16 X 9. 

246' 

20 x 12. 

141 

12 x 7 

457 

16 X 10. 

221 

22 x 11. 

138 

12x8 

400 

18 x 9. 

213 

22 x 12. 

126 

14 x 7 

374 

18 x 10. 

192 

22 x 13. 

116 

14 x 8 

327 

18x11. 

174 

24 x 12. 

114 

14X9 . 

291 

20 x 10. 

169 

24 x 13. 

105 

16 x 8 

277 

20 x 11. 

154 

! 24x14. 

98 


1 




























































128 


LUMBER MEASUREMENTS. 


SURFACES AND SOLIDS. 

To Find the convex Surface of a Prism or Cylinder .—Multiply the perimeter of 
the base by the altitude. 

[Perimeter .—The measurement of the extent of the surface of the figure.] 

To Find the Volume of a Prism or Cylinder .—Multiply the area of the base by 
the altitude. 

The area of the base of a triangular prism is found by multiplying the base by 
one-half the length from the apex to the base. The area of a base of a cylinder is 
found by multiplying one-fourtli of its diameter by the circumference. 

• To Find the Convex Surface of a Pyramid or Cone —Multiply the perimeter or 
circumference of the base by one-lialf of the slant height. To find the entire sur¬ 
face, add the area of the base. 

The slant height of a pyramid is the perpendicular distance from the vertex to 
one of the sides of the base; and that of a cone a straight line from vertex to base. 

To Find the Volume of a Pyramid or Cone .—Multiply the area of the base by 
one-third the altitude. 

This rule may be applied in measuring hay. 


MEASUREMENTS OF LUMBER. 


PLANK MEASURE. 

Board Measure is the basis of plank 
measure; that is, a plank 2 inches thick 
and 13 feet long and 10 inches wide con¬ 
tains evidently twice as many square 
feet as if only one inch thick; therefore, 
in estimating the contents of any plank 
we first find the contents of the surface, 
taken one inch thick; and then multiply 
this product by the thickness of the 
plank in inches. 

Example. —Suppose we wish to as¬ 
certain the contents of a plank 6 feet 
long, 12 inches wide and 21 inches thick. 
First multiply the width in inches (12) 
by the length in feet (6), and divide the 
product by 12. This will give the con¬ 
tents of a board 1 inch thick, 12 inches 
wide and 6 feet long. If the last pro¬ 
duct be multiplied by 21, the result will 
be the contents of a plank 6 feet long, 12 
inches wide and 21 inches thick. 

Thus, 12 width in inches. 

6 length in feet. 

12)72 

4 - 

6 

21 thickness in inches. 

131 contents in feet (board). 

Less than half a foot is not counted. 
See page 132. 


CUBIC MEASUREMENT OF 
TIMBER. 

To ascertain the number of cubic 
feet in a piece of timber: Measure 
the thickness of the’stick each way in 
inches, and multiply one by the other; 
then multiply the product by the length 
in feet. Divide the second product by 
12, and then divide the quotient by 12. 
The second quotient is the number of 
cubic feet. 

For example: Take a stick of timber 
of the size 13 by 14 inches and 41 feet 
long. 

Multiply.... 14 
by.... 13 

12 

14 

Product.... 182 

Length_ 41 feet. 

182 

728 

Second Product.... 7462 

To bring in and include the fractions 
of a foot, add two ciphers to this second 
product, and then divide by 12, thus • 

12) 746200 

12,62183^ Quotient. 

5181 Second Quotient. 















129 


LUMBER ME 

The two first figures of the second 
quotient (51) are the number of feet in 
the stick, and the two last figures (81) 
represent the fraction—viz., 81-100. 
Hence the stick contains 52 cubic feet— 
half a foot (50-100) and over counting an 
extra foot. See page 133. 

LOGS REDUCED TO SQUARE 
TIMBER. 

To reckon the contents of a round 
log in cubic feet of square timber, first 
reduce it to square timber, thus: Meas¬ 
ure the diameter (or thickness) at each 
end in inches; add these measurements 
together, and divide the sum-total by 2; 
the quotient is the average diameter. 
One-third of this diameter is allowed 
for the chips or slabs. To deduct this 
third, divide the number of inches 
diameter by 3, and subtract the quo¬ 
tient from it; the remainder is the 
proper diameter for measurement. The 
thickness of the log is generally counted 
in even inches; and one third of an 
inch excess, or upward, is added as an 
extra inch. After getting the square 
of the log in manner above described, 
the number of cubic feet in it is reck¬ 
oned the same as in square timber. 
But as in the reduction of logs, frac¬ 
tions of inches often have to be reck¬ 
oned, an example may be useful for a 
perfect understanding of it. 

Example. —Suppose a round log to 
be 35 feet long, 24 inches thick at the 
butt and 19 inches thick at the top : 

Add.24.. 

and.19. .the two diameters. 

Sum total.43. .to which add two 

ciphers to include the fractions, and 

then divide by.2)43.00 

Deduct £ for slabs 3)21.50 average di¬ 
ameter. 7.17 

True diameter.14.43 or 14£ inches. 

Keduce this to thirds, thus: Three 
times 14 is 42, and the odd one makes 
43 thirds. 

Multiply.... 43 
h y.--.43 
129 
172 

Total... .1849. .which rep¬ 
resents ninths of inches. Add two 


ASUREMENTS. 

j ciphers to include the fractions, and 
then, to reduce to inches, divide by 9: 

9)1849.00 

205.44 

Multiply by.... _35. .the length of 

102720 the log 
61632 

Divide by.. .12)7190.40 

Divide by.. .12) .599.20 

Cubic feet... .49.93-100counting50 ft. 
See page 134. 

CUBIC MEASUREMENT OF 
ROUND TIMBER. 

To reckon the number of cubic or 
solid feet in any log, ascertain its aver¬ 
agethickness (seeLogs Reduced to Square 
Timber). Multiply this diameter in 
inches by an equal sum; then deduct 
one-fourth from the product, and add 5 
per cent, to the remainder. Multiply the 
sum-total by the length of the log in 
feet, and divide the product by 12; then 
divide the quotient by 12, as in square 
timber. (See Square Timber.) The 
second quotient is the number of solid 
(or cubic) feet and fractions thereof 
which the log contains. 

Example.— Suppose a log 23 feet long 
to be 29 inches at the butt and 26 inches 
thick at the small end : 


Add together.26 

and.29 


Divide by.2)55.00 _add ? g two 

Average thickness... 27.50 ciphers to 
Multiply by the same .27.50 bring in 

1375 fractions. 
1925 

Deduct I from 550 

this product. .4)756.25 
Add 5 per cent., 189.0 6 

or 1-20. ..20)567.19 
28.36 

Square of the log. .595.55.or 595 56-100 


inches. 

Multiply this by the 

length. 595.6 v 

of the log in feet. 23 

17.868 

11.912 

Divide the product by.'.. .12)13698.8 

Divide the quotient by.12)1141.5 

Contents of the log.95 12-100ft. 


I 

































130 


MEASUREMENTS OF LUMBER. 


BOARD MEASURE. 

Boards are sold by the square foot surface, one inch in thickness. If cut thinner, 
they count the same as if an inch thick. 

To ascertain the number of square feet in a board, multiply the width in inches 
by the length in feet, and divide the product by 12; the quotient is the number of 
feet in the board, and the remainder is the odd inches. Six inches and over, 
remainder, are counted an additional foo 

CONTENTS IN SQUARE FEET OF BOARDS ONE INCH THICK AND OF DIFFERENT 

LENGTHS AND WIDTHS. 


Inches i 
Wide. 

5 

Feet 

Long. 

6 

Feet 

Long. 

7 

Feet 

Long. 

8 

Feet 

Long. 

9 

Feet 

Long. 

10 

Feet 

Long. 

11 

Feet 

Long. 

12 

Feet 

Long. 

13 

Feet 

Long. 

14 

Feet 

Long. 

15 

Feet 

Long. 

16 

Feet 

Long. 

17 

Feet 

Long. 

18 

Feet 

Long 

19 

Feet 

Long. 


Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

.Ft In 

2 

.10 

1 . 

1.2 

1.4 

1.6 

1.8 

1.10 

2. 

2.2 

2.4 

2.6 

2.8 

2.10 

3. 

3.2 

3 

1.3 

1.6 

1.9 

2. 

2.3 

2.6 

2.9 

3. 

3.3 

3.6 

3.9 

4. 

4.3 

4.6 

4.9 

4 

1.8 

2. 

2.4 

1.8 

3. 

2.4 

3.8 

4. 

4.4 

4.8 

5. 

5.4 

5.8 

6. 

6.4 

5 

2.1 

2.6 

2.11 

3.4 

3.9 

4.2 

4.7 

5. 

5.5 

5.10 

6.3 

6.8 

7.1 

7.6 

7.11 

6 

2.6 

3. 

3.6 

4. 

4.6 

5. 

5.6 

6. 

6.6 

7. 

7.6 

8. 

8.6 

9. 

9.6 

7 

3. 

3.6 

4.1 

4.8 

5.3 

5.9 

6.5 

7. 

7.7 

8.2 

8.9 

9.4 

10. 

10.6 

11.1 

8 

3.4 

4. 

4.8 

5.4 

6. 

6.8 

7.4 

8. 

8.8 

9.4 

10. 

10.8 

11.4 

12. 

12.8 

9 

3.9 

4.6 

5.3 

6. 

6.9 

7.6 

8.3 

9. 

9.9 

10.6 

11.3 

12. 

12.9 

13.6 

14.3 

10 

4.2 

5. 

5.9 

6.8 

7.6 

8.4 

9.2 

10. 

10.9 

11.8 

12.6 

13.4 

14.2 

15. 

15.9 

11 

4.7 

5.6 

6.5 

7.4 

8.3 

9.2 

10.1 

11. 

12. 

12.9 

13.9 

14.8 

15.7 

16.6 

17.5 

12 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

13 

5.5 

6.6 

7.7 

8.8 

9.9 

10.9 

12. 

13. 

14.1 

15.2 

16.3 

17.4 

18.5 

19.6 

20.7 

14 

5.9 

P"7 

t . 

8.2 

9.4 

10.6 

11.8 

12.9 

14. 

15.2 

16.4 

17.6 

18.8 

19.9 

21. 

22.2 

15 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

10. 

11.3 

12.6 

13.9 

15. 

16.3 

17.6 

18.9 

20. 

21.3 

22.6 

23.9 

16 

6.8 

8. 

9.4 

10.8 

12. 

13.4 

14.8 

16. 

17.4 

18.8 

20. 

21.4 

22.8 

24. 

25.4 

17 

7.1 

8.6 

10. 

11.4 

12.9 

14.2 

15.7 

17. 

18.5 

19.9 

21.3 

22.8 

24.1 

25.6 

27. 

18 

7.6 

9. 

10.6 

12. 

13.6 

15. 

16.6 

18. 

19.6 

21. 

22.6 

24. 

25.6 

27. 

28.6 

19 

8. 

9.6 

11.1 

12.8 

14.3 

15.9 

17.5 

19. 

20.7 

22.2 

23.9 

25.4 

27. 

28.6 

30.1 

20 

8.4 

10. 

11.8 

13.4 

15. 

16.8 

18.4 

20. 

21.8 

23.4 

25. 

26.8 

28.4 

30. 

31.8 

21 

8.9 

10.6 

12.3 

14. 

15.9 

17.6 

19.3 

21. 

22.9 

24.6 

26.3 

28. 

29.9 

31.6 

33.3 

90 

9.2 

11. 

12.9 

14.8 

16.6 

18.4 

20.2 

22. 

23.9 

25.8 

27.6 

29.4 

31.2 

33. 

34.9 

23 

9.7 

11.6 

13.5 

15.4 

17.3 

19.2 

21.1 

23. 

25. 

26.9 

28.9 

30.8 

32.7 

34.6 

36.5 

24 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

20. 

22. 

24. 

26. 

28. 

30. 

32. 

34. 

36. 

38. 

25 

10.5 

12.6 

14.7 

16.8 

18.9 

20.9 

23. 

25. 

27.1 

29.2 

31.3 

33.4 

35.5 

37.6 

39.7 


THE MEASUREMENT OF TIMBER OR SCANTLING. 

Scantling, or timber for building, is sold by the square foot of inch-board measure. 
Thus a cubic foot of scantling, which is a foot wide, a foot long, and a foot thick, 
contains twelve feet measurement. To ascertain the square feet in a piece of 
scantling of any length, width, and thickness, multiply the width in inches by the 
thickness in inches; then multiply the product of these figures by the length in 
feet, and divide the second product by twelve; the quotient is the number of feet, 
and the remainder (if any) is the odd inches Six inches and over are usually 
reckoned as an extra foot. 

In measuring the length of a piece of timber the lumberman counts even feet 
only. Unless the length is full ten inches or more over an even number of feet, 
the excess is not counted; but ten inches over are counted as a full foot. In 
marking the contents of a piece of timber when it runs over measure, the 
lumberman usually places a mark at the spot where the measurement ends. The 
marks are made on one end of the stick with Roman capital letters instead of 
figures, as XXI for 21, and so on. 

































































PLANK MEASUREMENTS. 


131 


Contents in Square Feet (inch-board measure) of Timber or Scantling 

used for Building Purposes. 


<d g 

SIZE 

2x2 

In. 

SIZE 

2x3 

In. 

SIZE 

2x4 

In. 

SIZE 

2x2 

In. 

SIZE 

2x6 

In. 

SIZE 

2x7 

In. 

SIZE 

2x8 

In. 

SIZE 

2x9 

In. 

S1ZE| SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE 
2 x 10 2 x 11 234x5,23^x6,214x7 
In. | In. | In. | In. In. 

SIZE SIZE 
234x8,234x9 

In. | In. 


Ft In Ft In Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft 

Ft In 

Ft In,Ft In Ft In 

Ft In Ft In Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft 111 

3 

1 . 

1.6 

2. 

2.6 

3. 

3.6 

4. 

4.6 

5. 

5.6 

3.2 

3.9 

4.6 

5. 

5.8 

4 

1.4 

2. 

2.8 

3.4 

4. 

4.8 

5.4 

6. 

6.8 

7.4 

4.2 

5. 

5.10 

6.8 

7.6 

5 

1.8 

2.6 

3.4 

4.2 

5. 

5.10 

6.8 

7.6 

8.4 

9.2 

5.3 

6.3 

7.4 

8.4 

9.5 

6 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

10. 

11.3 

7 

2.4 

3.6 

4.8 

5.10 

7. 

8.2 

9.4 

10.6 

11.8 

12.10 

7.4 

8.9 

10.3 

11.8 

13.2 

8 

2.8 

4. 

5.4 

6.8 

8. 

9.4 

10.8 

12. 

13.4 

14.8 

8.4 

10. 

11.8 

13.4 

15. 

9 

3. 

4.6 

6. 

7.6 

9. 

10.6 

12. 

13.6 

15. 

16.6 

9.5 

11.3 

13.2 

15. 

16.11 

10 

3.4 

5. 

6.8 

8.4 

10. 

11.8 

13.4 

15. 

16.8 

18.4 

10.5 

12.6 

14.7 

16.8 

18.9 

11 

3.8 

5.6 

7.4 

9.2 

11. 

12.10 

14.8 

16.6 

18.4 

20.2 

11.6 

13.9 

16.1 

18.4 

20.8 

12 

4. 

6. 

8. 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

20. 

22. 

12.6 

15. 

17.6 

20. 

22.6 

13 

4.4 

6.6 

8.8 

10.10 

13. 

15.2 

17.4 

19.6 

21.8 

23.10 

13.7 

16.3 

19. 

21.8 

24 5 

14 

4.8 

7. 

9.4 

11.8 

14. 

16.4 

18.8 

21. 

23.4 

25.8 

14.7 

17.6 

20.5 

23.4 

26.3 

15 

5. 

7.6 

10. 

12.6 

15. 

17.6 

20. 

22.6 

25. 

27.6 

15.8 

18.9 

21.11 

25. 

28.2 


Contents in Square Feet (inch-board measure) of Timber or Scantling 

used for Building Purposes. 


■£ bi 
© s 
fc, ° 
1-3 

SIZE 

234x10 

In. 

SIZE SIZE 
2/4x11 234x12 

In. f In. 

SIZE 

3x3 

In. 

SIZE 

3x4 

In. 

SIZE 

3x5 

In. 

SIZE 

3x6 

In. 

SIZE 

3x7 

In. 

SIZE 

3x8 

In. 

SIZE 

3x9 

In. 

SIZE 

3x10 

In. 

SIZE 

3x11 

In. 

SIZE 

3x12 

In. 

SIZE 

4x4 

In. 

SiZE 

4x5 

In. 


Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft 

Ft In 

Ft In Ft In 

Ft 

Ft In Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In Ft In 

3 

6.3 

6.11 

7.6 

2.3 

3. 

3.9 

4.6 

5.3 

6. 

6.9 

7.6 

8.3 

9. 

4. 

0. 

4 

8.4 

9.2 

10. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

5.4 

6.8 

5 

10.5 

11.6 

12.6 

3.9 

5. 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

10. 

11.3 

12.6 

13.9 

15. 

6.8 

8.4 

6 

12.6 

13.9 

15. 

4.6 

6. 

7.6 

9. 

10.6 

12. 

13.6 

15. 

16.6 

18. 

8. 

10. 

7 

14.7 

16.1 

17.6 

5.3 

7. 

8.9 

10.6 

12.3 

14. 

15.9 

17.6 

19.3 

21. 

9.4 

11.8 

8 

16.8 

18.4 

20. 

6. 

8. 

10. 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

20. 

22. 

24. 

10.8 

13.4 

9 

18.9 

20.8 

22.6 

6.9 

9. 

11.3 

13.6 

15.9 

18. 

20.3 

22.6 

24.9 

27. 

12. 

15. 

10 

20.10 

22.11 

25. 

7.6 

10. 

12.6 

15. 

17.6 

20. 

22.6 

25. 

27.6 

30. 

13.4 

16.8 

11 

22.11 

25.3 

27.6 

8.3 

11. 

13.9 

16.6 

19.3 

22. 

24.9 

27.6 

30.3 

33. 

14.8 

18.4 

12 

25. 

27.6 

30. 

9. 

12. 

15. 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

30. 

33. 

36. 

16. 

20. 

13 

27.1 

29.10 

32.6 

9.9 

13. 

16.3 

19.6 

90 Q 

26. 

29.3 

32.6 

35.9 

39. 

17.4 

21.8 

14 

29.2 

32.1 

35. 

10.6 

14. 

17.6 

21. 

24.6 

28. 

31.6 

35. 

38.6 

42. 

18.8 

23.4 

15 

31.3 

34.4 

37.6 

11.3 

15. 

18.9 

22.6 

26.3 

30. 

33.9 

37.6 

41.3 

45. 

|20. 

25. 


Contents in Square Feet (inch-board measure) of Timber or Scantling 

used for Building Purposes. 


|S 

“*,3 

SIZE 

4x6 

In. 

SIZE 

4x7 

In. 

SIZE 

4x8 

In. 

SIZE 

4x9 

In. 

SIZE 

4x10 

In. 

SIZE 

4x11 

In. 

SIZE 
4 x 12 
In. 

SIZE 

5x5 

In. 

SIZE 

5x6 

In. 

SIZE 

5x7 

In. 

SIZE 

5x8 

In. 

SIZE 

5x9 

In. 

SIZE 

5x10 

In. 

SIZE 

6x6 

In. 

SIZE 

6x7 

In. 


Ft 

Ft In Ft In 

Ft 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft In 

Ft 

Ft 1 n 

3 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

6.3 

7.6 

8.9 

10. 

11.3 

12.6 

9. 

10.6 

4 

8. 

9.4 

10.8 

12. 

13.4 

14.8 

16. 

8.4 

10. 

11.8 

13.4 

15. 

16.8 

12. 

14. 

5 

10. 

11.8 

13.4 

15. 

16.8 

18.4 

20. 

10.5 

12.6 

14.7 

16.8 

18.9 

20.10 

15. 

17.6 

6 

12. 

14. 

16. 

18. 

20. 

22. 

24. 

12.6 

15: 

17.6 

20. 

22.6 

25. 

18. 

21. 

7 

14. 

16.4 

18.8 

21. 

23.4 

25.8 

28. 

14.7 

17.6 

20.5 

23.4 

26.3 

29.2 

21. 

2476 

8 

16. 

18.8 

21.4 

24. 

26.8 

29.4 

32. 

16.8 

20. 

23.4 

26.8 

30. 

33.4 

24. 

28. 

9 

18. 

21. 

24. 

27. 

30. 

33. 

36. 

18.9 

22.6 

26.3 

30. 

33.9 

37.6 

27. 

31.6 

10 

20. 

23.4 

26.8 

30. 

33.4 

36.8 

40. 

20.10 

25. 

29.2 

33.4 

37.6 

41.8 

30. 

35. 

11 

22. 

25.8 

29.4 

33. 

36.8 

40.4 

44. 

22.11 

27.6 

32.1 

36.8 

41.3 

46. 

33. 

38.6 

12 

24. 

28. 

32^— 

36. 

40. 

44. 

48. 

25. 

30. 

35. 

40. 

45. 

50. 

36. 

42. 

13 

26. 

30.4 

34.8 

39. 

43.4 

47.8 

52. 

27.1 

32.6 

37.11 

43.4 

48.9 

54.2 

39. 

45.6 

14 

28. 

32.8 

37.4 

42. 

46.8 

51.4 

56. 

29.2 

35. 

40.10 

41>. 8 

52.6 

58.4 

42. 

49. 

1 5 

30. 

35. 

40. 

45. 

50. 

55. 

60. 

31.3 

37.6 

43.9 

50. 

56.3 

62.6 

45. 

l 52.6 




































































































































132 PLANK MEASUREMENTS. 


Contents of Planks in Board Measure. Thickness, H and H Inches. 


tc 

1 . 

2 o 


£ 0) 



•r— 

3 « 

g a> 


d ^ 

•r— 

r* a> 

c® 

d ® 

•«—« r ^Z> 

d ® 

d ^ 

dA 

d ® 

d ° 
•(—< ^ 

d ^ 

•f-4 w 

ddi 

1 

d ® 

"3 

- © 

o 

43) | 

!«•> 






r-H ^ 

CO > 

t—1 ^ 

r-H r- 

*o’> 

f-H < 

CO’> 



°°£ 


O > 

r-H > 

S £ 

'M > 

i-H > 

CO > 

l-H > 

75 d 

to > 

r-H > 


Qj 

o> 

33 

43) 

4-3 

4-3 

43) 

4-3 

4-3 

43 

- 

4-3 

4-3 

4-3 

4-3 

4-3 

4-3 

4-3 

43) 

a> 

4-4 

0) 

4— 

<D 

4-3 

<v 

H3 

4-5 

P-i 

<D 

<*H 

0) 

<4-H 

<X> 

<hH 

0; 

<4-1 

<D 

<4-( 

<D 

<4-4 

0> 

<4—t 

O 

<4-t 


a? 

<+-( 

<4-3 

C V 

<4-4 

<2 

2 

CD 

C4H 

<L> 

<D 

<4-3 

0) 

<4-3 

a; 

<4-3 

<L> 

<u 

o 

<HH 

10 

6 

hr 

/ 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

hr 

7 

9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

11 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

10 

17 

18 

8 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

22 

12 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

9 

10 

12 

13 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

22 

24 

13 

8 

9 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

20 

22 ! 

10 

11 

13 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

23 

24, 

20- 

14 

9 

10 

12 

13 

15 

10 

17 

19 

20 

99 

23 

11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

19 

21 

23 

24 

20 

28. 

15 

9 

11 

12 

14 

16 

17 

19 

20 

99 

23 

25 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 


24 

20 

28 

30 

16 1 

10 

12 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

12 

14 

10 

18 

20 

22 

24 

20 

28 

30 

32 

17 

11 

12 

14 

16 

18 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

28 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

28 

SO 

Q9 1 

34 

18 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

22 

21 

26 

28 

30 

14 

10 

18 

20 

22 

25 

27 

29 

31 

34 1 

36 

1!) 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

99 

•Li—. i 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 1 

14 

17 

19 

21 

24 

20 

28 

31 

33 

30 

38 

20 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 1 

15 

17 

20 

99 

25 

27 

30 

32 

35 

38 

40 

21 

1 1-3 

15 

17 

20 

22 

24 

20 

28 

‘31 

33 

35 

10 

18 

21 

24 

26 

29 

31 

34 

37 

40 

42 

‘>9 

! 14 

10 

18 

21 

23 

25 

27 

30 

Q9 

0iJ 

34 

37 

10 

19 

22 

25 

27 

30 

33 

35 

38 

42 

1 

44 


Contents of Planks in Board Measure. Thickness 2 and ££ Inches. 


Feet long: 

d® 

\^t 

! 4-3 

* a; 

i 

<4-3 

7 in. 
wide 

8 in. 
wide 

9 in. 
wide 

10 in. 
wide 

11 in. 
wide 

12 in. 
wide 

13 in. 
wide 

14 in. 
wide 

15 in. 
wide 

d ^ 
o*S 

r-H 

u. 
° £ 

i 'i 

. 

®! 

9 in. i 
| wide 

10 in. 

wide 1 

11 in. 
wide 

12 in. 1 

wide 

d ^ 

CO > 

r-H pH- 

did 

r-H £ 

15 in. 

wide 

16 in. 

wide 

feet 

1 

feet 

4-5 

CD 

<D 

<4-3 

feet 

feet 

feet 

feet 

feet 

feet 

feet 

feet j 

feet 

4-5 

<D 

£ 

feet ' 

feet 

feet J 

feet 

feet 

feet 

j feet 

feet 

10 ' 

10 

11 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

22 

23 

25 

27 

11 

13 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

24 

26 

28 

3 0 

n | 

11 

13 

15 

17 

18 

20 

22 

24 

20 

27 

29 

12 

14 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

12 

12 

14 

10 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

13 

10 

18 

20 

23 

25 

27 

29 

32 

34 

30 

13 

13 

15 

17 

20 

22 

24 

20 

28 

30 

33 

35 

15 

17 

20 

oo 

43 

24 

27 

29 

32 

34 

37 

39 

14 14 

16 

19 

21 

23 

26 

28 

30 

33 

35 

37 

16 

18 

21 

23 

26 

29 

32 

34 

37 

39 

42 

15 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

33 

35 

38 

40 

17 

20 

23 

25 

28 

31 

34 

37 

39 

42 

45 

10 

16 

19 

21 

24 

27 

29 

32 

35 

37 

40 

43 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

17 

17 

20 

23 

26 

28 

31 

34 

37 

40 

43 

45 

19 

22 

26 

28 

32 

35 

38 

41 

45 

48 

51 

18 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

20 

24 

27 

30 

34 

37 

41 

44 

47 

51 

54 

19 

19 

22 

25 

29 

32 

35 

38 

41 

44 

48 

51 

21 

25 

29 

32 

36 

39 

43 

46 

50 

53 

57 

20 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47 

50 

53 

22 

26 

30 

33 

38 

41 

45 

49 

53 

56 

60 

21 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

46 

49 

53 

56 

23 

28 

32 

35 

39 

43 

47 

51 

55 

59 

63 

99 

22 

26 

29 

33 

37 

40 

44 

48 

51 

55 

59 

25 

29 

33 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

58 

62 

06 


Contents of Planks in Board Measure. Thickness, 2£ and 3 Inches. 


tX) 

£3 

O 

6 in. 
wide 

7 in. 
wide 

8 in. 
wide 

9 in. 
wide 

10 in. 
wide 

11 in. 
wide 

12 in. 
wide 

13 in. 
wide 

14 in. 
wide 

15 in. 
wide 

16 in. 
wide 

6 in. 
wide 

7 in. 
wide 

8 in. 
wide 

9 in. 
wide 

10 in. 
wide 

11 in. 
wide 

12 in. 
wide 

13 in. 
wide 

14 in. 
wide 

15 in. 
wide 

16 in. 
wide 

V 

43) 

43) 

4-3 

4-3 

43. 

43) 

4-s 

4-3 

4-3 

H3 

43) 

4-3 

4-3 

4-s 

43. 

43) 

43. 

4-3 

43 

4-3 

43) 

4-3 

l-H 

a> 

<4-4 

<2 

<D 

<H4 

a> 

<4-1 

S 

£ 

<D 

<«-4 

OP 

<4-H 

<V 

<4-4 

CD 

<4-4 

<D 

«4-H 

<D 

<+-! 

a> 

<♦-4 

a; 

<*—! 

<V 

<t-H 

<4-H 

<*-H 

0) 

<4-4 

<v 

<4-4 

0) 

<4-4 

£ 

<4-4 

10 

12 

15 

17 

19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

15 

17 

20 

22 

25 

27 

30 

32 

35 

37 

40 

11 

14 

16 

18 

21 

23 

25 

27 

30 

32 

34 

37 

10 

19 

22 

25 

27 

30 

33 

36 

38 

41 

44 

12 

15 

18 

20 

23 

25 

28 

30 

33 

35 

38 

40 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

36 

39 

42 

45 

48 

13 

16 

19 

22 

24 

27 

30 

33 

35 

38 

41 

43 

20 

23 

26 

29 

33 

36 

39 

42 

46 

49 

52 

14 

17 

20 

23 

26 

29 

32 

35 

38 

41 

44 

47 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

42 

46 

49 

53 

56 

15 

19 

22 

25 

28 

31 

34 

38 

41 

44 

47 

50 

22 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

45 

49 

53 

56 

60 

16 

20 

23 

27 

30 

33 

37 

40 

43 

47, 

50 

53 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

52 

56 

00 

04 

17 

21 

25 

28 

32 

35 

39 

43 

46 

50 

53 

57 

25 

30 

34 

38 

43 

47 

51 

55 

00 

64 

68 

18 

99 

*3*3 

26 

30 

34 

38 

41 

45 

49 

53 

56 

60 

27 

32 

36 

41 

45 

50 

54 

59 

63 

68 

72 

19 

24 

28 

32 

36 

40 

44 

48 

51 

55 

59 

63 

29 

33 

38 

43 

48 

52 

57 

02 

67 

71 

76 

20 

25 

29 

33 

38 

42 

46 

50 

54 

58 

63 

67 

30 

35 

40 

45 

50 

55 

60 

05 

70 

75 

80 

21 

26 

31 

35 

39 

44 

48 

53 

57 

61 

00 

70 

31 

37 

42 

47 

53 

58 

63 

68 

74 

79 

84 

99 

-J 

27 

32 

37 

41 

46 

50 

55 

60 

64 

69 

73 

33 

39 

44 

50 

55 

61 

66 

72 

77 

83 

88 


wide 




























































































































































































































































CUBIC MEASUREMENTS 



Solid Contents in Cubic .Feet of Hewed Timber. 


to 

** 

5l>yC 

inches. 

t-S 
>2 
•— 1 u 
•O C 

£2 

t^p r—! 

oc 

5 by 10 
inches. 

si 

ag 

0 3 

o 3 
* 

si 

•S 

- 

O'. 

>2 

O 3 

6 by 10 

inches. 

6 by 12 

inches. 

co ifi 

&s 

t~_3 

° 2 
o o 
t-fl 

o c 6 

<-h aj 
>•.33 
O o 

^.3 

7 by 12 

inches. 

si 

ou 
00 .3 

o ^ 
^ St 

~7 

—' w 
CO c 

^ T1 

T % 

pO V 

00 .5 

8 by 11 

inches. 

8 by12 

inches. 

8 by 13 

inches. 

8 by 14 

inches. 

9 by 9 1 

inches. 

o 

r_ 

»—1 

6=2 

•§S 

6=2 

,0 -M 
3 <U 
6=2 

j~> 

3 <D 

6=2 

3 <D 

o=2 

■es 

6,2 

•gs 

q2 

3 <U 

•2 o 

3 ^ 
o«2 

,Q 

3 « 
6=2 

'M 

3 ^ 
6=2 

3 a 
6=2 

.O-M 

3 <1/ 
6=2 

a-g 

6=2 

% a; 

5 a 

^ a> 

w «4-< 

^ 4-> 

ft 0) 

U«H 

gts 

6=2 

g« 

6a 

3=2 

zz & 

23 O 
8J <— 

12 

3 

O 

O 

3 

4 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

G 

7 

5 

6 

T 

7 

8 

9 

9 

h* 

7 

13 

3 

o 

O 

4 

5 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

7 

5 

6 

G 

8 

G 

t 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

7 

14 

O 

O 

3 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

7 

5 

G 

h" 

i 

8 

6 

h+ 

i 

8 

9 

9 

10 

11 

8 

15 

3 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 

5 

6 

6 

8 

G 

hr 

i 

7 

9 

7 

8 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

8 

16 

3 

4 

4 

6 

4 

5 

5 

6 

r- 

/ 

8 

6 

7 

8 

9 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

12 

9 

17 

4 

4 

5 

6 

4 

5 

6 

6 

7 

9 

7 

7 

8 

10 

8 

9 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

10 

18 

4 

4 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

h- 

/ 

8 

9 

7 

8 

9 

11 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

10 

19 

4 

5 

5 

h* 

1 

5 

6 

6 

hr 

t 

8 

10 

hr 

< 

8 

9 

11 

8 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

11 

20 

4 

5 

6 

hr 

/ 

5 

6 

hr 

i 

8 

8 

10 

8 

9 

10 

12 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

11 

21 

4 

5 

6 

hr 

/ 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

11 

8 

9 

10 

13 

9 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

12 

22 

5 

5 

6 

8 

6 

6 

hr 

/ 

8 

9 

11 

9 

10 

11 

13 

10 

11 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

12 

23 

5 

6 

6 

8 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

9 

10 

11 

14 

10 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

13 

24 

5 

6 

7 

8 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

9 

11 

12 

14 

11 

12 

13 

15 

1G 

17 

19 

14 


Solid Contents in Cubic Feet of Hewed Timber. 


3 

4-3 

a> 

O CO 

lU SI 

’X5 « 
02 .5 

CO 

I-H a, 

>03 
05 O 

<*s 

cm y! M j- ; j »i 

i—i D i-* yrt 4 

>03 >03, >.33 
,Q CC 05 151.0 CC 

0.5 0.5.0.5 

to A CD A: 

— al — 

>33 >03 
05 CC 'O) 
o 5 o a 

- T‘ g 

^03 boa 
o aip a 

04 * 

r-i JR 

r^ O 

o a 

S“03 

02 4, 

S=3 

3 X 

f -2 CJ 
H C3 

rvi 

t-i * r - 

r*~i r-i 

s 

>>- 

o 

1 ' P"H 

r—■ 

c : 

r ~ 

2 £ 

o“ 

,M - 

2 ; ?- 
>o 

O 

£ oc 

^7 S 

>•§ 
Di 2 

05 35 2 C/j 

S 1 s 

r — ^-o: 

1 ' W '** w 

ct c ;<m s 

0 ) 

Oh 

1.0 -e 

,Q — 


•3o 

05 

■2 To 



-Q 4-5 



2 o 

02 - 1 -' 



^ TT! 



26 4—< 

26 

05 t- 

1 -*w 


U «4-» 

6=2 

0=2 

0=2 

0=2 

0=2 

w><*H 

6=2 

0=2 

o 2 

3 S 
02 

62 

62 

62 

0 =-i 

ft <D 

a S 
02 

62 

62 

CO 

62 

ft ^ 

^ 6 

6=2 

12 

8 

8 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

8 

9 

10 

11 

10 

11 

12 

13 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

14 

15 

13 

8 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

13 

9 

10 

11 

12 

11 

12 

13 

14 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

15 

16 

14 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

13 

14 

10 

11 

12 

13 

12 

13 

14 

15 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

16 

18 

15 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

10 

11 

13 

14 

13 

14 

15 

16 

15 

16 

18 

19 

20 

18 

19 

16 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

11 

12 

13 

14 

13 

15 

16 

17 

16 

17 

19 

20 

21 

19 

20 

17 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

12 

13 

14 

15 

14 

16 

17 

18 

17 

18 

20 

21 

23 

20 

21 

18 

11 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

13 

14 

15 

16 

15 

17 

18 

19 

18 

20 

21 

23 

24 

21 

23 

19 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

13 

15 

16 

17 

16 

17 

19 

20 

19 

21 

22 

24 

25 

22 

24 

20 j 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

20 

14 

15 

17 

18 

17 

18 

20 

21 

20 

90 

23 

25 

27 

23 

25 

21 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

15 

16 

18 

19 

18 

19 

21 

99 

21 

23 

25 

26 

28 

25 

27 

29 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

15 

17 

18 

20 

18 

20 

99 

24 

22 

24 

26 

28 

29 

26 

28 

23 

14 

16 

17 

19 

20 

99 

23 

16 

18 

19 

21 

19 

21 

23 

25 

23 

25 

27 

29 

31 

27 

29 

24 

15 

i 

17 

18 

20 

21 

23 

24 

17 

18 

20 

99 

20 

90 

24 

26 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

28 

30 


i 


Solid Contents in Cubic Feet of Hewed Timber. 


to 

a 

“3 ^ 

7^ 05 

IPS® 

| 2 « 

Lo-r 

<g A 

o 

00 -y 
7c 

— i 

a>T 

i s ^ 

' ^ o 

p^ -7 

•*0*3 

iS A 

>s 

lf= s 

7 c 
[Orf 

S A 

1 ^ w* 

' —' O 

few 

ag 


•g A 
>£ 

S $ 
>i 

— f 

i ^ ^ 

>)h2 

^o 

'Si 

a” 

fi 

,oU 

^ Zj 

O ,/ 

C''-l '-* A 

>2 

74 GQ 
>2 
^ o 


'CO C 

irH £ 

23.S 

S.S 


gc 

O s 

.jo a 

^ a 

»rh 

CC 


r— i 

~r~) — 4 

a.= 

o a 

r— 1 «r-« 

C; a 

!t^ <z 

- -- -r-. 

U- c. 

r-H . 

cc g 

CC zz 

r-t 

QO ZZ 

r— i ■ — 

S C 

cs ZZ 

1—i —< 

Cs 

r-i •—< 

o 

05 

^ I 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet 

Cub | 
feet i 

^4- 

S 15 

6=2 

a a 
0=2 

26 4-3 

C2 

O 

-O'— 

Cub 

feet 

s 

0«H 

Cub 

feet 

rgs 

6=2 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet, 

Cub 

feet 

Cub 

feet 

1 Cub 
| feet 

I Cub 
! feet 

Cub 

feet 

12 

16 

16 

18 

19 

21 

19 

120 

21 

23 

21 

23 

24 

25 

24 

26 

28 

27 

30 

32 

30 

32 

33 

13 1 

18 

18 

19 

20 

23 

120 

22 

23 

24 

23 

25 

26 

27 

26 

28 

31 

29 

33 

34 

33 

34 

36 

14 

19 

19 

20 

99 

25 

99 

MU 

23 

25 

26 

25 

26 

28 

30 

28 

30 

33 

32 

35 

37 

35 

37 

39 

15 I 

20 

20 

22 

23 

26 

23 

25 

27 

28 

27 

28 

30 

32 

30 

32 

35 

34 

38 

41 

38 

40 

42 

16 

22 

22 

23 

25 

28 

25 

27 

28 

30 

28 

30 

32 

34 

32 

34 

38 

36 

40 

42 

40 

42 

44 

17 

23 

23 

25 

26 

30 

27 

28 

30 

32 

30 

32 

34 

36 

34 

36 

40 

38 

43 

45 

43 

45 

47 

18 i 

24 

25 

26 

28 

32 

28 

30 

32 

34 

32 

34 

36 

38 

36 

38 

43 

41 

45 

47 

45 

48 

50 

19 

26 

26 

28 

30 

33 

30 

32 

34 

36 

34 

36 

38 

40 

38 

40 

45 

43 

48 

50 

48 

50 

53 

'20 

27 

27 

29 

31 

35 

31 

33 

35 

37 

36 

38 

40 

42 

40 

43 

47 

45 

50 

53 

50 

53 

55 

91 ! 

28 

29 

31 

33 

37 

33 

35 

37 

39 

37 

40 

42 

44 

42 

45 

50 

47 

53 

55 

53 

55 

58 

22 j 

30 

30 

32 

34 

39 

34 

37 

39 

41 

39 

42 

44 

46 

44 

47 

52 

49 

55 

58 

55 

58 

61 

23 

31 

31 

34 

36. 

-40 

36 

38 

41 

43 

41 

43 

46 

49 

46 

49 

54 

52 

58 

60 

58 

61 

64 

24 i 

33 | 

! 

33 

35 

37 

42 

38 

40 

42 

1 

45 

43 

45 

48 

51 

48 

51 

57 

54 

60 

63 

60 

63 

67 



















































































































































































































































134 


CUBIC MEASUREMENTS 


Cubic Contents in Square Timber of Round Logs. 


to 

rH 

© 

-H> 1 

<v 

0> 

i 

ax 
•=.2 
r-i * 

£x 

o 

Cl P-> 

T—t 

AX 
d p 
7o!S 

r-H 4—> 

d* 

H ° 

Xd 

CO -4—' 

rH 

• KJ 
r* r —< 

d © 

rH 4—* 

A^ 

,rH O 

Xd 

T* -*— 

rH 

^x 

Jp o 

ioS 

Hv 

H i j, 
rH v -r 

,rH o 

Xd 

-*— 

rH 

* K> 

.5.2 

o d 

H-P 

A 

o 

\C*i-h 

O 4— 1 

r-H 

r+ » h 

d p 

r-3 

rH 4—* 

A i • ►> 

o I." o 

\d*-—« . »rH 

rH\^ OO^ 
1^4-i t—Iw 
rH 

1 

A ^ 

6*2 
CO 4-> 

rH 

d- 

•So 

rA 
r—l 4-> 

Cm 

r—< 

o 

^xS 

O 4—* 

rH 

AX 
.A ^ 

oS 

Cl 4— 1 

_ 

A *> 

. «—— 

© 

\C*r-H 

rH 

O 4- 
<M 

AX 
.A — 1 
rH JEj 
Cl-*- 

d 

Xd 

cm 44 * 

Ai' |.g^{ 

.5 o "" <y 

•— \»H 

!H\^C 
CM ^ (M w 
.CM 

_© 

©h © 
6.2 

p © 

X a; 

W H-< 

d 

A © 

5a 

2©-h> 
p a> 

o«d 

;2 +-> 
a & 
o2 

O -U> 

3 43 

0=5 

d 4 ^ 

P a> 

8a 

,©-H> 

o£ 

,3+=* 
3 O) 

o<5 

3 ^ 
6-5 

^ -H> 

3 o 

o<5 

42 4J 

3 Qj 

8a 

d 4-2 

3 ^ 
o£ 

d-^ 

r-H © 

-7 o 

^*4-1 

cc +> 

3 ^ 
o<5 

O 4^ 

gs 

, 0 -*= 

3 O 

r d o 

,©-H> 
3 <D 

^ © 

© «4H 

XX 

3 O 

Gp | *T> H 

0 0 

U«H VH 

1 

i 

20 S 

9 

10 

11 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

26 

97 

29 

SO 1 SI 

21 i 

10 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

32 j S3 

22 

10 

11 

1 9 

i*j 

1 9 

lo 

13 

14 

15 

16 

28 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

32 

33 i 34 

23 

'10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

23 

25 

26 

27 

29 

30 

31 

33 

35 136 

24 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

oo 

23 

24 

26 

27 

28 

30 

31 

33 

34 

36 38 

25 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

28 

29 

31 

33 

34 

36 

38 ! 39 

26 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

23 

25 

26 

28 

29 

31 

32 

34 

36 

37 

39 j 41 

27 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

20 

99 

23 

24 

26 

27 

29 

30 

32 

34 

35 

37 

39 

41 *'2 

28 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

28 

30 

31 

33 

35 

36 

38 

40 ! 43 | 44 

29 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

20 

22 

23 

25 

26 

28 

29 

31 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 45 

30 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

29 

30 

32 

34 

35 

37 

39 

41 

43 

45 47 

31 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

20 

22 

23 

25 

26 

28 

29 

31 

33 

35 

37 

38 

40 

42 

44 

47 149 

32 

|l4 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

99 

-j-j 

24 

25 

27 

29 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

46 

48 i 50 

1 


Cubic Contents in Square Timber of Round Logs. 


i 

V^l 

rH 

O 

0 

QJ 

Zz* 

A ^ 

co td 

0 

X.S 

AX 
.A 0 

-UJc 

<M+- 

Ax 

p 0 

Xd 

AiA 
.5 « 

CM+^ 

A .> 

r-o 

.dp 
0 d 

Cl +* 

A 

•r-< a 
\Or-« 
rH\^ 

CO -+P 
CM 

AX 

t^\d 

Cl-*- 

At 

,r ^ <0 

Xd 

1 — -*- 

Cl 

AX 
.A p 
co d 

Cl - 4 -a 

A d 

•rn a 

r*\d 
CO +3 

Cl 

AX 

.5 « 

cm-m 

d^ 

CkS 

AX 

•5.0 

CO 4- 

\C^*rH 

r-t\Oq 

Op 

co 

• ►> 
rH r—1 

d ^ 

co += 

3134 in. 

thick 

32 in' 
thick 

32% in. 

thick 

d 0 

cod 

CO H—' 

A 

\CVrH 

M\^ 

CO -H» 
CO 

Ice 4 J 
i 3 

US 

A* ^ 
p <x> 

0^ 

H 0 ) 

5^ 

P 

jZl 

^ O 

5a 

P O 

P 

8a 

d 

p v 

5a 

p V 

8a 

P (V 

5a 

p V 

5a 

r-H sp 

■d 0 

5a 

d 4-3 

p O 

r 7 C9 

W«+H 

d+* 
p O 

,0 4-= 

A O 

X OJ 

w' PH 

d H 

*5 0 
6.2 

0 +i 

'A © 

oa 

A> 4 -= 
3 O 

X a> 

d-^> 
p <V 

5a 

X *-• 

3 a< 

0 a 

d H> 
^ O 

20 

33 

34 

36 

37 

39 

40 

42 

43 

45 

47 

49 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

59 

61 

63 

65 

67 

69 

21 

34 

36 

38 

39 

41 

42 

44 

46 

47 

49 

51 

53 

55 

57 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

69 

71 

73 

22 

36 

38 

39 

41 

43 

44 

46 

48 

50 

51 

53 

55 

57 

59 

61 

63 

C5 

G7 

70 

72 

74 

76 

23 

38 

39 

41 

43 

45 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

62 

64 

66 

C3 

71 

73 

75 

77 

89 

24 

39 

41 

43 

45 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

60 

62 

65 

67 

69 

71 

74 

76 

78 

81 

83 

25 

41 

43 

45 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

61 

63 

65 

67 

70 

72 

74 

77 

79 

82 

84 

87 

26 

43 

44 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

59 

61 

63 

65 

68 

70 

72 

75 

76 

80 

82 

85 

88 

90 

27 

44 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

57 

59 

61 

63 

65 

68 

70 

73 

75 

78 

80 

83 

85 

88 

91 

94 

28 

46 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

59 

61 

63 

65 

68 

70 

73 

75 

78 

80 

83 

86 

89 

91 

94 

97 

29 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

58 

61 

63 

65 

68 

70 

73 

75 

79 

81 

83 

86 

89 

92 

95 

98 

101 

30 

49 

51 

54 

56 

58 

60 

63 

65 

68 

70 

73 

75 

78 

81 

83 

86 

89 

92 

95 

98 

101 

104 

31 

51 

53 

55 

58 

60 

62 

65 

67 

70 

7° 

75 

78 

81 

83 

86 

89 

92 

95 

98 

101 

104107 

32 

52 

55 

57 

59 

62 

64 

67 

69 

72 

to 

TO 

i O 

80 

83 

86 

89 

92 

95 

98 

101 

104 

1081111 


Tables Showing the Number of Cubic Feet in Round Timber. 


* 



1 AX 

A ^ 


d » 

AX 

d »> 

AX 

d^ 

AX 

A k > 

AX 

A ^ 


A 


A 

AX 

A ys 

AX 

d •> 


d 3 

d 

,r ^_ 0 

d'v 

O 

d 

— 0 

d ^ 

Xd 

d 0 

* _ O 

d 

CJ 

xs 

d 0 

O 

.3 0 


d v 

X.d 

•5.2 


d 

O 


rH\,^ 


X 2 

o~\d 


co d 



_X , ’X 

rH 

uod 

0 d 

•xx 

t^d 

rH\^ 

00 ,d 

h\jT 

<dd 

n\ p 

So 

-Hi 


rH 

rH*. 

rH 


r—< 


rH 


rH 


rH 






1-1 




O 


XX 

O -Hi 

d Hi 

X 4-= 

d 

X 4^ 

XX 

O) -H> 

x ir 1 

rO -H> 

XX 

x *e 

XX, 


X — 

33 -e 

x-^ 

d-*f 

x ■*> 

Pi 

r- O 

5=d 

A & 
Qh 

3 & 

X <3J 

'W VH 

p & 

5a 

O 0 

3 43 

3 v 

oa 

P Cu 

5a 

<A>a 

p O 

c A>a 

0=2 

H Cj 

o2 

p <A> 

5a 

A <v 

oS 

3 431 

o£ 

p Q) 

0 a 

A 

r O) 

p a> 
X 0 

Jp 

3 43 

X <13 

0=PH 

3 43 
O^ 

3 43 1 

od^ 

12 

6 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

90 

P--J 

24 

25 

26 

13 

7 

8 

9 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

99 

23 

24 

26 

27 

23 

14 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

23 

25 

26 

28 

29 

31 

15 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

99 

H.-J 

23 

25 

26 

28 

30 

31 

33 

16 

9 

10 

11 

12 

12 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

28 

30 

32 

83 

35 

17 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

29 

30 

32 

34 

35 

37 

18 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

17 

18 

19 

21 

22 

24 

25 

27 

28 

SO 

32 

34 

36 

37 

39 

19 

10 

11 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

99 

23 

25 

27 

28 

30 

32 

OO 

OO 

36 

37 

40 

41 

20 

11 

12 

13 

14 

16 

17 

18 

20 

21 

23 

25 

26 

28 

30 

31 

34 

35 

37 

39 

42 

44 

21 

11 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

19 

21 

23 

24 

26 

28 

29 

31 

0 O 
OO 

35 

87 

39 

41 

44 

46 

22 

12 

13 

15 

16 

17 

19 

20 

22 

24 

25 

27 

29 

31 

33 

35 

37 

89 

41 

43 

46 

48 

23 

12 

14 

15 

17 

18 

20 

21 

23 

25 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

39 

41 

43 

45 

48 

50 

24 

13 

14 

16 

17 

19 

21 

99 

Hj-J 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

45 

47 

50 

52 



<V 


28 

30 

32 

34 

37 

39 

41 

44 

46 

48 

51 

53 

55 















































































































































































































































MISCELLANEOUS 


FOOTPRINTS IN THE SANDS OF TIME. 


BEFORE CHRIST. 

Creation of the world (Bible Cliro- 

nology. 4004 

Hindu era of the Deluge. 3101 

Commencement of Chinese his¬ 
tory. 2700 

The Deluge. 2348 

Babylon built. 2247 

The call of Abraham. 1921 

Death of Joseph. 1635 

Exodus from Egypt under Moses.. 1625 

Athens founded. 1556 

Pyramids built. 1250 

Eall of Troy. 1183 

Era of Cheops; Great Pyramid... 1082 

David became King of Israel. 1049 

Solomon’s temple finished. 1004 

Probable Era of Homer, from 915 

to. 962 

Carthage founded. 878 

Olympic era commenced. 776 

Foundation of Borne; era A. U. C. 753 
Babylonian captivity commenced 605 
Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnez¬ 
zar . 587 

Babylon taken by the Jews. 538 

Expulsion of the Tarquins. 509 

Xerxes defeated at Thermopylae .. 480 

Death of Socrates. 400 

Borne taken by the Gauls. 385 

Paper invented in China. 170 

Carthage destroyed. 146 

Caesar’s invasion of Britain. 55 

Caesar assassinated. 44 

Birth of Christ, 4 years before the 

Christian era. 4 

ANNO DOMINI. 

Crucifixion of our Lord. 29 

Bevolt of the Britons—Boadicea .. 61 

St. Paul put to death. 67 

Jerusalem destroyed by Titus. 70 

Death of Josephus. 93 

Jerusalem rebuilt... ^. 131 

The Bomans destroy 500,000 Jews. 135 
London rebuilt by the Bomans.... 306 

(1 


Constantine embraced Christianity 313 
The Bomans finally quitted Brit’n 418 

Horseshoes first made of Iron. 481 

Cerdic settled in England. 519 

St. Augustine arrived in England. 596 

Organs first used. 660 

Glass first used in England. 663 

Egbert, first king of all England.. 827 
Alfred the Great succeeded to the 

Crown. 871 

The Xorsemen conquered Neustria 912 
Brian Borolime slain at Clontarf.. 1014 
Canute of Denmark made king of 

England. 1017 

Battle of Hastings.1066 

Domesday Survey completed. 1086 

The crusades commenced. 1096 

Ireland invaded by Henry II.1171 

Glass first used for windows. 1180 

Mariner’s compass first used. 1200 

King John granted Magna Charta 1215 

Coa^irst dug for fuel:. 1234 

Chimneys first used.1236 

Spectacles invented.1240 

First representative English par¬ 
liament. 1265 

First act of England Parliament, 6 

Edward 1. 1278 

Wales conquered by Edward I- 1282 

Paper first made from linen.1302 

Wallace of Scotland captured and 

executed. 1305 

Gunpowder invented.1340 

Wooden cloth first made in Engl’d 1341 
Battle of Crecy; the French 

defeated. 1346 

The French defeated at Poictiers . 1356 

Wat Tyler’s rebellion. 1381 

Battle of Agincourt. 1415 

Joan of Arc raised the siege of 

Orleans. 1429 

Printing invented.. 1436 

Constantinople taken by the Turks 1453 
Wars of the Boses commenced.... 1455 


House of York came to the Throne 1461 

0 






























































FOOTPRINTS. 


!.*>() 


Bible first printed, at Mentz. 

Caxton set up liis printing press... 

Earl of Warwick killed at Barnet. 1471 
Almanacs first printed at Buda.... 1472 
Richard III. killed at at Boswortli 


field. 1485 

Discovery of America by Colum¬ 
bus . 1492 

First book printed in England .... 1507 
Battle of Flodden; Scottish forces 

defeated. 1513 

Luther began to preach. 1517 

First English Bible (Coverdale’s).. 1535 
Monasteries dissolved in England . 1539 

Telescopes invented. 1549 

Archbishop Cranmer burnt. 1556 

Accension of Queen Elizabeth.... 1558 
Calais taken from the English .... 1558 
Coaches first made in England .... 1564 

Clocks first made in England. 1568 

St. Bartholomew massacre. 1572 

Mary Queen of Scots beheaded.... 1587 

Spanish Armada defeated. 1588 

India company first chartered. 1600 

Union of the Crowns of England 

and Scotland. 1603 

Gunpowder plot, November 5. 1605 

Jamestown Ya. settled; first in 

America. 1607 

Independence of Holland. 1609 

Death of William Shakespeare.... 1616 
Circulation of the blood discovered 1619 

Barometer invented. 1623 

First Newspaper printed. 1629 

Long Parliament of England as¬ 
sembled. 1640 

Battle of Edgeliill. 1642 

Battle of Naseby; King Charles I. 

defeated. 1645 

Charles I. king of England, be¬ 
headed. 1649 

Steam engine invented. 1649 

Oliver Cromwell made Lord Pro¬ 
tector. 1653 

Charles II. called to the Throne of 

England.;. 1660 

Great fire in London. 1666 

Habeas Corpus act passed the 

British parliament. 1679 

Duke of Monmouth’s rebellion.... 1685 
Mary and William elected to the 

Throne. 1689 

Battle of the Boyne. 1690 

Prussia first made a kingdom. 1701 


1704 

Gibralter taken by the English.... 1704 
Legislative Union of England and 

Scotland. 1707 

Peace of Utrecht. 1713 

Accession of the House of Hanover 1714 

South Sea Bubble. 1720 

Scotch rebellion. 1745 

Terrible black hole suffocation in 

Calcutta. 1756 

Clive gained the battle of Plassy.. 1757 
Cotton first planted in the United 

States..*. 1759 

First partition of Poland. 1772 

Battle of Lexington, the first 

American. 1775 

Signing of the Declaration of Inde¬ 
pendence . 1776 

Adoption of the Stars and Stripes. 1777 
Articles of confederation adopted 

by Congress. 1777 

Captain Cook killed. 1779 

Benedict Arnold’s treachery. 1780 

Bank of IjjTorth America incorpor¬ 
ated.... 1781 

Peace declared between England 

and United States. 1783 

Washington’s farewell address de¬ 
livered. 1783 

First Methodist Bishop ordained 

in United States. 1784 

First daily paper in United States, 

Philadelphia Advertizer. 1784 

First Catholic Bishop appointed for 

United States. 1785 

First Sunday school established... 1786 
Shay’s rebellion in Massachusetts.. 1786 
First cotton mill in New England 

opened.1786 

Episcopal Church in America re¬ 


organized. 1786 

Constitution ratified by the States. 1788 

First settlement in Australia. 1788 

First law reports published in U. S. 1789 
George Washington inaugurated 

President. 1789 

Departments of State, War and 

Treasury established. 1789 

First census of the United States 

taken (3,929,328). 1790 

Bank of United States incorpor¬ 
ated. 1791 

First ten amendments to Constitu¬ 
tion ratified. 1791 


1462 1 Battle of Blenheim 
1471 































































FOOTPRINTS. 


137 


Post office department permanently 1792 

established. 

United States Mint established.... 1792 
Cotton Gin invented by Whitney.. 1793 
Louis XVI. of France executed... 1793 
Pinckney,U. S. Minister, dismissed 


from Paris. 1797 

Eleventh Constitutional Amend¬ 
ment ratified. 1798 

Non-intercourse with France de¬ 
clared by United States. 1798 

Irish rebellion. 1798 

Frigate Constitution captures the 

LTnsurgente. 1800 

Treaty of peace signed between 

U. S. and France. 1800 

Second census of the U. S. taken 

(5, 305,925). 1800 

War between U.S. and Tripoli, 1801-1805 
Union of Gr’t Britain and Ireland 1801 

Treaty of Amiens. 1802 

West Point Military Academy 

established. 1802 

Louisiana purchased from France 1803 
War between England and France 

resumed. 1803 

Bonaparte made Emp’or of France 1804 
Aaron Burr kills Alex. Hamilton 

in a duel. 1804 

Twelfth Constitutional amend¬ 
ment ratified.;. 1804 

Battle of Trafalgar; death of Nel¬ 
son. 1805 

Gas first introduced in London_ 1807 

Battle of Corunna. 1809 

Third census of the U. S.taken 

(7,239,814). 1810 

United States Land Office estab... 1812 
War declared between U. S. and 

Great Britain. 1812 

French expedition to Russia. 1812 

Printing machine invented. 1814 

Financial panic in United States.. 1814 
Peace declared between United 
States and Great Britain. 1815 


Battle of Waterloo; 18th June.... 1815 
New bank of U. S. incorporated.. 1816 
Florida ceded to U. S. by Spain... 1819 
First steamship crosses the Atlantic 1819 
Fourth census of the U. S. taken 


(9,638,131). 1820 

Trial of Queen Caroline?. 1820 

Death of Napoleon Bonaparte- 1820 

Erie canal opened. 1825 


Homoeopathy introduced into the 1825 

U.S. 

Mormon religion founded. 1827 

Battle of Navarino. 1827 

First passenger railroad began 

(Balt, and Ohio). 1828 

Omnibusses first ran in London... 1829 
Liverpool and Manchester railroad 

opened. 1830 

French revolution; Charles X. ex¬ 
pelled.‘. 1830 

Fifth census of the Ft. S. taken 

(12,866,026). 1830 

Great cholera epidemic in U. S.... 1832 

Telegraph invented by Morse. 1832 

Lucifer matches came into use.... 1834 
British housesof Parliament burnt 1831 
Great fire in New York; loss 

$18,000,000. 1835 

Texas revolts against Mexico. 1836 

U. S. patent office established. 1336 

Financial crisis in United States.. 1837 

Accession of Queen Victoria. 1837 

Great Western crossed the ocean to 

New York. 1838 

Electric Telegraph first constructed 1838 

First daguerreotype in France_ 1839 

Sixth census of the United States 

taken (17,069,453). 1840 

Marriage of Queen Victoria. 1840 

Birth of the Prince of Wales. 1841 

Fremont explores the Rocky Moun¬ 
tains . 1842 

Bunker II ill monument dedicated. 1843 
Naval academy opened at Anna¬ 
polis. 1845 

Sewing machine invented. 1846 

Congress declares.warwith Mexico 1846 
California declares her independ¬ 
ence of Mexico. 1846 

Peace declared between United 

States and Mexico. 1848 

French revolution; Louis Philippe 

expelled. 1848 

Gold discovered in California. 1848 

Department of Interior established 1849 
Seventh census of the United States 

taken (23,191,876). 1850 

Letter postage reduced to three 

cents in United States. 1851 

First international exhibition, at 

London. 1851 

Louis Napoleon made Emperor of 
France. 1852 




























































133 


ORIGIN OF THE MONTHS. 


Duke of Wellington died. 1852 j 

Capture of Sebastopol. 1855 

Indian mutiny broke out. 1857 

Financial crisis in United States.. 1857 
First cabel dispatch sent across the 

ocean.%... 1858 ] 

John Brown’s raid into Virginia.. 1859 
Eighth census of the U. S. taken 

(31,443,321. 1860 

Garibaldi’s entry into Naples. 1860 

Death of the Prince Consort.1861 

Secession of the Southern States .. 1861 

Battle of Bull Run. 1861 

President Lincoln calls for 500,000 

troops. 1861 

United States Greenbacks issued.. 1862 

Homestead act passed. 1862 

Second International exhibition at 

London. 1862 

Emancipation Proclamation. 1863 

D aft riots in New York. 1863 

National bank act passed.1864 

War between Germany and Den¬ 
mark . 1864 

Death of Lord Palmerston. 1865 

Thirteenth Constitutional amend¬ 
ment ratified. 1865 

Close of the Rebellion. 1865 

Assassination of President Abra¬ 
ham Lincoln. 1865 

Atlantic cable successfully laid... 1866 
Great fire at Portland, Maine. 1866 


Battle of Sadowa, bet. Germany 1866 

and Austria. 

AbyssinianWar, cost £10X00,000 to 


England... 1867 

Alaska purchased from Russia.... 1867 
Fourteenth Constitutional amend¬ 
ment ratified. 1868 

Union and Central Pacific railroads 

finished. . 1869 

Ninth census of the U. S. taken 

(38,558,371). 1870 

Fifteenth constitutional amend¬ 
ment adopted. 1870 

Capitulation of N apoleon at Sedan 1870 

German empire re-established. 1871 

Great fire in Chicago. 1871 

Geneva award made. 1872 

Great financial panic begun in the 

U. S. 1873 

Centennial exhibition held in Phil¬ 
adelphia. 1876 

First railroad built in China.1876 

Electoral tribunal bill passed.1877 

War declared between Russia and 

Turkey. 1877 

Specie payments resumed. 1879 

Tenth census taken (50,152,559). .*. 1880 

New treaty with China ratified_ 1881 

Assassination of President Gar¬ 
field. 1881 

The Bombardment of Alexandria, 
Egypt by the English. 1882 


ORIGIN OF THE NAME OF THE MONTHS. 

January is so named from the Roman Janus who was the porter of heaven, 
having the surname of Patulcus, the opener. lie presided over the ^beginning or 
opening of everything. So when the Roman year was altered by Numa Pompilius 
(in the seventh century B. C.) from ten months, beginning in March, to twelve 
months, adding January and February, he so named it. 

February according to some, derives its name from the Febvucivc , signifying 
to expiate or purify, as the Romans had a custom of general lustration and purifi¬ 
cations in the latter part of that month. More generally, February is traced to the 
Roman divinity, Februus, afterward indentified with the god Pluto, of the lower 
world. Still another origin is found in the goddess Februa supposed to be the same 
as Juno. 

March, was named from Mars, the Roman god of war. This divinity was 
known as Father Mars, and next to Jupiter, he enjoyed the highest honors at Rome, 
of which city Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus were the three tutelary divinities. March 
was the first month in the early Roman calendar, and the legal year began with 
March 25th, even in England, until the change Dom old style to new style in 1752. 
The custom of reckoning the year according to the old style is still retained in 













































ORIGIN OF THE MONTHS. 



Russia, and even the financial year of Great Britain is reckoned from the 31st of 
March. In historical works dates are frequently written thus, February 1732, 
the upper figures representing old style reckoning, and the lower, new style. 

AmiL is derived probably from Aperire , to open, because spring and the buds 
generally open in this month. Another derivation has been found in the dedication 
of this month by the Romans to Venus, goddess of buds and beauty, whose name 
in Greek was Aphrodite or A prills. 

Tn the French revolutionary calendar, April included most of their new season 
of Germinal , and the beginning of Floreal. 

On the ancient monuments Aprilis appears as a dancing youth with a rattle 
in his hand, thus symbolizing the gay and jocund spirit of spring. 

All Fool’s Day (April 1) is traced through every country of Europe to the 
Hindoos, and even further back, to the mistake of Noah in sending the dove out 
the ark before the water had abated, on the Hebrew first day of the month. 

May was consecrated to Apollo among the Romans, and is derived from 
Maia , a feminine divinity worshipped at Rome, to whom sacrifices were offered on 
the first of May. Some philologists, however, hold that Maius is a contraction of 
Magius , derived from the Sanskrit root mag or mah, to grow. 

The custom of observing May-day, or the first of May, with floral and festive 
ceremonies, is older than the Middle Ages, and is probably the lineal descendant 
of the Roman Floralha , or festival in honor of Flora , celebrated from April 28 tc 
May 2. 

In England the custom of going out a-Maying is mentioned in Chaucer and 
Shakespeare. Before sunrise young people went to the groves to gather flowers 
and branches of foliage to adorn the village May-pole, around which the dancing 
was kept up. A queen of the May, the most beautiful girl in the village, was 
elected for crowning. 

June, the month of roses, has been commonly traced to Juno, worshipped at 
Rome as the queen of heaven. The connection is found in the fact that the month 
of June (said to have been called originally Junonius ,) was considered the most 
favorable period for marrying; and Juno was the great protector of the feminine 
sex, and believed especially to preside over marriage. Another origin is found by 
some in the Latin Junior es, the young men, to whom Romulus is said to have 
assigned it; and still another mjungo , to join, (as in marriage). 

July. This month derives its name from Julius Ccrsar , who was born on the 
12th of the month, originally called Quintilis , it having been the fifth month in the 
original Latin year, which began with March. The change of name was proposed 
by Mark Antony, and easily carried in the days of the great Julius. 

August, like July, owes its name to the Roman Caesars, the Emperor Augustus 
having followed in the footsteps of his illustrious predecessor by appropriating a 
month to himself. Formerly called Sextilis , or - the sixth month, when Julius 
Caesar changed the calendar it still continued Sextilis and had thirty days, while 
February had twenty-nine, and in leap-year thirty days. To gratify the vanity of 
Augustus, one day was taken by the obsequious Senate from February and added 
to August, so as to make his month equal in extent and dignity to July. 

September is so called from the Latin septem, seven, because it was the seventh 
month of the Roman year, which began with March, until the change of the 
calendar under the second King of Rome. Though September then became the 
ninth month, and October, November and December, the 10th, 11th and 12th 
respectively, instead of the 8tli, 9th and 10th, the ancient designations are still 
retained, in spite of their total inaccuracy; an instance of conservatism enduring 
through ages, and still perpetuated. 

September is the month of harvest through large areas of the globe, and in 
Switzerland it is still called Herbstmonat (harvest month.) 


140 


WOOD FOR FUEL. 


October was the eighth month of the Homan calendar, before it reformation. 
This has given rise to the following quatrain: 

“ October has its name from octo , eight; 

Though ’tis the truth,perhaps ’tis well to state, 

Such sixes and such sevens the months were knocked to, 

That ten became translated into octo." 

November is now the eleventh month instead of the ninth, as before the 
change in the Roman calendar. 

December, the tenth month of the early Romans, has become the twelfth, 
rounding out the year. 

This is the month of the longest nights and the shortest days, as the winter 
solstice falls on the 21st of December. 

When the French revolutionized the calendar in 1792, and gave the months new 
and significant names, December was cut in two, the first part of it becoming 
Frimaire (frosty) and the last, Nivose (snowy.) 


EXPECTATION OF LIFE AT THE FOLLOWING AGES CALCU¬ 
LATED IN YEARS AND HUNDREDTHS. 


Age. 

Male. 

Fern. 

Age. 

Male. 

Fem. 


Age. 

Male. 

Fem. 

Age. 

Male. 

Fem. 

0 

39.91 

41.85 

25 

36.12 

37.04 


50 

19.54 

20.75 

75 

6.49 

6.93 

1 

46.65 

47.31 

26 

35.44 

36.39 


51 

18.90 

20.09 

76 

6.15 

6.56 

2 

48.83 

49.40 

27 

34.77 

35.75 


52 

18.28 

19.42 

77 

5.82 

6.21 

3 

49.61 

50.20 

28 

34.10 

35.10 


53 

17.67 

18.75 

78 

5.51 

5.88 

4 

49.81 

50.43 

29 

33.43 

34.46 


54 

17.06 

18.08 

79 

5.21 

5.56 

5 

49.71 

50.33 

30 

32.76 

33.81 


55 

16.45 

17.43 

80 

4.93 

5.26 

6 

49.39 

50.00 

31 

32.09 

33.17 


56 

15.86 

16.79 

81 

4.66 

4.93 

7 

48.92 

49.53 

32 

31.42 

32.53 


57 

15.26 

16.17 

82 

4.41 

4.71 

8 

48.37 

48.98 

33 

30.74 

31.88 


58 

14.68 

15.55 

83 

4.17 

4.45 

9 

47.74 

48.35 

34 

30.07 

31.23 


59 

14.10 

14.94 

84 

3.95 

4.21 

10 

47.05 

47.67 

35 

29.40 

30.59 


60 

13.53 

14.34 

85 

3.73 

3.96 

11 

46.39 

45.95 

36 

28.73 

29.94 


61 

12.96 

13.75 

86 

3-53 

3.76 

12 

45.54 

46.20 

37 

28.06 

29.29 


62 

12.41 

13.17 

87 

3.34 

3.56 

13 

44.76 

45.44 

38 

27.39 

28.64 


63 

11.87 

12.60 

88 

3.16 

3.36 

14 

43.97 

44.68 

39 

26.72 

27.99 


64 

11.34 

12.05 

89 

3.00 

3.18 

15 

43.18 

43.90 

40 

26.06 

27.34 


65 

10.82 

11.51 

90 

2.84 

3.01 

16 

42.40 

43.14 

41 

25.39 

26.69 


66 

10.32 

10.98 

91 

2.69 

2.85 

17 

41.64 

42.40 

42 

24.73 

26.03 


67 

9.83 

10.47 

92 

2.55 

2.70 

18 

40.90 

41.67 

43 

24.07 

25.38 


68 

9.36 

9.97 

93 

2.41 

2.55 

19 

40.17 

40.97 

44 

23.41 

24.72 


69 

- 

8.90 

9.48 

94 

2.29 

2.42 

20 

39.48 

40.29 

45 

22.76 

24.06 


70 

8.45 

9.02 

95 

2.17 

2.29 

21 

38.80 

39.63 

46 

22.11 

23.40 


71 

8.03 

8.57 

96 

2.06 

2.17 

22 

38.13 

38.98 

47 

21.46 

22.74 


72 

7.62 

8.13 

97 

1.95 

2.06 

23 

37.46 

38.33 

48 

20.82 

22.08 


73 

7.22 

7.71 

98 

1.85 

1.96 

24 

36.79 

37.68 

49 

20.17 

21.42 


74 

6.85 

7.31 

99 

1.76 

1.88 


WOOD FOR FUEL. 

Showing the comparative merits of different kinds of woods, 100 as a standard. 


Hickory. 

.100 

Black Walnut.. 

.65 

Yellow Pine. 

.53 

White Oak. 

. 84 

Yellow Oak.... 

. 60 

Chestnut. 


White Ash. 


Hard Maple_ 

. 56 

Butternut. 

.43 

Apple Tree. 

. 70 

Red Cedar. 

.56 

White Birch. 

.43 

White Beech. 

. 65 

Wild Cherry.... 

. 56 

White Pine. 

. 30 






























































































































SIZE OF OCEANS, LAKES, ETC. 


141 


There are said to be 420 varieties of native trees in the United States, besides 
those which have been naturalized from Europe. The superb specimens of rich 
woods from California ought to be better known by our furniture dealers, and a 
“log collection” in New York is only the beginning of what it will be to the 
interest of other cities to establish. 


DIFFERENCE OF TIME BETWEEN WASHINGTON, D. C., 

AND OTHER CITIES. 


Washington, I). C. 

12.00 Xoon. 

Xew York. 

12.12 p.m. 

Boston. 

. 12.24 “ 

Portland, Me. 

12.27 “ 

St. Johns’. 

. 1.37 “ 

Lisbon. . 

, 4.31 “ 

Dublin. 

. 4.43 “ 

Edinburgh. 

4.55 “ 

London. 

. 5.07 “ 

Paris. 

.' 5.17 “ 

llnmp 

5.58 “ 

Berlin. 

. 6.02 “ 


Vienna. G.14 p. m. 

Constantinople_ 7.04 “ 

Calcutta. 11.01 “ 

Pekin. 12.54 a. m. 

Melbourne. 2.48 “ 

Auckland. 4.51 “ 

San Francisco. 8.58 “ 

Salt Lake. 9.40 “ 

Xew Orleans. 11.08 “ 

Chicago. 11.18 “ 

Buffalo. 11.52 “ 

Lima, Peru. 12.00 “ 


t 

FIVE LARGEST OCEANS, SEAS, LAKES, MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, 

MONUMENTS, ETC. 


FIVE OCEANS. 


Sq. miles. 

Pacific, about. 80,000,000 

Atlantic. 40,000,000 

Indian. 20,000,000 

Southern. 10,000,000 

Arctic. 5,000,000 

FIVE LARGEST LAKES. 

Length. Width. 

Superior. 980 120 

Baikal.960 95 

Michigan. 930 60 

Great Slave. 900 45 

Huron. 250 90 

FIVE HIGHEST MOUNTAINS. 

Country. Feet. Miles. 

Himalayas, Thibet. 28,178 54 

Sorata, Bolivia, 25,380 5 

Illimani, Bolivia, 21,780 4£ 

Chimborazo, Ecuador, 21,444 44 

Hindo-Kosh, Asia, 20,600 3! 

IN UNITED STATES. 

Mt. St. Elias, Alaska, 17,900 31 

’Big Horn, U. S., 1^,000 2f 

Mt. Whitney, California, 15,000 2f 
Mt. Fairweather, Alaska, 14,750 24 

Mt. St. Helens, Oregon, 14,400 21 


FIVE LARGEST SEAS. 

Length in miles. 


Mediterranean. _,000 

Carribbean... 1,800 

China.1,700 

Red. 1,400 

Japan. 1,000 

FIVE LONGEST RIVERS. 

Length in Miles. 

Missouri. 4,500 

Mississippi.3,200 

Amazon, Brazil.3,200 

Hoang-ho, China. 3,000 

Murray, Australasia. 3,000 

MONUMENTS, TOWERS, ETC. 

Feet. 

Pyramid, Cheops, Egypt. 543 

Antwerp cathedral, Belgium.476 

Strasburg cathedral, France. 474 

St. Martin’s church, Bavaria.450 

Pyramid, Cephrenes, Egypt.456 

IN UNITED STATES. 

Trinity church, Xew York. 283 

Bunker Hill, Boston......220 

Washington, Baltimore. 183 
























































142 


CALENDAR 


CALENDAR FOR TWO HUNDRED YEARS. 


For ascertaining any Day of the Week for any given time within Two Hundred Years 
FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF THE NEW STYLE 1792TO 1952 inclusive. 


1 — 1 

Cn 

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1780 

i—i 

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CS 

to 

1768 

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Leap Years. 

1753 

1810 

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1755 

1806 

1754 

1805 

1757 

1803 

1762 

1802 

1761 

1801 

Y r EARS 1753 TO 1952. 

t- 1 i-i 

X-7 
LO On 

f-C CO 

1769 

1815 

1766 

1817 

1765 

1811 

1763 

1814 

1773 

1813 

1767 

1807 

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go 

X 

1784 



. 

t—i 

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05 

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1827 

1775 

1826 

1777 

1823 

1771 

1822 

1774 

1825 

1779 

1819 

1778 

1818 

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to 

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1820 

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h-l 

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1808 

l—l 

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1838 

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1834 

1782 

1833 

1785 

1831 

1790 

1830 

1789 

1829 


1787 

1849 

1 

1797 
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1794 

1845 

1793 

1839 

1791 

1842 

1841 

1795 

1835 

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4- 

h— 

1—1 

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4- 

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1836 

h— 1 

X 

X 

LO 

1798 

1855 

1854 

1905 

1800 

1851 

1902 

1799 

1850 

1901 

1853 

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4-* 

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1846 

X 

X 

1 4- 

1880 

M 

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to 

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X 

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186 

0981 

1866 

1906 

1865 

1911 

1862 

1913 

1861 

1907 

1859 

1910 

1858 

1909 

1857 

1903 





1896 

1892 

1888 

1877 

1917 

1871 

1922 

1873 

1919 

1867 

1918 

1870 

1921 

1869 

1915 

1863 

1914 

* 

1883 

1923 

1882 

1933 

1879 

1930 

1878 

1929 

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1926 

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1916 

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1904 

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1934 

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1939 

1890 

1941 

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1935 

1887 

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1944 

1940 

1936 

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1950 

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MEDICAL 


SIGNS USED BY PHYSICIANS IN WRITING RECIPES. 


ft denotes a pound. 

3. an ounce. 

3, a draclnn. 

, a scruple. 

</r.,a grain. 

R, recipe. 
ana. of each alike. 

Coc/i, a spoonful. 

P. yE. equal quantities, 
ss. half of anything. 
iss. one and a half. 


q. s. sufficient quantity. 
q. pi. much as you please. 
0. a pint. 

J[. 60 th part of a fluid 
drachm. 

i. one of anything. * 
ij. two of anything. 
iij. three of anything. 
iv. four of anything. 
x. ten of anything. 
xij. twelve of anything. 


f. prefixed to dr. or oz. 
denotes fluid drachm. 

(jtt. a drop. 

g. iv. v. a cupful. 

3. iss. to 3 ij. a wine glass. 
f. 3 . ss. a table spoonful. 
/. 3. iij. a desert spoonful. 
f. 3 .j. a tea spoonful. 
Pugillas , as much as can 
be held between the 
thumb and finger. 


TERMS TO EXPRESS THE PROPERTIES OF MEDICINES. 

Arsokbents are medicines which destroy acidities in the stomach and bowels, 
such as magnesia, prepared chalk, etc. 

Alteritives are medicines which restore health to the constitution, without 
producing any sensible effect, such as sarsaparilla, sulphur, etc. 

Analeptics are medicines that restore the strength which has been lost by 
sickness, suce as gentian, bark, etc. 

Anodynes are medicines which relieve pain, and they are divided into three 
kinds, paregorics , hypnotics , narcotics (see these terms); camphor is anodyne as 
well as narcotic. 

Antacids destroy acidity, such as lime, magnesia, soda. 

Antalkalies are medicines given to neutralize alkalies in the system, such as 
citric, nitric, or sulphuric acids, etc. 

Anthelmintics are medicines used to expel and destroy worms from the 
stomach and intestines, such as turpentine, cowhage, male fern, etc. 

Antibilious are medicines which are useful in bilious affections,* such a s 
calomel, etc. 

Antiriieumatics are medicines used for the cure of rheumatism, such as 
colcliicum, iodide of potash, etc. 

Antiscorbutics are used against scurvy, as citric acid. 

Antispasmodics are medicines which possess the power of overcoming spasms 
of the muscles, or allaying severe pain from any cause unconnected with inflamma¬ 
tion, such as valerian, ammonia, etc. 

Asperients move the bowels gently, as dandelion root, etc. 

Astringents are medicines which contract the fibres of the body, diminish 
excessive discharges, and act indirectly as tonics, such as oak bark, galls, etc. 

Attendants are to thin the blood, as kmmoniated iron. 

Balsamics are medicines of a soothing kind, as Tolu, Peruvian Balsam, etc. 

Carminatives are medicines which allay pain in the stomach and bowels, 
and expel flatulence, as aniseed water. 

Cathartics are strong purgative medicines, as jalap, etc. 

Cordials are warming medicines, as aromatic confection. 

( 144 ) 




MEDICAL TERMS. 145 

Corroborants are medicines and food which increase the strength, snch as 
iron, gentian, sago, etc. 

Demulcents correct accrimony, diminish irritation, and soften parts hy 
covering their surfaces with a mild and vicid matter such as linseed tea, etc. 

Deobstruents are medicines which remove obstructions, such as iodide of 
potash, etc. 

Diaphoretics produce perspiration, such as tartrate of antimony, etc". 

Digestives are remedies applied to ulcers or wounds, to promote the formation 
of matter, such as resin ointments, warm poultices, etc. 

Discutients possess the power of repelling or resolving tumors, such as 
galbanum, etc. 

Diuretics act upon the kidneys and bladder, and increase the flow of urine, 
such as nitre, squills, etc. 

Drastics are violent purgatives such as gamboge, etc. 

Emetics produce vomiting, or the discharge of the contents of the stomach, as 
mustard, tartar emetic, bloodroot, etc. 

Emollients are remedies used externally to soften the parts they are applied 
to, such as spermaceti, palm oil, etc. 

Esciiarotics are medicines which corrode, or destroy the vitality of the part 
to which they are applied, as lunar caustic. 

Expectorants are medicines which increase expectoration, or discharges 
from the bronchial tubes, as ipecacuanha. 

Eebrifuges are used in fevers, as antimonial wines, etc. 

Hydragogues are medicines which have the effect of removing the fluid of 
dropsy, by producing water evacuations, such as gamboge, calomel, etc. 

Hypnotics relieve pain by producing sleeep, as hops, etc. 

Laxatives are medicines which cause the bowles to act rather more than 
natural, such as mana,*etc. 

Narcotics are medicines which cause sleep or stupor, and allay pain, such as 
opium, etc. 

Nutrients are remedies that nourish the body, as sago, etc. 

Paregorics are medicines which actually assuage pain, such as compound 
tincture of camphor, etc. 

Purgatives are medicines that promote the evacuation of the bowles, such as 
senna, etc. 

Refrigerants are medicines which suppress 'an unusual heat of the body, 
i nch as wood-sorrel, tamarind, etc. 

Rubefacients are medicines which cause redness of the skin, such as 
mustard, etc. 

Sedatives are medicines which depress the nervous energy, and destroy 
sensation, so as to compose, as foxglove, etc. 

Sialagogues are medicines which promote the flow of saliva or spittle, such 
as salt, calomel, etc. 

Soporifics induce sleep, such as hops, etc. 

Stimulants are remedies which increase the action of the heart and arteries, 
or the energy of the part to which they are applied, such ^s sassafras, which is an 
internal stimulant, and savine, which is an external stimulant. 

Stomachics restore the tone of the stomach, as gentian. 

Styptics are medicines which constrict the surface of a part, and prevent the 
effusion of blood, such as kino, etc. 

Sudorifics promote prof use perspiration or sweating, such as ipecacuanha, etc. 

Tonics give general strength to the constitution, restore the natural energies, 
and improve the tone of the system, such as chamomile, etc. 

Vesicants are used to blister, as strong liquid ammonia. 

K 


146 


NUTRIMENT IN FOOD. 


NUTRIMENT IN FOOD. 

The following table will be found generally useful, giving as it does, the amount 
of nutriment contained in the ordinary articles of food : 


Kind of Food. 

Preparation. 


Per cent, 
of Nutriment. 

Time of 
Digestion 

II. M. 

Apples . 

. Raw . 


. 10 

1 30 

Barley . 

.Boiled . 


. 92 

2 00 

Beans, dry .— 

.Boiled . 


. 87 

2 30 

Beef . 

_____Roast_ __ 


. 26 

3 30 

Bread . 

.Baked . 


. 80 

3 30 

Cabbage . 

.Boiled . 


. 7 

4 30 

Carrots . 

.Boiled . 


. 10 

3 15 

Cherries . 

. Raw . 


. 25 

2 00 

Chickens . 



. 27 

2 45 

Codfish . 

.Boiled . 


. 21 

2 00 

Cucumbers . 

. Raw . 


. 2 

3 30 

Eggs . 

.Whipped .. 


. 23 

1 30 

Flour, bolted . 

.In bread . .. 


. 80 

3 30 

Flour, unbolted . 

.In bread .. . 


. 85 

3 30 

Gooseberries . 

. Raw . 


. 19 

2 00 

Grapes . 

. Raw. 


. 27 

2 30 

Haddock . 

.Boiled . 


. 18 

2 30 

Melons . 

. Raw . 


. 3 

2 00 

Milk. 

.Raw. 


. 27 

2 15 

Mutton. 

.Roast. 


.30 

3 15 

Oatmeal. 

.Baked. 


. 74 

3 30 

Oils . 

. Raw . 


. 96 

3 30 

Peas, dry . 



. 93 

3 30 

Peaches . 

. Raw . 


. 20 

2 00 

Pears . 

. Raw . 


. 10 

3 30 

Plums . 

. Raw . 


. 29 

2 30 

Pork . 

. Roast . 


. 21 

5 15 

Potatoes . 



. 23 

2 30 

Kice . 

. Boiled . 


. 88 

1 00 

Rye flour . 

. Baked . 


. 79 

3 30 

Soup, barley.. 

.Boiled. 


. 20 

1 30 

Strawberries. 

.Raw. 


. 12 

2 00 

Turnips. 

.Boiled. 


. 4 

3 50 

Yeal. 

.Fried. 


. 25 

4 30 

Yenison. 

..Broiled. 


.22 

1 30 

White bread. 

.Baked. 


. 80 

3 30 


Food, both solid and liquid, is necessary for the nourishment of the body, and 
should be taken in such quantities as the condition and constitution of the person 
will permit. As water composes from two-tliirds to three quarters of the entire 
body, our food should contain a corresponding quantity of water to take the place 
of that which is constantly removed from our bodies by means of perspiration, 
respiration and otherwise. Mineral salts are also necessary to the general make 
up of our bodies, helping to form the bone. Starch and sugar are also essential, 
containing as they do hydrogen, oxygen and carbon. The table given above will 
be found useful in determining what food will give us the greatest amount of 
nourishment for the least quantity in bulk. 










































































4 


ETIQUETTE. 


In everything that is done, no matter how trivial, there is a wrong 
and a right way of doing it. The writing of a note or letter, the word¬ 
ing of a regret, the prompt or the delayed answering of an invitation, 
the manner of a salutation, the neglect of a required attention, all 
betray to the well bred the degree or the absence of good breeding. 

Impoliteness is very demoralizing, and in a society where the majority 
are rude from thoughtlessness or ignorance, or remiss from the inso¬ 
lence of bad breeding, the iron rule, “ Do unto others as they do unto 
you,” is oftener put in practice than the golden one. As savages know 
nothing of the virtues of forgiveness, and think those who are not 
revengeful are wanting in spirit, so the illbred do not understand unde¬ 
served civilities, extended to promote the general interests of society, and 
to carry out the injunction of Scripture to strive after the things that 
make for peace. 










ETIQUETTE. 


If manners make the man, manners are the woman also; because with her they 
•are the outward and visible tokens of her inward and spiritual grace or disgrace, 
and flow instinctively, whether good or bad, from the instincts of her inner nature. 

There is a class of people who consider it a mark of superiority to hold them¬ 
selves in defiance to all rules of etiquette, who affect to despise it, and take pleas¬ 
ure in outraging it; but it must be admitted that however well educated in the 
matter of books these people may be, however intelligent in other directions, yet 
they are not born among those having fine manners, and accustomed to the 
requirements of society, were not reared in high breeding, and are really ignorant 
of what they so despise. It would seem to be only in accordance with the first 
principles of common sense that people should acquaint themselves with the 
requirements of etiquette, and examine their causes, before they sweep aside what 
many of the very great intellects of the world have thought it worth while to 
approve and accept. For every item of the regulations of the best society there is 
a reason, and usually a compulsory one. Having been made intelligently, most of 
them can be re-discovered by intelligence, although for some of the finer distinc¬ 
tions experience may be necessary. Obedience to these social laws is what obedi¬ 
ence to law is in political life, and the obligations which individuals feel in their 
observance is said to be binding in proportion to the fineness of their sense of 
honor and the keenness of their self-respect. Etiquette is the sovereign ruler of 
social pleasure; its kingdom comprises not only manners, but the application of 
manners to events. The observance of its laws avoids confusion and maintains 
decorum, insuring to each individual due attention and respect. Its whole atten¬ 
tion is to maintain the dignity of the individual and the comfort of the commu¬ 
nity. Whatever enjoyment of our daily existence we have, so far as others are, 
concerned, impossible only through our obedience to the laws of that etiquette 
which governs the whole machinery, and keeps every cog and wheel in place, and 
at its own work, which prevents jostling, and carries all things along to their 
consummation. 

Surely the science of social intercourse and its regulations are worthy of being 
made a study, as the means through which people meet each other, maintaining 
harmony and peace in their relations, and securing the greatest possible amount of 
pleasure and comfort to all. For— 

“Our follies, when displayed, ourselves affright; 

Few are so bad to bear the odious sight. 

Mankind, in herds, through force of custom stray, 

Mislead each other into error’s way.” 

Etiquette may be despotic, but its cruelty is inspired by intelligent kindliness. 
It is like a wall built up around us to protect us from disagreeable, underbred 
people, who refuse to take the trouble to be civil. Those who defy the rules of 
the best society, and claim to be superior to them, are always coarse in their moral 
fibre, however strong they may be intellectually. 

In the home circle the forms of courtesy are by far the most precious, filling the 
atmosphere of daily existence with their fragrance. 

X 

LETTER WRITING. 

In writing to strangers use the third person or commence with “Sir” or 
“ Madam ” as preferred. If the writer slightly knows the person, “ Dear Sir ” 

(149) 




150 


etiquette. 

or “ Dear Madam ” is considered more courteous. If you have a speaking- 
acquaintance, “Dear Mr. Brown” or “Dear Mrs. Brown” is correct, if on 
visiting terms or well acquainted, “My Dear Mr. Brown” or My Dear Mrs. 
Brown.” 

Only the letters of unmarried ladies and widows are addressed with their 
baptismal names. All letters to married women should bear their husband’s 
names, as “ Mrs. Edgar Cox.” 

In giving letters of introduction always leave them unsealed; but they should 
be closed before delivery by the one introduced, who sends it with his card and 
direction and awaits until this formality is returned by a call or by cards with an 
invitation. But when a gentleman delivers such a letter to a lady he is at liberty 
to call, sending up his card to ascertain wdiether she will receive him then or 
appoint a more convenient hour, or he may send it as in the former case, when 
she -writes a note of invitation in answer. Nothing but accident will prevent a 
well-bred person from answering such a letter within twenty-four hours. Never 
give a letter of introduction to a person, however, unless you are thoroughly 
acquainted with them. 

Notes of invitation for evening parties are issued in the name of the lady of 
the house, as 

“Mrs. John Alton requests the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. George Bell’s 
company on Tuesday evening, May 10th, from nine to twelve o’clock.” 

The reply to such a note, if accepted, would be as follows: 

“Mr. and Mrs. George Bell have much pleasure in accepting Mrs. John 
Alton’s kind invitation for Tuesday evening, the 10th inst.” 

Be sure you do not separate the Mr. and Mrs. from the name, and the nunm 
itself should be written on one line. 

Should the letter be not accepted, this ; 

“Mr. and Mrs. George Bell regret that a previous engagement, to dine with 
Mrs. Cole, deprives them of the pleasure of accepting Mrs. John Alton’s kind 
invitation for Tuesday evening, May 10th.” 

No abbreviation of names is allowable in invitations or addresses, though 
initials may be used. In dates, numerals are generally preferred. 

Invitations of a formal description can be sent out from ten to fourteen days 
before the party is to take place. A notice of not less than a week is always 
expected for such invitations. 

Never enclose one card of invitation to several persons, addressing them as 
Messrs.-or as Mrs. Dale and family. 

Dinner invitations are written or engraved in tli« name of the husband and 
wife, thus: 

“Mr. and Mrs. Amos Hart request the pleasure of Mr. and Mrs. Henry 
Lewis’ company at dinner on Wednesday, the 10th of February, at seven 
o’clock.” 

To which, if accepted, the answer should be as follows: 

“Mr. and Mrs. Henry Lewis accept, with pleasure, Mr. and Mrs. Amos Hart’s 
kind invitation to dine with them on Wednesday, the 10tli inst., at seven o’clock. 

Never use the words “will accept,” for “accepts,” or “to dinner,” instead of 
“ for dinner,” or “ to dine.” 

All regrets from persons who are not able to accept invitation, should contain 
a reason for regretting. This rule should be strictly observed. 

The following forms are those which are most frequently used: 

“Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Allen are not able to accept the kind invitation of Mrs. 
Poe, owing to the death of a near relative.” Or, if illness is the cause,-the following: 

“Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Allen regret, that they are not able to accept Mrs. Poe’s 
kind invitation, owing to the illness of a member of their family^’ 



% 


ETIQUETTE. 151 

If absence from home prevents, then : 

“ Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Allen regret extremely, that their intended absence from 
home, deprives them of the pleasure of accepting Mrs. Poe’s kind invitation for 
Monday evening, the 9th instant. 

In writing letters do not cross them, even if writing to a relative. Xeither 
should too thin a paper be used, as it is apt to blot. 

“Yours truly,” is very well for a business letter, but should not be used in 
writing to a friend. 

In writing letters, a married lady should not put the prefix “Mrs.” before her 
name, nor unmarried ladies the “ Miss.” 

Address clergymen as “ Reverend Sir ” or “ Dear Sir.” “ Rev. William Dale,” 
is proper. Doctors of divinity and of medicine should be addressed : “To the Rev. 
James Hale, D. I).,” or ‘‘Rev. Dr. Hale;” “To B. B. Brown, Esq., M. D,” or 
“Doctor Brown,” or “ Dr. Brown.” 

Always reply promptly to a letter, or note, no matter of what nature, and always 
pay the full postage. Acknowledge all attentions immediately, when possible, such 
as the sending of a present of books, flowers, or pamphlets. 

After stopping with a friend living in another city than your own, write at once 
after your return home. After visiting a friend at her country seat, or after 
receiving an invitation to visit her, a call is due her upon her return to the city. 

Invitations from younger ladies to elder ones should invariably be preceded by 
a call. 

All invitations should be answered as soon as received. 

It is not considered good form to send invitations to older persons until after 
the first call of the season has been made. 

An ivitation once given cannot be recalled, even from the best motives, without 
subjecting the one who recalls it to the charge of being either ignorant or regard¬ 
less of all conventional rules of politeness. 

CARDS. 

Cards should be left at a house the day after, or at least within a week after any 
entertainment to which the person leaving cards has been invited, whether she has 
been able to accept the invitation or not. Should unavoidable circumstances 
prevent this mark of appreciation of the courtesy extended, a note of explanation 
should be written. 

A gentleman’s card bears his direction on the right hand corner, unless the name 
of some club, when it is placed in the left hand corner. 

After a dinner or an evening party, it is not enough simply to leave a card 
/itliout inquiring whether the ladies are at home. 

When a gentleman calls upon a lady for the first time and simply leaves a card, 
it should bear his direction, that she may be able to return his attention with an 
invitation, should it be in her power to do so. 

CALLS. 

A gentleman invited by a lady to call upon her cannot, without showing her 
great discourtesy, neglect to pay the call within a week. lie is not obliged to repeat 
it, or to do more than leave his card at her door. 

Calls ought to be made within three days after a dinner or any entertainment 
of any kind, if it is a first invitation; and within a week after a party or ball, 
whether you have accepted the invitation or not. 

One month after the birth of a child the call of congratulation is made by 
acquaintances. Relatives and intimate friends call sooner, though often to the 
injury of the mother. 


152 


ETIQUETTE. 


If, on making a call, you are introduced into a room where you are unknown to 
those assembled, at once give your name and mention upon whom your call is 
made. 

Gentlemen leave their umbrellas, over-coats and over-shoes in the hall, but take 
their hats and sticks with them into the drawing-room, unless they are calling on 
old friends. The hat and stick should never be deposited upon a chair or table, or 
any other article of furniture. They can be placed upon the door, very near the 
chair occupied by the owner, if he does not wish to retain them in his hands. 

The lady of the house rises when her visitors enter, who immediately advance 
to pay their respects to her before speaking to others. She designates a seat near 
her own to the last arrivals if she is able to do so. Gentlemen take any vacant 
chair, without troubling their hostess to look after them. When the conversation 
is under her control she generalizes it, endeavoring to give scandle-mongers no 
opportunity to indulge in that gossip which bears unerring evidence of vulgarity, as 
well as bad breeding and a sterile mind. 

A well-bred lady pays equal attention to all her callers, though sometimes extra 
attention is allowed to persons of distinguished rank, to strangers, to age, or to 
friends returned after a long absence from home. 

A lady who is not in her own home does not rise either on the arrival or the 
departure of ladies, unless there is some great difference in age. Attention to the 
aged is one of the marks of good breeding which is never neglected by the 
thoughtful and refined. 

A gentleman should never look at his watch during a call, unless in so doing 
he pleads some engagement and asks to be excused. 

A gentleman should always rise upon the entrance of ladies, but he does not 
offer seats to those entering unless in his own house, or unless requested to do so 
by the hostess, and then he does not offer his own chair if others are available. 

A gentleman rises when those ladies with whom he is talking rise to take their 
leave. 

A call should not be less than fifteen minutes’ duration. 

After visitors leave it is the duty of a hostess to discourage any ill-natured 
comments upon those who have taken their departure.] 

When a gentleman has called and not found the lady at home, it is civility 
upon her part to express regret at not seeing him upon the occasion of their next 
meeting. He should of course reciprocate the regret, and not awkwardly reply: 
“ Oh ! it was of no consequence. It did not make any difference, I assure you ” 
The lady may be fully aware of this, but it is not civil to tell her so. 

It is the duty of a gentleman who attends an entertainment to have himself 
presented to every member of the family whom he does not know, if not possible 
upon the evening of the entertainment, upon the first occasion of meeting 
afterwards. 

A lady once admitted into a house must be seen at any cost of inconvenience. 

When two ladies meet in a doorway and the younger steps back to give the 
elder precedence, should the latter motion her to precede, she should bow and pass’ 
in without hesitation. 


OUT DOORS. 

In meeting a lady or gentleman whose name you cannot recall, frankly say so 
if you find it necessary. The idea that it is rude has no foundation, except in 
overweening self-love. To affect not to remember a person is despicable and 
reflects only on the pretender. 

A gentleman offers his right arm in conducting ladies, whether on the street or 
in the house. By so doing the right hand of the lady is left free to hold her 
parasol, or, if in the house, to use her fan attached to her chatelaine and to guard 




ETIQUETTE. 


153 


her train from being stepped upon. Some writers decree that the right arm is to 
be offered on one occasion and the left on others. This is absurd, as no man could 
remember the distinctions with our mode of life. Both common sense and 
gallantry assign the lady’s place where it is for her greatest convenience, on the 
right. A lady gives the seat of honor at table on the right, and during the 
marriage ceremony the bride stands at the left of the bridegroom, facing the 
divine, with her back to the concourse of people, in order that when they turn she 
may take his right arm in walking out of church to their carriage. The lady who 
is compelled to use her left hand to guide her train, in walking through suites of 
rooms, or to hold her parasol, if on the promenade, looks awkward, and feels 
awkward, if she is not left-handed. Yet all this she must do if she takes a 
gentleman’s left arm. While if she takes his right arm (though not usual to take 
the arm in walking during the day, it is sometimes necessary), he is able to protect 
her from the jostling elbows of those who pass her, and her right arm is left free 
to use it as she wills. 

A lady may permit a gentleman who is walking with her to carry any very 
small parcel that she has, but never more than one. 

A lady should not take the arms of two gentlemen. 

Ladies should not talk or call across a street. Neither do ladies, in escorting 
each other, offer or take the arm. 

Gentlemen do not smoke when driving or walking with ladies, nor on 
promenades much frequented. 

Never stare at any one, is a rule with no exceptions. 

When a gentleman joins a lady on the street, turning to walk with her, he is 
not obliged to escort her home. He can take his leave without making any 
apology. 

A gentleman precedes a lady passing through a crowd; ladies precede 
gentlemen under ordinary circumstances. 

SALUTATIONS. 

“The bow is the touchstone of good breeding,” was once said by a French 
writer of note. 

In no one of the trivial observances that good society calls for, is there a more 
unerring test of the breeding, training, nurture, or culture of a person than the 
manner in which the sanitation of recognition is made. 

A bow never requires any inclination of the body. That style should be left to 
dancing masters. 

It is as much the man’s place to bow first as it is the lady’s; more, when the 
man has been the recipient of a courtesy, such as an invitation from her. But 
the better way is for gentlemen and ladies to bow as soon as they catch the eye of 
an acquaintance. When the recognition is simultaneous the bow should also be. 

An inclination of the head is often sufficient between gentlemen, or a gesture 
of the hand, or the mere touching of the hat; but in bowing to a lady the hat must 
be lifted entirely from the head. If smoking, the gentleman manages to withdraw 
his cigar before lifting his hat, or, should he happen to have his hand in his pocket, 

he removes it. 

Gentlemen who are driving, and are obliged to keep a tight hold of the reins, 
should never raise the whip as a means of saluting. In that case simply bow 
without raising the hat. 

A bow does not entail a calling acquaintance, and to neglect it shows neglect 
in early education as well as a deficiency in cultivation and in the instinct of 

refinement. 

A gentleman walking with a lady returns a bow made to her (lifting his hat 
not too far from his head) although the one bowing is an entire stranger to him. 


154 


ETIQUETTE. 


It is a civility to return a bow, although you do not know the one who is bowing 
to you. 

Bowing once to a person upon a public promenade or drive is all that civility 
requires. 

Gentlemen lift their hats when passing ladies who are strangers, on staircases, 
in corridors, and entering public rooms. Should they have occasion to pass ladies 
who are already seated in lecture and concert rooms, or the like, they should beg 
pardon for disturbing them, passing with their faces and never with their backs 
toward them. 

INTRODUCTIONS. 

It is not customary to introduce residents unless the hostess knows that an 
introduction will be agreeable to both parties. Strangers in the city are 
introduced. 

Ladies and gentlemen are privileged to speak to each other, who meet in the 
drawing room of a common friend, without any introduction, though gentlemen 
generally prefer to ask for introductions. When introduced to any one, bow 
slightly and enter at once into conversation. It is a great want of good breeding 
not to do so. 

When introductions are given, it is the gentleman who should be presented to 
the lady; when two ladies are introduced, it is the younger who is presented to 
the elder. 

A gentleman, after having himself been introduced to a lady who has consented 
to the introduction, is at liberty to call upon her, or to leave his card at her door. 

Gentlemen who are introduced to ladies at a ball, solely for the purpose of 
dancing, wait for their recognition before speaking with them upon meeting after¬ 
wards, but they are at liberty to recall themselves by lifting their hats in passing. 

ON SHAKING HANDS. 

A lady receiving, gives her hand to a stranger as to a friend, when she wishes to 
bestow some mark of cordiality in welcoming a guest to her home, but a gentleman 
ought not to take the initiatory in hand shaking.’ 

If a lady offers her hand to a gentleman lie should not grasp it too cordially, as 
it takes but a slight pressure to be painful when rings are worn. 

Young ladies should not offer their hands to men who are not relatives unless 
under exceptional circumstances. 

A gentleman must not shake hands with a lady until she has made the first 
movement. It would be exceedingly rude and underbred not to give his hand 
instantly should she extend her own. 

A married lady should always extend her hand to a stranger brought to her 
house by a common friend, as an evidence of her cordial welcome. 

Where an introduction is for dancing there is no shaking of hands. 

VULGARITIES AND RUDENESSES. 

It is considered a vulgarity to yawn without making some effort to suppress it > 
or without concealing the mouth. 

To whistle or hum in the presence of older persons, whether in railroad cars or 
in houses. 

To make any monotonous noise with feet or hands, beating time, etc. 

To play with napkin rings or with any article at the table during meal time, or 
to eat soup from the end of the spoon. 

To pick the teeth with the fingers, or cut or clean the nails outside of the dress¬ 
ing room. 

To lounge anywhere in the presence of company. 

To place the elbows on the table, or to lean upon it while eating. 


ETIQUETTE. 


155 


To take hold of persons or to touch them with familiarity while talking with 
them. 

To speak of absent persons by their first names when you would not so address 
them if they were present. 

To acquire the habit of saying “you know,” “ says he,” and “ says she.” 

To use slang words or to tattle. 

To scratch the head or person. 

To whisper in company or hide the mouth with the hand when speaking. 

To sit with your back to a person without asking to be excused. 

To sit cross-legged or side-ways on a chair. 

To point at any one or anything with the finger or to stare at persons. 

To toss articles instead of handing them or to take anything without thanking 
the one who waits upon you (excepting in some cases at table) be it a superior, an 
equal, or an inferior. 

It is also considered very rude, and should be carefully avoided, to stand in the 
way without instantly moving when another tries to pass. 

Not to say “I beg pardon,” when you have in any way discommoded some one. 

To start up suddenly and walk from the room without asking to be excused. 

To go before an older person who is entitled to precede you when leaving a 
room with them. 

To leave the table with food in the mouth. 

To take possession of a seat that belongs to another and not to rise instantly 
upon their return. 

To leave anyone without saying “Good bye,” or at least giving a bow. 

To interrupt or contradict anyone in conversation. 

To push or even to come in contact with another unintentionally, without 
begging pardon for the seeming rudeness. 

To show a want of punctuality, to neglect to answer notes and letters promptly 
especially those requiring information. 

To ridicule others or to pass by anyone whom you know without speaking, 
with whom you are on speaking terms. 

To keep the hat on in the house in the presence of a lady. 

In all cultivated society, these breaches of good manners, with many others too 
numerous to mention, are regarded either as vulgarities or as rudenesses. They 
denote want of early training ora coarse nature not susceptible of refinement; for 
manners are the fruits of the mind. 

Private scandal should never be received nor retailed willingly, for though the 
defamation of others may, for the present, gratify the malignity of our hearts, yet 
cool reflection will draw very disadvantageous conclusions from such a disposition. 
In scandal as in robbery, the receiver is always thought as bad as the thief. 

Some young men who attend parties think they have a perfect right to set wine 
glasses or plates on the base of costly marble statues, or empty them under the 
table; to carry “ eatables and drinkables ” into drawing-rooms for the 
thoughtless, to throw themselves on satin and lace bed-covers, leaving the mark 
of blacking on the delicate spreads, to use towels to wipe the mud from their 
“pumps,” or to smoke in bed-rooms, leaving piles of ashes on the marble of 
bureaus or washstands. It is not necessary to say to anyone who calls himself a 
gentleman, that such vulgarities ought never to be allowed. Vanity, ill-nature, 
want of sympathy, want of sense—these are some of the sources from which bad 

manners spring. ^ 

AT THE TABLE. 

Among the most trustworthy tests of good home training is placed that of table 
manners; and no individual can hope to acquire and to keep them, who know any 
difference in them when in the privacy of the family circle, than when in company. 


156 


ETIQUETTE. 


Do not annoy those next to whom you sit by fidgeting in your ohair, moving 
your feet, or playing with your bread or with any of the table equipage. 

Never chew food with your mouth open, talk with it in your mouth, or make 
any of those noises in eating which are the characteristics of vulgarity. 

Do not convey your food in too large or too small portions to the mouth. 

Do not hold your head as erect as if you had swallowed a ramrod, nor bury your 
face in the plate. 

Handle your knife and fork properly and not overhand as a clown would; 
remove them from the plate as soon as it is placed before you, and cross them side 
by side when you have finished, and not before, as this is the signal which a well- 
bred waiter observes for removing the plate. 

Never leave your coffee-spoon or tea-spoon in the cup. 

Do not use your handkerchief unnecessarily. 

Do not converse in a loud tone or indulge in uproarious laughter. 

Should you be so unfortunate as to break an article be not profuse in your 
apologies, but show the regret in your face and manner rather than in words. It 
is ill-mannered to express too much regret, so is it the essence of rudeness not 
to make an apology. 

Always break your bread instead of cutting it, though be careful not to crumble 
it in a slovenly way. 

Never hesitate to pass any course of which you do not wish to partake. 

Always swallow your food before leaving the table. 

Vegetables are generally eaten with a fork, though asparagus can be taken up 
with the fingers if so preferred. 

Fruit and fish are eaten with silver knives and forks, though if fish knives are 
not provided, a piece of bread in the left hand answers the purpose as well, with 
the fork in the right. 

A soup plate should never be tilted for the last spoonful. 

Cheese is eaten with a fork and not with a knife. 

Never forget that at dinner, as on all occasions of hospitality, it is your chief 
duty to relieve the hostess from every annoyance or care. It must not be imagined 
that the dinner is simply given for the purpose of giving a gross and purely 
material pleasure. It puts you in company with persons of consideration, and 
gives you an opportunity to display your intelligence, or to cause your good 
qualities to be appreciated. 

No one should ever monopolize conversation, unless he wishes to win for himself 
the name of bore, and to be avoided as such. 

A snow-white table cloth should be used, and a few ferns or flowers, tastefully 
arranged, add much to the beauty of the table. 

A salt-cellar should always be in the reach of every guest. 

Napkins should be folded square and placed on each plate. To fold them in 
intricate forms is considered boarding house or hotel style. 

Fifteen minutes is the longest time required to wait for a tardy guest. 

Age should take the precedence in proceeding from the drawing room to the 
dining room, the younger falling back until the older have advanced. A host 
waits upon the oldest lady or the greatest stranger, or if there be a bride present 
precedence is given to her, unless the dinner is given for another person. 

If yen have occasion to speak to a servant, wait until you can catch his eye, 
and then ask in a low tone for what you want. 

Anything like greediness or indecision must not be indulged in. You must not 
take up one piece and lay it down in favor of another, or hesitate. 

Have no fear in taking the last piece on the dish when it is offered to you. It 
is more uncivil to refuse it than to take it. 

The mouth should be wiped with the napkin both before rnd after drinking. 


ETIQUETTE. 


157 


Nothing marks an ill-bred man more than gorging at table. 

Neither children or servants should be reproved before strangers. 

Slight inaccuracies in statements should not be corrected in presence of others. 

PARTIES AND BALLS. 

When a party is given it is the duty of the hostess to maintain silence among 
her guests during the performance of instrumental music, as well as of vocal. If 
any are unaware of the breach of good manners that they commit in talking or 
whispering at such times, she should, by a gesture, endeavor to acquaint them with 
the fact. 

When a lady who sings well is invited for the first time to a house, discretion 
must be observed in asking her to sing. And to ask for repetitions would make 
them feel that they were being made use of in a way they would naturally rebel 
against. . 

Except at family gatherings more than three in one family ought never to 
accept an invitation. 

A lady in making out her list is not obliged to ask any one to whom she is not 
indebted for hospitalities or courtesies of one sort or another. 

Invitations are sent from ten days to fourteen days previously, and should be 
answered immediately as has been already stated. 

Nothing looks more underbred at a party than to see a young man under his 
parents’ roof devoting himself during an entire evening to one lady, or sharing his 
attentions with only two or three. 

A gentleman should not, after being introduced to a young lady to dance with, 
ask her for more than two dances the same evening. 

At the end of every dance gentlemen offer their right arms to their partners, 
and at least take one turn around the room before conducting them to their seats. 
Neither is it necessary to bow to a lady at the end of a quadrille. 

A young man who can dance, and will not dance, ought to stay away from 
a ball. 

The lady with whom a gentleman dances last is the one whom he takes out to 
supper. 

It would be hard upon the lady of the house if everybody leaving a large ball 
thought it necessary to wish her good night. In leaving a small dance, however, a 
parting bow is civil. 

All altercations, loud talking and noisy laughter are doubly ill-mannered in a 
ball-room. 

After a ball hasten to pay your respects to the lady who has entertained you. 
If this is not possible, send your card or leave it at the door. 

Parties attending private balls should make it their duty to arrive as soon as 
possible after the hour named, when it is mentioned in the invitation. 

It is not binding upon any young man at a ball or party to remain one moment 
longer than he desires with any lady. By constantly moving about from one to 
another, when he feels so inclined, lie gives opportunities to others to circulate as 
freely; and the custom, if introduced in all our society, would go a long way 
toward contributing to the enjoyment of all. 

Introductions take place in a ball room in order to provide ladies with partners, 
or between persons residing in different cities. In all other cases permission is 
generally asked before giving introductions. But where a hostess is sufficiently 
discriminating in the selection of her guests, not attempting to fuse circles which 
are entirely distinct and as incapable of assimilation as oil and water, those 
assembled under her roof, should remember that they are, in a certain sense, made 
known to one another, and ought, therefore, to be able to converse freely without 
introductions. 


158 


ETIQUETTE. 


When supper is announced the host leads the way with the lady to whom lie 
wishes to show that attention, who may he an elderly lady, a stranger, or a bride. 
The hostess remains until the last, with the gentleman who takes her to supper, 
unless some distinguished guest is present with whom she leads the way. No 
gentlemen should ever go into the supper room alone, unless he has seen every 
lady enter before him. When ladies are left unattended, gentlemen, although 
strangers, are at liberty to offer their services in waiting upon them, for the host 
and hostess are sufficient guarantees for the respectability of their guests. 

Never hold a lady’s hand when dancing a round dance, behind you, or on your 
hip, or high in the air, moving her arm as if it were a pump-handle, as seen in 
some of our public balls. Such customs are offensive to well bred women. 

Never forget ball room engagements. It is one of the marks of good breeding 
to remember them scrupulously, never confusing them, or promising two dances to 
one person. 

Never be seen without gloves in a ball room, or with those of any other color 
than white, unless they be of a most delicate hue. 

A gentleman should never attempt to step across a lady’s train, but should walk 
around it. It by any accident he should tread upon any portion of her dress, he 
should instantly say, “ I beg pardon;” and if, by greater carelessness, he should 
tear it, he must pause in his course and offer to take her to the dressing-room to 
have it mended. 

If a lady refuses to dance with a gentleman, unless a good reason is given, amah 
is apt to take it as an evidence of personal dislike. 

DRESS AND TOILET. 

Gentlemen should give especial attention to the hair, which, according to the 
present mode, is neither so short as to suggest an escaped lunatic, nor so long as to 
give the appearance of a fiddler. It is better to err upon the too short side, 
especially at the back of the head, where long hair destroys the shape and gives 
a touch of vulgarity, even to the most high bred physiognomy. 

Worsted or cotton gloves for gentlemen are not permissable anywhere, nor 
under any circumstances. 

It is not considered good form for gentlemen to wear much jewelry. One plain 
or handsome ring, studs and sleeve links, a watch chain, not too massive, always 
looks more manly and aristocratic than a superabundance of ornament. 

Gentlemen should avoid indulging in showy shirt fronts, hugh coral studs, lace 
cravats, and perfumes. Refinement in dress and refinement in character often go 
together, as well as a love of the beautiful in nature and in art; while indifference 
and constant inattention to dress often show pedantry, self-righteousness, or 
indolence. It is not a virtue, but a defect in the character. 

In ladies, an attention to dress is useful as retaining, even in the minds of 
sensible men, that pride in a wife’s appearance which is so agreeable to her, as 
well as that due influence which, in the present state of society, cannot be attained 
without it. It is a disgusting sight to see a woman performing the work of a street 
cleaner, and taking up in her clothing the dust and impurities that have collected 
upon street pavements. 

To sleep too much is to render oneself liable, to all kinds of minor ailments, 
both of mind and body. It is a habit that cannot be too severely censured, 
especially in the young. Nothing improves the complexion like the daily use of 
the flesh-brush, with early rising and exercise in the open air. 

The teeth should be carefully brushed, as well in the morning as at night, with 
a tooth-brush not too hard. Very hot and very sweet things, as well as iced 
drinks, should be avoided, as injurious to the teeth. 


ETIQUETTE. 


159 


The breath should be particularly watched aud cared for. Onions have been 
called the forbidden fruit of the eve of the nineteenth century. As soon as the 
breath becomes habitually unpleasant, one should consult a physician, feeling 
quite sure that the digestive machinery is out of order. 

The greatest care should be taken to keep the nails cut short and fastidiously 
clean. In cutting and filing them, every care must be given to the preservation 
of the shape and the removal of superfluous skin. 

Those who are troubled with a rough skin will find it improved by bathing with 
cream or glycerine. 

The hair requires a good deal of care, though of the simplest and most inarti¬ 
ficial kind. The secret of fine and glossy hair is persistent brushing at morning 
and evening with a hair brush, kept clean by frequent washings in hot water and 
soda. 

Let girls be careful in regard to diet, take regular exercise in the open air, 
avoid pearl powders and washes of every kind; above all things go early to bed 
and arise betimes in the morning; and if by so doing they are not beautiful, they 
never can be in any other way. 

Much jewelry is out of place for young ladies at any time. Diamonds and 
camel’s hair shawls are considered unsuitable for unmarried ladies until they have 
passed a certain age. Handkerchiefs trimmed with lace should be reserved for 
balls and evening parties. Natural flowers are always more youthful than arti¬ 
ficial ones. Perfumes, if used at all, should be used in the strictest moderation. 
Musk should always be avoided. Cologne water of the best quality is never 
offensive. 

Little or nothing lias been said as to what should be worn, because fashions are 
constantly changing, and those who do not adopt the extremes can well afford to 
feel satisfied with the medium, for so many are the prevailing modes at the 
present time that among them may be found one to suit every style of form 
and face. 


COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE. 

A man ought always to be able to judge whether he will be favorably heard 
before he ventures upon his offer. While no well-bred woman will receive a man’s 
attentions, however acceptable, too eagerly; neither will she carry reserve so far as 
to be altogether discouraging. 

The gentleman presents the lady with a ring as soon as they are engaged. 

It is the privilege of the mother of the fiancee to fix the wedding day of the 
daughter. The trousseau should be in accordance with the means, nor is it wise 
or well for ladies of limited means to provide themselves with showy outfits. 

Once engaged, a girl has need to take care that her spirits and love of notice 
do not betray her into looks and words disloyal to her lover and unfair to other 
men. 

After the marriage invitations are issued, the fiancee does not appear in public. 
It is also proper that she does not see the bridegroom on the wedding day until they 
meet at the altar. 

Only relations and the most intimate friends are asked to be bridemaids—the 
sisters of the bride and the bridegroom where it is possible. The bridegroom 
chooses his best man and the ushers from his circle of relations and friends of his 
own age, and from the relations of his fiancee. 

No jewelry of any description should be worn by the bride. 

White neckties are not worn with froek coats under any circumstances. 

Where the bride makes presents to the bridemaids on her wedding day, they 
generally consist of some article of jewelry, not costly, and given more as a 
memento of the occasion than for its own intrinsic worth. 


1G0 


ETIQUETTE. 


« 


Where there are no bridemaids or ushers, the order of ceremonies is, as follows: 
The members of the bride’s family set off before the bride. She follows with her 
mother. The bridegroom awaits them and gives his arm to the mother. They 
walk up the aisle to the altar, the mother falling back to her position on the left. 
The father, or relative representing the father, conducts the bride to the bride¬ 
groom, who stands at the altar-steps with his face turned towards her as she 
approaches, and the father falls back to the left. The relatives follow, taking their 
places standing; those of the bride to the left, those of the groom to the right, as 
previously arranged in the rehearsal, which should precede the ceremony by a day 
or two. After kneeling at the altar a moment, the bride standing on the left of tlie 
bridegroom, takes the glove off from her 'left hand, whilst he takes the glove off 
from his right. The service then begins. The father of the bride gives her away 
by bowing when the question is asked, which greatly simplifies the part formerly 
assigned to him of stepping forward and placing his daughter’s hand in the hand of 
the clergyman. Perfect self-control should be exhibited by all parties during the 
ceremony. 

The bride leaves the altar, taking the bridegroom’s right arm. They pass down 
the aisle without looking to the right or left. It is considered in very bad taste to 
recognize acquaintances by bows and smiles while going in the church. 

The bride and the bridegroom drive away in their own carriage, the rest follow 
in their carriages. 

When ushers and bridemaids are used, the following is the rule: 

When the bridal party lias arranged itself for entrance, the ushers, in pairs, 
march slowly up to the altar and turn to the right, keeping step to the organ music. 
Behind them follows the groom, alone. When he reaches the altar he turns, faces 
the aisle, and watches intently for the coming of his bride. Of course, he does not 
permit his attention to be distracted from the object of present paramount interest. 
After a very slight interval the bridemaids follow him, in pairs if there be but few, 
and they turn to the left. 

Another very brief interval [ of waiting, and the bride, alone and entirely 
veiled, with her eyes cast down, follows her companions. The groom comes 
forward a few steps to meet her, takes her hand, and places her at the altar. Both 
kneel for a moment’s silent devotion. The parents of the bride having followed 
her, stand just behind her, and slightly at the left. The service by the clergyman 
now proceeds as usual. All churches, at present, use the ring and vary the senti¬ 
ment of its adoption to suit the customs and ideas of their own rites. A jeweled 
ring has been for many years the sign and symbol of betrothal, but at present a 
plain gold circlet, with the date of the engagement inscribed within, is generally 
preferred. This ring is removed by the groom at the altar, passed to the clergy¬ 
man, and used in the ceremony. A jeweled ring] is placed upon her hand by the 
groom on the way home from the church, or as soon after the service as is conve¬ 
nient. It stands guard over its precious fellow, and is a confirmation of the first 
promise. 

When the bride and bridegroom are passing out of church, the bridemaids follow 
slowly, each upon the arm of an usher, and they afterward hasten onward as 
speedily as possible to welcome the bride at her own door, and to arrange them¬ 
selves about the bride and groom, in the salon, half of the ladies upon her side and 
half upon his, the first bridemaid retaining the place of honor. The ushers, at the 
door of the salon , offer themselves as escorts to parties who arrive slowly from 
the church, conducting them to the bridal party, there presenting them by name. 
This announcement becomes necessary when two familes and .two sets of friends 
are brought together for the first time. If ladies are present without gentlemen, 
the ushers are careful to accompany them to the breakfast or refreshment room, or 
provide them with attendants, after which the ladies can easily manage to be 
comfortable themselves. 


ETIQUETTE. 


161 


The room for bridal presents is no longer thrown open to guests. Indeed, the 
universal bridal present has fallen into disuse along with the universal funeral 
bouquet. It is not any more considered good form to talk about these contribu¬ 
tions. Of course the bride acknowledges every gift that she receives by a note 
written with her own hand, but that is all. 

Calls and card leaving by all the guests, upon the family of the bride, are a 
vigorous formality within ten days after the wedding. 

Fashion and common-sense unite in condemning the harassing bridal tour, 
prescribing a honeymoon of repose, exempted from all claims of society. It is no 
longer derigueur to maintain any secrecy as to their plans for traveling where 
the newly married depart upon a tour. 

The bride drops her middle name if she desires to do so, taking her family name. 

The invitation should be engraved in script. Neither visiting cards nor invita¬ 
tions are admissible in old English or German text. 


Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Cox , 
request your presence 
at the marrirge of their daughter , 

Miss Agnes C. Cox , 
to 

Air. George Agnew , 

On Thursday , August 31st , at twelve o'clock. 
Grace Church. 

Clarendon Square. 


This invitation requires no answer. Friends living in other towns~and cities, 
receiving it, inclose their cards, and send by mail. Residents call on the family of 
the bride within the prescribed time, or as soon after as it is possible. 

The invitation to the wedding breakfast is enclosed in the same envelope, 
generally conveyed on a square card, the same size as the sheet of note-paper which 
bears the invitation for the ceremony, after it has been once folded across the 
middle. The following is one of the adopted forms: 


At Home 

Friday morning , September 1st , 
from twelve until three o'clock. 

8 Clarendon Square. 


The separate cards of the bride and the bridegroom are no longer necessary. 
The card of admission to the church is narrower, and plainly engraved in large 
script. 


Grace Church , 
Ceremony at eleven o'clock. 


Generally, only half an hour intervenes between the ceremony and the reception. 
Faithful until death in all things should be the motto of both, and forbearance 
with each other’s peculiarities their never-ending effort to attain 

’W 


VISITING. 

Persons who accept invitations to stop at the houses of friends or acquaintances, 
either in their city or country homes, should try to hold themselves at the disposal 
of those whom they are visiting. 

L 


/ 


1G2 


ETIQUETTE. 


If anything goes wrong during a visit, one should seem not to see it. If 
children are fractious, no remarks concerning their conduct should be made. 

A guest should always ascertain what are the usual hours of rising, taking meals, 
and retiring, and then conform scrupulously to them, as visitors are bound by the 
laws of social intercourse to conform in all respects to the habits of the house. 

Whatever you may have remarked to the disadvantage of your friends, whilst 
partaking their hospitality, should never transpire through your means, neither 
while you are under their roof or afterwards. 

Guests should be careful about defacing the marble of dressing-bureau, mantles 
and wash-stands, or the carpets and furniture covering, with the contents of the 
bottles in their dressing cases. 


FINALLY. 

Avoid speaking of your birth, your travels, and of all personal matters to those 
who may misunderstand you and consider it boasting. 

Never refuse a present unless under very exceptional circumstances. Unmarried 
ladies as a rule ought not to accept presents from gentlemen who are neither 
related nor engaged to them. Mere costliness does not constitute the soul of a 
present; it is the kind feeling that it manifests which gives it its value. Acknowl¬ 
edge a present without delay, but do not quickly follow it up by a return. 

A good memory for names and faces, and a self-possessed manner are necessary 
to all who wish to create a favorable impression in society. 

A clear intonation, a well-chosen phraseology, a logical habit of thought and 
correct accent, will prove of inestimable advantage to the young of both sexes on 
beginning life. 

Every lady should know how to dance, whether she intends to dance in society 
or not; the better the physical training, the more graceful and self-possessed she 
will be. 

Swimming, skating, archery, games of lawn-tennis and croquet, riding and 
driving, all help to strengthen the muscles, and to take the young out in the open 
air, which makes these games desirable. 

In conversation, all provincialisms, affections of foreign accents, mannerisms, 
exaggerations and slang, are detestable. Equally to be avoided are inaccuracies of 
expression, hesitation, or undue use of French or other foreign words and anything 
approaching to flippancy, coarseness, triviality or provocation. Suppress all undue 
emotion, whether of laughter, anger, mortification, disappointment or of selfishness 
in any form. 

Compliments which are not sincere are only flattery and should be avoided; but 
the saying of kind things which is natural to the kind heart, and which confers 
pleasure, should be cultivated, at least not suppressed. 

Religion is a topic that should never be introduced into general society. Like 
politics, it is a subject dangerous to harmony. Persons are most likely to differ, 
and least likely to preserve their temper on these topics. 

To listen well is almost as great an art as to talk well; but it is not enough only 
to listen; you must endeavor to seem interested in the conversation of others. 
Never allow your impatience to be made evident. 

Anecdotes should be very sparcely introduced into conversation. Puns are 
everywhere considered vulgar. Repartee must be indulged with moderation. 
It must never be kept up, as it then degenerates into the vulgarity of an alterca¬ 
tion. 

It is left to provincial people to say “Sir,” “Ma’am,” or “Miss” in con¬ 
versation with your equals. The great secret of talking well is to adapt your 
conversation as skilfully as may be to your company. 


SCIENCE. 


In this department we do not propose to go into any details of the 
Sciences, which, not being understood by the masses, would in no way 
interest them; but to simply give a few brief facts for reference, and 
to so simplify those that any one who can read will readily understand 
them. In the following pages, under the head of Chemistry, we have 
endeavored to give a general explanation of the different gasses which 
go to make up all that there is in nature. How strange it seems that 
everything that is should be composed of such few substances; and yet 
it is more wonderful than strange, and still more true than wonderful. 

In Astronomy we have endeavored to bring to the notice a discre¬ 
tion of a few of the well known planets, some of which have engaged 
the attention of astronomers from the earliest ages, and given rise to 
many theories and conjectures. Perhaps: 

In other days, 

When death shall give the encumbered spirit wings, 

Its range shall be extended; it shall roam, 

Perchance, amongst those vast mysterious spheres, 

Shall pass from orb to orb, and dwell in each 
Familiar with its children—learn their laws, 

And share their state, and study and adore 
The infinite varieties of bliss. 

The science of Meteorology is rapidly becoming known among all 
classes, and will no doubt make still more rapid strides. The farmer, 
the sailor, and other trades and professions are in part now dependant 
upon the reports sent out daily from the government’s weather bureau. 






C H E M I STRY. 


Chemistry is the science which investigates the composition and certain prop¬ 
erties of material substances. The word is probably derived from Chemia , the 
original name of Egypt, where the science is supposed to have originated. The 
ideas concerning elements entertained by Van Helmont (1577-1644) differ essen¬ 
tially from those of preceding chemists. He regarded water as the chief 
ingredient of all things. From it all parts of vegetables are formed, their earthy 
as w r ell as combustible portions. He introduced the term “ gas ” into chemistry, 
described several kinds of gases, and distinguished them as vapors. From this 
time on the aim of Chemistry w r as no longer either the making of gold or the 
curing of disease, to which it had formerly been applied, but to acquire a knowl¬ 
edge of the composition of bodies, to explain the phenomena which accompany 
their formation and decomposition, and to ascertain what relation exists between 
their properties and their composition. One of the most important discoveries 
was the preparation of oxygen from the red oxide of mercury by means of heat. 

The equivalent value or combining capacity of an element is now measured by 
Hie number of atoms of hydrogen or other monatomic or univalent element with 
which the element in question can combine. In the following pages, however, 
we purpose only to give the chemistry of the natural elements and gases known 
to us all, in order to show their properties and composition. 

Oxygen is a gaseous body and is one of the most widely diffused of the 
elementary substances. It possesses neither taste, odor, color nor acid reaction, 
and is not condensable. 

Combined with nitrogen and carbonic acid gas, (in the proportion of, oxygen 
twenty parts, nitrogen seventy-nine parts and carbonic acid gas one part), it 
forms the air w r e breath; combined with hydrogen (by weight hydrogen one part, 
>oxygen eight parts), it forms the water w r e drink. Without oxygen life could not 
be sustained, because it combines with the carbon of the blood, and forms carbonic 
.acid gas. This combination is necessary to life, for w r e are so created that the sub¬ 
stances of our bodies are constantly undergoing change, and this resolving of solid 
matter into a gaseous form is the plan appointed by our Creator to remove the 
matter called carbon from our system. The meeting of the oxygen and the carbon 
causes combustion, which in chemistry, means the decomposition of substances, 
and the formation of new combinations, accompanied by heat. 

Oxygen by itself is incombustible, though it is the most powerful supporter of 
combustion. This is known from the fact that when we immerse a burning sub¬ 
stance into a jar of oxygen it immediately burns with intense brilliancy, but 
directly it is withdrawn from the oxygen, the intensity of the flame diminishes, and 
the oxygen which remains is unaffected. An animal placed in any kind of gas, or 
,any combination of gases, where oxygen does not exist, wall die in a very short 
time. Placed also in pure oxygen, it would die in great agony from fever and 
excitement, amonnting to madness. 

Of animal substances, oxygen forms three-fourths; of vegetable substances, it 
forms four-fifths; of mineral substances, it forms one-half; it forms eight-ninths 
of the waters and one-fifth of the atmosphere, and aggregating the whole creation, 
from one-half to two-thirds consists of oxygen. Thus it will be seen that man eats, 
drinks, breathes, and burns it, in various proportions and combinations. 

Carbon is one of the elementary bodies, and is very abundant throughout 
nature. It abounds mostly in vegetable substances, but is also contained in 

(165) 







106 


CHEMISTRY. 


animal bodies and in mineral. Charcoal is carbon almost pure, though the 
purest form of carbon is the diamond, which may be said to be absolutely pure. 
Carbon burns brightly, but produces neither llame nor smoke. 

Hydrogen is an elementary gas, and is the lightest of all known bodies. It 
cannot support animal life. Although it will burn, yielding a feeble bluish light, 
it will, if pure, extinguish a dame that may be immersed in it. Of itself hydro¬ 
gen cannot explode, though by adding one-third of oxygen it forms a most 
explosive compound. Hydrogen chiedy exists in the form of water, which is com¬ 
posed of eleven parts of hydrogen and eiglity-nine of oxygen. United with 
nitrogen it forms ammonia; with chlorine it forms hydrochloric acid, and with 
carbon it forms the gas that illuminates our houses and streets. 

Ozone is an atmospheric element of recent discovery, and respecting which 
differences of opinion prevail. It is generally supposed to be electrized oxygen, 
because careful observations have established the fact that the proportion of ozone 
in the atmosphere is relative to the amount of electricity. It displays an extra¬ 
ordinary power in the neutralization of putrefactions, rapidly and thoroughly 
counteracting noxious exhalations; it is the most powerful of all disinfectants. 
Its absence has been marked by pestilential ravages, as in cholera visitations, and 
to its excess are attributed epidemics such as induenza. 

Carbonic Acid Gas is formed by the union of oxygen and carbon. It is 
the heaviest of all gases. Its chief source is the vegetable kingdom, the combustion 
of substances chiedy composed of carbon, the breathing of animals and the 
decomposition of carbonic compounds. Its effect .upon the human system is to 
induce drowsiness and stupor, which, if not relieved by ventilation, will speedily 
cause death. 

Nitrogen is an elementary oody in the form of gas. It is chiedy found in the 
air, of which it constitutes seventy-nine out of 100 volumes. It may be mixed with 
oxygen in various proportions, but in the atmosphere it is uniformly diffused. It is 
found inmost animal matter, except fat and bone. It is not a constituent of the 
vegetable acids, but is discovered in nearly all of the vegetable alkalies,, 
and forms a considerable part of what are known as the nitrogenous principles, 
of food, such as albumen, caseine, animal dbrine and gluten. Pure nitrogen 
of itself will not sustain life, but mixed with oxygen in equal parts constitutes 
nitrous oxide, which gives a pleasureable excitement to those who inhale 
it, and has been called laughing gas. It possesses neither taste, smell or color, and 
lias never been liquided under any pressure. Neither is it indammable, and 
burning bodies are at once extinguished when immersed in it. 

Air is composed of oxygen, nitrogen and carbonic acid gases in the proportion 
of twenty parts oxygen, seventy-nine parts nitrogen, and one part carbonic acid 
gas. After breathing it has parted with about one-sixth of its oxygen and taken 
up an equal amount of carbonic acid, so that air breathed six times successfully 
would consume all of the oxygen, and could no longer sustain life. This fact 
should speak volumes to those parties who sleep in close apartments, from which 
all fresh air is excluded, and who in the morning complain of headaches and 
wonder why they feel so weak and why they have lost all relish for food. Air 
feels cooler when in motion, because each wave carries away a certain portion of 
heat, and being successfully followed by other waves carrying away a still further 
amount, we have what we call a cool breeze. It is purified by rain, which pro¬ 
duces motion in the particles of the air, precipitates noxious vapors, and cleanses 
the face of the earth from unhealthy accumulations. Fresh air and exercise are 
necessary to health from the fact that the redness of the blood is due to the 
amount of oxygen which it contains, and air and exercise oxygenize the blood and 
diffuse it throughout the system, while a want of it causes the blood to be deficient 
of the proportion of red corpuscles which in turn causes a pale and languid look. 


CHEMISTRY. 


1G7 


The Atmosphere is the transparent and elastic body of mixed gasses and 
vapors which envelope onr globe, and extends to from forty to fifty miles above 
the surface of the earth. Above that there is no atmosphere. The greatest 
height ever reached by man was 23,000 feet. 

Clouds are volumes of vapor, usually elevated to a considerable height; they 
are formed from the evaporation of water at the earth’s surface. They are affected 
by winds, a cold wind condensing the vapor and turning it into rain, while warm 
dry winds rarefy the vapor to a greater degree, and temporarily disperse the clouds. 
Often they may be seen moving toward each other from opposite directions, which 
is caused by the attraction of electricity. This electricity is formed of evaporations 
from the surface of the earth, changes of temperature in the atmospheric vapor, 
chemical action upon the earth’s surface, and the friction of volumes of air of 
different densities against each other. 

Rain is the vapor of the clouds which, being condensed by a fall of temperature 
forms drops of water that descend to the earth. Without it the earth would soon 
become parched and dried up, rivers would disappear from their beds and life could 
not exist. Its value can never be appreciated, for the loss of it during the summer 
of 1881 caused the people of the United States alone to lose over three hundred 
million dollars, an amount ecpial to about one-sixth of the national debt. 

A Rainbow is the refraction of the sun’s rays by the falling rain. The colors 
of the rainbow belong to the elementary rays of light, and these rays having 
different degrees of refrangibility,some of them are bent more than others; they 
are therefore separated into distinct rays of different colors. 

Thunder is the noise which succeeds the rush of the electrical fluid through 
the air. By the violence of the electric force vast fields of air are divided, great 
volumes of air are rarefied, and vapors are condensed and thrown down as rain. 
Thunder is therefore caused by the vibration of the air as it collapses and seeks to 
restore its own equilibrium. The sound of thunder travels some twenty or thirty 
miles, according to the direction of the wind and the violence of the peal. It is 
easy to determine the distance from you that the thunderpeal took place, from the 
fact that sound travels at the rate of a quarter of a mile to a second, and, therefore, 
if the peal of thunder is heard four seconds after the flash of lighting, the discharge 
took place about a mile off. As the pulse of an adult person beats about once in a 
second, you have the chronometer always at hand. The name “ thunderbolt ” is 
sometimes used, and is applied to anelectrical discharge when the lightning appears 
to be developed with the greatest intensity around a nucleus or center, as though 
it contained a burning body. But there is, in reality, no such thing as a thunderbolt. 

Electricity is a property of force which resides in all matter, and which 
constantly seeks to establish an equilibrium. The mingling of the electricities of 
the earth and the air are continually going on, though lightning does not attend 
the phenomena because all natural bodies, vapors, trees, animals, mountains, houses, 
rocks, etc., act more or less as conductors between them. When lightning does 
occur it is because the atmosphere, being unable to convey the great charges of 
electricity as they rush towards each other, acts as an insulator, and this causes 
the violence of the electricity in forcing its passage. 

Dew is watery vapor diffused in the air, condensed by coming in contact with 
bodies colder than the atmosphere. 

Snow is congealed vapor which would have formed rain; but, through the 
coldness of the air, has been frozen in its descent into crystaline forms. Snow is 
white because it reflects all the component rays of light. 

Hail is the frozen moisture of the clouds. It is probably formed by rain drops 
in their descent to the earth, meeting with an exceedingly cold current of air, by 
which they become suddenly frozen into hard masses. It is also supposed that the 
electrical state of the air and of the clouds influences the formation of hail. 


1GS 


CHEMISTRY. 


Wind is air in motion, which travels at various rates of speed. A breeze 
travels ten feet in a second ; a light gale sixteen feet a second; a stiff gale twenty- 
four feet a second; a violent gale squall thirty-five feet a second ; storm wind from 
forty-three to fifty-four feet a second; hurricane from sixty to 120 to 300 feet a 
second, according to the temperate or torrid zone. Trade winds are vast currents 
of air which sweep round the globe, over a belt of some 12,000 miles in width. The 
cause of trade winds are that the air over the tropical regions becomes heated and 
ascends; it then diverges into two high currents, one towards the north and the 
other towards the south pole, where, being cooled, it again descends, and returns 
toward the equator to replace the air as it ascends therefrom. There is, therefore, 
a constant revolution of vast currents of air between the tropics and the poles, 
producing north and south winds. 

Light. —The theory of light is undetermined and imperfectly understood; 
Newton holding that it is the effect of luminous particles which dart from the 
surfaces of bodies in all directions. According to this theory, the solar light 
which we receive would depart from the sun and travel to the earth. Huyghens 
holds that light is caused by an infinitely elastic ether, diffused through all space. 
This ether, existing everywhere, is excited into waves or vibrations by the 
luminous body. Light travels 192,000 miles a second, making the distance from 
the earth to the sun, ninety-two millions of miles, in about eight and a half 
minutes. The luminosity of the sun, which is a superficial body, one million 
three hundred and ninety-four thousand two hundred and eiglity-six times larger 
than the earth, is caused by a luminous atmosphere which completely surrounds 
the sun, and which is probably burning with great intensity. Light may be pro¬ 
duced by chemical action, by electricity, and by phosphorescence. A ray of white 
light, as we receive it from the sun, is composed of a number of elementary rays, 
which, with the aid of a triangular piece of glass, called a prism, may be sepa¬ 
rated, and will produce, under refraction, the following colors: 1, an extreme red 
ray; 2, red; 3, orange; 4, yellow; 5, green; 6, blue; 7, indigo; 8, violet; 9, 
lavender grey; 10, a silver blue or delicate green. The light of the stars travel 
with the same velocity as that of the sun, and yet there are stars so distant that, 
although the light of the sun reaches the earth in eight and a half minutes, it 
requires hundreds of years to bring their light to us. A well-known poet, speak¬ 
ing of the north star, illustrates the immensity of space so well, that we quote : 

Yea, and those refulgent drops, 

Which now descend upon my lifted eye, 

Left their far fountain twice three years ago. 

While these winged particles, whose speed outstrips 
The flight of thought, were on their way, the earth 
Compassed its tedious circuit round and round, 

And, in the extremes of annual change, beheld 
Six autumns fade, six springs renew their bloom. 

So far from earth those mighty orbs revolve ! 

So vast the void through which their beams descend! 

Yet what is this which to the astonished mind 
Seems measureless, and which the baffled thought 
Confounds ? A span, a point, in those domains 
Which the keen eye can traverse. Seven stars 
Dwell in that brilliant cluster, and the sight 
Embraces all at once; yet each from each 
Recedes as far as each of them from earth. 

And every star from every other burns 
No less remote. 

Heat is a principle in nature, which like light and electricity, is best under¬ 
stood by its effects. We popularly call that heat which raises the temperature of 
bodies submitted to its influence. The sources of heat are the rays of the sun, the 


CHEMISTRY. 


169 


currents of electricity, the action of chemicals, and the motion of substances. The 
properties of heat are: It may exist without fire or light; it is not sensible to the 
vision; it makes an impression upon our feelings; it acts powerfully upon all bodies; 
it has no weight; it attends, or is "connected with all the operations in nature; 
it radiates from all bodies in straight lines, and in all directions; it strikes most 
powerfully in direct lines; its rays may be collected into a focus, just as the rays of 
the sun; it may be reflected from a polished surface; and it is more easily con¬ 
ducted by some substances than by others. A man may be surrounded with air 
raised to the temperature of 250 degrees, and yet not have the heat of his body 
raised above its natural temperature, of from 97 to one hundred degrees. The 
reasons for this is that the skin and vessels of fat that lie underneath it are bad 
conductors of heat, and because perspiration, passing from the skin and evapora¬ 
ting, would bear the heat away as fast as it was received. It has been ascertained 
that the internal temperature of the earth increases to a certain depth, one degree 
in every fifty feet. But below that depth the temperature begins to decline, and 
continues to do so with every increase of depth. Heat is diffused through the 
atmosphere by convection. The warmth radiating from the surface of the earth 
warms the air in contact with it; the air expands, and becoming lighter, 
flies upward, bearing with it the caloric which it holds, and diffusing it in its 
•course. 

The waters of the ocean are also heated by convection, gathering its heat from 
the earth. It girdles the shores of tropical lands, where, being warmed to a high 
degree of temperature, it sets across the Atlantic from the Gulf of Mexico and 
•exercises an important influence upon the temperature of different latitudes. 

The point of heat at which the eye begins to discover luminosity has been 
•estimated at 1,000 degrees. 

Sound is an impression produced upon the ear by vibrations of the air. The 
atoms of elastic bodies being caused to vibrate by the application of some kind of 
force, the vibrations of those atoms are imparted to the air, and sound isproduced. 
For instance: If we take a tuning fork and hold it to the ear, we hear no sound. 
If we move it rapidly through the air, or if we blow upon it, it produces no sound, 
but, if we strike it, a sound immediately occurs; the vibration of the fork may be 
seen and felt by the hands that hold it; and, as those vibrations cease, the sound 
dies away. Without air there can be no sound. This is proved by striking a tuning 
fork in a vacuum (as under the receiver of an air pump) and no sound would be 
heard, although the vibrations of the fork could be distinctly seen. Sound travels 
at the rate of one qnarter of a mile a second. A broken bell gives a discordant 
sound because the connection between the atoms of the bell being broken, their 
vibrations are not uniform, some of the atoms vibrating more intensely than the 
•others; the vibrations imparted to the air are, therefore, jarring and discordant. 

Water 'is a fluid composed of two volumes of hydrogen to one of oxygen, or 
eight parts by weight of oxygen to one of hydrogen. It is nearly colorless and 
transparent. It is highly expansive, and rises in thin vapor when in contact with 
dry or warm air. There are about 147,000,000 of square miles of water to 49,500,000 
square miles of land on the globe. It has great dissolving properties, because the 
atoms of water are very minute; they therefore permeate the pores or spaces 
between the atoms of those bodies, and, overcoming their attraction for each other, 
cause them to separate. Our spring water, while passing through the earth, 
becomes impregnated with mineral matter, usually the sulphate and carbonate of 
lime, and this has a tendency to make it hard; while the sea receives its saltiness in 
the same way, salt being a mineral which prevails largely in the earth, and which 
being very soluble in water, is taken up by the ocean. The reason that water 
extinguishes fire is because it saturates the fuel, and prevents the gases thereof 
from combining with the oxygen of the air. 


170 


ASTRONOMY. 


Fire is a violent chemical action attending the combustion of the ingredients 
of fuel with the oxygen of the air. It imparts heat, but cannot exist without 
oxygen or atmospheric air. Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen are the elements 
necessary to maintain lire. Hydrogen and carbon exist in the fuel, and oxygen is 
supplied by the air. 


ASTRONOMY. 


Astronomy is the science which deals with the distribution, motions, and 
characteristics of the heavenly bodies, and may probably be regarded as the most 
ancient of the sciences. The records or traditions of almost every ancient nation 
furnish some traces of attention to the state of the heavens, and of some rude 
attempts to discover the laws, the order and the period of the most remarkable 
phenomena, such as eclipses of the Sun and Moon, the motions of the planets, and 
the helical risings of the principal stars and constellations. 

The ecliptic has been divided by astronomers, from time immemorial, into 
twelve equal parts, called Signs, each of which consequently contain thirty degrees,, 
while the names and symbols by which they are characterized are as follows: 

Signs of The Zodiac. 


< vi 9 

Aries. 

.... The Ram. 

sh 

Libra. 

.The Balance. 


Taurus... 

...The Bull. 

tgsr 

JITTV^ 

Scorpio . 

. The Scorpion. 


Gemini... 

.. .The Twins. 


Sagitarius... 

.The Archer. 


Cancer... 

_The Crab. 


Capricornus. 

.The Goat. 


Leo. 



Aquarius... 

. The water-bearer. 


Yirgo. 


«o 

o* 

Pisces. 

.The Eishes. 


Signs of the Planets. 


O Sun. 

£ Mercury. 

9 Yenus. 

6 or © The Earth. 
3 Moon. 


$ Mars. 

11 Jupiter, 
h Saturn. 

$ Uranus. 
Neptune. 


Conjunction. —A planet is in conjunction with another body when it has the 
same longitude, and is seen in the same direction in the heavens. This state may 
happen to all the planets; those whose orbits lie between the Sun and Earth, as 
well as those whose orbits are exterior to that of the Earth—the former class being 
called inferior , and the latter superior planets. It is obvious that in the case of the 
inferior planets, this conjunction will be of two kinds: the one when the planet is 
between the Earth and the Sun, called inferior conjunction; and the other, when 
at the opposite point of its orbit, with the Sun between the planet and the Earth, 
called superior conjunction. The latter is the only kind of conjunction that can 
happen to the superior planets, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune: the 
inferior planets, Mercury and Yenus, being subject to both positions. 

Opposition. A planet is said to be in opposition when it is distant from the 
Sun, 180° of longitude, at which time it is most brilliant, south about midnight,, 
and is, generally, at its least distance from the Earth. This can only be said of 
planets whose orbits are exterior to that of the Earth. 

Elongation. —The inferior planets, in their revolutions around the Sun, appear 
to an observer on the Earth to swing pendulum-like from side to side, being alter¬ 
nately east and west of the Sun ; the great elongation is the termination of one of 













ASTRONOMY. 


171 


the swings, either east or west; and at these times the planet appears, when viewed 
through a telescope, like the Moon in her first quarter if the elongation be in the 
east, and likelier last quarter if west. Both Mercury and Venus exhibit these 
phases, passing from new to full, while moving from inferior to superior 
conjunction, and from full to new again while passing from superior to inferior 
conjunction. 

Occultation. —It often happens that the Moon in her orbital motion passes before 
and hides from a spectator on the Earth, some of the fixed stars, and occasionaly 
one or other of the planets; these occurrences are called occultations. Among the 
celestial phenomena are given the times at which certain of these occultations take 
place, as well as the exact point on the Moon’s limb where the observer is to look 
for the phenomenon; this point is reckoned from the vertex, or highest upper por¬ 
tion of the Moon’s image, towards the right hand, as seen in an inverting telescope, 
counting continuously from 0° up to 360°. The disappearance always takes place 
on the right-hand side of the Moon, and the reappearance on the left, when viewed 
through an inverting or astronomical telescope. Only stars of the larger magnitude 
have been included in this work. Should the instrument used be of the non-invert¬ 
ing kind, the vertex may still be used as th6 point to count from, and in the same 
direction, only adding 180° to the distance given from vertex for the inverting 
telescope if the number be less than 180°, and substracting 180° if greater; bearing 
in mind, in this case, that the disappearances will take place on the left-hand side 
of the Moon’s image, and the reappearances on the right. 

Southing. —The time of southing is the the time at which the heavenly bodies 
pass the meridian, and is so called because they are then due south. The meridian 
being a great circle passing through the pole and zenith of the place, the 
southing will also be the time when they attain their greatest altitude above the 
horizon. 

Bight Ascension. —The right ascension of any heavenly body is its angular 
distance measured along the equator from the point of intersection of the equator 
and ecliptic. In the time of the ancient astronomers this point was situated in the 
constellation of Aries, and called by them the “ First point of Aries,” but has since 
then retrograded considerably behind that constellation. Modern astronomers,, 
however, still speak of this zero point, whence right ascensions are measured, as 
the “ First Point of Aries,” the right ascension and declination are the two 
co-ordinates which define the position of any point on the celestial sphere with 
regard to the equator as a fundamental plane, just as those of longitude and latitude 
define the position of any place on the terrestrial globe; the meridian of Greenwich 
being taken as the starting-point by geographers from which to reckon their 
longitudes, while the astronomer reckons his from the meridian of the first point 
of Aries. 

Since a well-regulated astronomical clock should show °h. °m. °s. when the first 
point of Aries is on the meridian, the right ascension may be called sidereal time- 
of southing. The rule may be thus stated:— From the given right ascension 
subtract the sidereal time at the preceding noon , and further diminish the result of the 
rate of 10s. an hour. If the right ascension should be smaller than the sidereal 
time to be subtracted, then twenty-four hours must be added to it. 

The Sun’s Density.—The planets exercise as certain an influence upon 
each other as do two pieces of wood floating upon a basin of water. As the 
planetary bodies fly through their prescribed orbits, and approach nearer to, or fly 
further from, each other, they are observed to deviate from that course which they 
must have pursued but for the increase or the decrease of some influence of 
attraction. By making observations at various times, and by comparing a number 
of results, it is possible to weigh any planetary body, however vast or however 
distant. The distance of the planets can be measured by making observations at. 


172 


ASTRONOMY. 


different seasons of the year, when the earth is in opposite positions in her orbit; 
iind by recording, by instruments constructed with the greatest nicety, the angle of 
sight at which the planetary body is viewed; by noticing also the various eclipses 
and estimating how long the first light after an eclipse has ceased reaches the 
earth, it is possible to estimate the distances of heavenly bodies, no matter how far 
in the depths of the universe those orbs may be. The diameter of the Sun is 
770,800 geographical miles, or about 100 times greater than the diameter of the 
earth; its volume is 1,394,286 times that of the earth, and 600 times greater than 
all the planets together, its mass is 359,551 times greater than the earth, and 738 
times greater than that of all the planets. 

Blue Sun .-—When Professor S. P. Langley, the astronomer in charge of the 
Allegheny Observatory, announced to the scientific world, a few months ago, the 
curious results of his investigations made in the fall of 1881 from the summit of Mount 
Whitney, viz.: That the light which comes to us from the sun owes its pure white 
character to a peculiar selective absorption of the earth’s atmosphere, and that, if it 
were possible to view the orb from a sufficient elevation to escape this interference, the 
sun would appear blue instead of white; that, in point of fact, some portions of its 
rays are robbed by the upper air. 

When these results became known, admiration of the delicate methods which 
were employed and the ingenious apparatus which was devised for the purpose was 
manifested, and it has now resulted in an invitation for the Professor to visit 
England as the guest of the Iioyal Society, in order that the savants there may have 
the opportunity of discussing with him the important problems which are thus 
"broached for the first time. This is an honor rarely paid to Americans, and one of 
which the State of Pennsylvania should feel especially proud. 

It must not be imagined that Professor Langley’s investigations on the “ Blue 
Sun ” and cognate subjects are merely curious and interesting but devoid of any 
practical value, for they are full of possibilities of great moment, as is evident by 
the fact that the meteorological bureau in Washington has fostered them from 
their inception, and one of the foremost scientific associations in Europe has now 
requested their author to come to England as its guest, in order that he may 
explain his discoveries in propria persona. 

Mercury is eleven and three-quarter times smaller than the earth and 
revolves around the Sun in eighty-seven days, twenty-three hours. Its mean 
distance from the Sun is thirty-seven million miles and its diameter is 3,058 miles. 

Venus is the most beautiful object in the heavens, and is about one and one- 
eleventh times smaller than the earth. It revolves around the Sun in 224 days, 
seventeen hours, and its mean distance from the Sun is about sixty-eight million 
miles. In diameter it is 7,510 miles. 

The next transit of Venus occurs on December 6th of this year (1882) followed 
by another in 2012, and then again another long interval. The first ever seen by 
man was that of 1639, observed by Iiorrocks at Hoole, near Preston, in Lanca¬ 
shire, and by his friend Crabtree, near Manchester, England. The ingress only 
was visible in England, the Sun setting when the planet was not very far 
advanced on its disc. No practical result could be obtained from these 
observations. 

Iiorrocks did not live to finish his treatise on the Solar Parallax, about which 
he was employing himself at this time, and it was left to Halley to point out the 
advantages offered by a transit of Venus for attacking the problem of the Sun’s 
parallax; though without doubt had Iiorrocks lived to complete his work, he 
could not have failed to see and appreciate the use to be made of the apparent 
displacement of Venus on the disc of the Sun, as viewed from different points on 
the earth’s surface. 

The Sun’s parallax, or, in other words, the distance of the Sun from the earth, 


ASTRONOMY. 


173 - 


is an element of prime importance to practical astronomers; being their yard 
measure , as it were—the unit in terms of which are expressed all celestial 
dimensions. 

Halley proposed a method of dealing with the transit of 1761. Afterwards, 
and shortly before the transit, Delisle suggested another plan. Speaking generally, 
it may be said that the difference in the methods consist in this : That while the 
Halleyan makes use of the apparent displacement, so as to make the difference 
between the chords traversed by Venus on the Sun’s disc at the different places as 
great as possible, theDelislean makes use of it in the direction of a line joining the 
centres of Venus and Sun at the time of contact. In the latter case it is requisite 
that either the ingress or egress shall be observed at both the stations; and in the 
former that both ingress and egress should be observed at both stations in order 
to furnish data for the problem. The Halleyan method would not be available in 
the event of Venus passing across the middle of the disc; but Delisle’s method is 
always available. The suitableness, however, of the one or other method for any 
particular case does not depend solely upon the portion of the Sun’s disc traversed 
by Venus, but also upon the possibility of finding accessible places where the 
observations can be made. These and other questions of a more refined character 
must enter into the calculations of astronomers in order to determine how the best 
possible use can be made of any particular transit. 

Considering the extreme simplicity of the observation itself, astronomers gener¬ 
ally, and Halley in particular, were led to expect a very accurate and conclusive 
value for the solar parallax from the observations of the coming transit. Although 
it was tolerably universally observed, the result did not prove satisfactory; in part 
owing to the inaccuracy of the tables of the planet, and also owing to the difficulty 
experienced in noting the precise time of contact. Halley immensely overrated the 
accuracy with which this could be done. 

A phenomenon, at once unexpected and bewildering, was noticed at the second 
or internal contact at ingress, and at the first or internal contact at egress. At 
egress, as the dark body of Venus was approaching the edge of the Sun, it appeared 
to lose the circular form and send out a fine black ligament to the edge of the Sun, 
making Venus appear in shape like a pear with the stem at the Sun’s limb; this 
ligament then rapidly thickened, forming a blot, as it were, connecting together 
the limbs of Venus and the Sun, forming what is known as the black drop. All 
observers do not mention the fine ligament, which probably amounts to saying that 
they did not see the very first formation of the black drop. The above may be 
taken as a general description of the phenomenon; all observers are not agreed as 
to the details. 

The “black drop” can, by the means of the theory of optics, be to a certain 
extent explained, but there are circumstances about it which are not yet fully 
accounted for. Much probably depends upon the telescope made use of, and 
something upon'the eye of the observer. One |observer makes no mention of the 
black drop at all. 

The unsatisfactory results obtained from the transit of 1761 induced the Royal 
Society of England to recommend that the Government should fit out an expedition 
and carry in one of their ships, to suitable places, fit observers for the work. This 
recommendation resulted in the sending out to Otaheite of the “Endeavour,” 
under the command of Capt. Cook. The weather being everything that could be 
wished, the observations were satisfactorily made by Halley’s method—the whole 
transit being seen. Capt. Cook states that the internal contact both at ingress 
and egress were much disturbed by a dusky shade seen round the body of the 
planet. In the late transit, 1874, most of the observers note this phenomenon, 
which is supposed to be due to the illumination by the Sun of a very dense atmos¬ 
phere surrounding the planet. 





174 


ASTRONOMY. 


As might have been expected, the more perfect organization of the expedition 
of 1769 gave results very greatly superior to those of 1761, yet they differed among 
themselves more than would have been expected if the method had been as perfect 
in practice as in theory. 

From a combination of the observations made during the transits of 1761 and 
1769, Professor Encke deduced 8"’5776 as the solar parallax—a value adopted by 
astronomers for nearly thirty years. This value did not accord well with that 
derived from other less direct (but, taken together, not inferior) methods, and in 
1868 Mr. Stone, the Chief Assistant at Greenwich, re-examined Encke’s analysis 
and found a value much larger, 8".91. This large value was not acquiesced in by 
all astronomers, and exception was taken to Mr. Stone’s method of treatment. 

Another transit was now approaching, and this, it was expected, would solve 
the doubt where, between the limits above, the true value would be found. Great 
preparations were made for completely observing the transit of 1874—greater than 
at any previous one. Another method was added, viz., the photographic. The 
image of Venus on the Sun was to be photographed as often as possible during the 
transit, and the negative measured afterwards by means of specially refined 
apparatus designed for the purpose. Besides this, the observers were exercised in 
the phenomena of the black drop formation, by means of an artificial Sun and 
Venus, in order that they might not be quite taken by surprise on the day of the 
transit. The observations generally were very successful. The photographic 
method failed; it being found on attempting to magnify, ever so little, the image 
of Venus, that the border became so indistinctly defined as to make it impossible 
to measure the photographs within the degree of accuracy required. It is very 
probable that the true value of the solar parallax is now known within very small 
limits, and that it does not differ much from 8'’*85. The results, however, derived 
from the transit of 1874 are not so conclusive as to leave us with nothing to learn 
from that of 1882. 

The Earth is the third member of the solar system in order of distance from 
the Sun, and as we know is a globe, rotating on its axis once in a day of twenty-four 
hours, and circulating around the sun in an orbit of great extent once in a year of 
365 days, six hours. It is 7,926 miles in diameter, and its mean distance from the 
Sun is about ninety-two million miles. 

Our Seasons— The revolution of the Earth in its annual orbit round the Sun 
has the effect of causing the latter body, seemingly, to describe a complete revolu¬ 
tion among the stars in the course of the year, and this would give rise to no 
other phenomenon if the plane of this apparent path had been parallel to the 
Earth’s equator; the Sun would simply appear to occupy different positions among 
the stars from.day to day; the days and nights would be equal all over the globe, 
and each place on the Earth would have one constant season, the character of 
which would depend on its geographical latitude. Instead of this coincidence of 
planes, the Equator and Ecliptic (as this apparent path of the Sun is called) are 
mutually inclined to each other at 23i°; consequently, the Sun is alternately seen 
above and below the Equator by this amount, causing varying seasons on the 
globe, and days and nights of very unequal duration; long days and Summer to 
the northern hemisphere when the Sun is north of the Equator, and vice versa 
when south of it. 

This inclination of the two pianes will cause the Sun to cross the Equator 
twice in the year, viz.: once in the Spring, and again in the Autumn, at which 
times the days and nights are equal all over the world ; and we experience for a 
day or two what would be the constant state of our climate if the Sun moved in a 
plane coincident with the Equator. 

From Spring, through Summer to Autumn, the Sun traverses exactly one-half 
of the Ecliptic, and from Autumn, through Winter to Spring, the other half; but 


ASTRONOMY. 


175 


that these halves are not traveled over in equal times will be seen by an inspec¬ 
tion of the times at which the different seasons commence. It appears that the 
Mm is longer in performing the Summer than the Winter hal&; this is caused by 
the eccentricity of the Earth’s orbit, and the law of areas, as it is called by 
astronomers a law which requires that an imaginary line, joining the Earth and 
Sun, shall sweep over equal areas in equal times. To do this, the Earth when 
nearer to the Sun, as at the W inter Solstice, must move more quickly than when 
faither away, at the Summer Solstice; because then the line joining the two 
bodies is shorter than in the latter case; the effect is to detain the Sun about eight 
days longer in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere. 

The Earth’s atmosphere is generally supposed to extend some forty miles in 
height, probably very much farther, but becoming, at only a few miles from the 
surface, of too great a tenuity to support human life. The condition and motions 
of this vast aerial ocean play a most important part in the determination of 
climate, modifying, by absorbing, the otherwise intense heat of the Sun; and 
when laden with clouds, hindering the Earth from radiating its acquired heat 
into space. The amount of heat absorbed in its passage through the atmosphere 
will depend upon the thickness of the stratum which the rays have to penetrate, 
and this on the meridian altitude of the Sun. 

If the surface of the Globe were smooth, and consisted entirely of land or water, 
the mean temperature of our Seasons would depend solely on our geographical 
latitude, and we should then find that all places on the same parallel would enjoy 
the same temperatures; but being, as it is, made up of water and land, very 
unequally distributed, the former occupying two-thirds of the entire surface of the 
Globe, we have the temperature of the Seasons of places on the same parallel of 
latitude greatly modified by the surrounding masses of land and water. The great 
capacity of water for heat, and its low p^wer of radiation, make the great ocean, 
extending from pole to pole, the reservoir which stores up for us the heat it has 
received from the Sun; while the land, radiating again its heat very quickly; 
would soon grow cold. The principal medium by which this heat is conveyed to 
the land is that of the Winds, which, receiving their warmth and moisture from 
the water, pass over the land, and compensate for the loss of heat which the latter 
suffers from radiation. From this cause it is that islands enjoy more equable 
seasons than inland countries, being neither so cold in Winter nor so hot in 
Summer; since the same clouded skies that retard the cooling of the land by 
radiation, also shield from the rays of the Sun in Summer. But in the interior of 
continents, where the winds have been robbed of their moisture on their passage 
from the coast, the fiercest extremes are known to prevail between the Summer and 
Winter temperatures. Moscow has a difference between its Summer heat and Winter 
cold of 82°, London 57°,while in the Shetland Islands, and at Penzance, in Cornwall, 
England, the differences are only 46° and 48° respectively, and in San Francisco, 
California, only b 40°. Beyond the fact of presence of water, we must not forget 
that the oceans and seas are traversed by currents of warm water from the 
equatorial regions, which greatly promote the distribution of heat. The chief of 
these prevail in the North Atlantic ocean, and it is to one of them—the Gulf 
Stream—that in a great measure the mildness of the western coasts of Europe are 
due. This remarkable current, issuing from the Gulf of Mexico, flows in a north¬ 
easterly direction along the shores of America, and on encountering the Banks of 
Newfoundland, splits into two branches, one of which proceeds to the Azores, and 
the other to the British Isles. 

The Tides .—In order to understand the action of the Moon on our Earth as a 
tide-producing body, we will suppose that the earth consists of a smooth sphere, 
covered all over with water of a uniform depth, and that both bodies are at rest 
with respect to each other* then, the attraction of the Moon on the water 


176 


ASTRONOMY. 


nearest to her will be greater than her attraction on the solid Earth, and will 
cause a heaping-up of the water towards her. This appears natural enough ; but, 
at first sight, it does seem somewhat paradoxical that the water should also be 
heaped up in a direction opposite to the Moon. This is explained by the fact that 
the water, on the side away from the Moon, is attracted less than the solid ball of 
the Earth; and the latter is, as it were, drawn away from the water, thus caus¬ 
ing the liquid to be swelled up, although not quite to the same extent as on the 
other side; because, its distance being greater than in the first case, the Moon- 
attraction is less. 

Although the Sun is at a much greater distance from the Earth than the 
Moon, yet, from its very much greater mass, it exerts a considerable influence in 
producing the tides of the ocean, and acts on the water in precisely the same 
manner as does the Moon, producing another spheroid of equilibrium, with its 
major axis in a line joining the Earth and Sun. The heaping-up of the waters 
due to the Sun, is two-fifths of that due to the Moon; and if the Sun and Moon, 
as seen from the Earth, were separated by an angle of 90°, the axis or the wave 
spheroids would be separated by that quantity; and (if the three bodies were at 
rest with respect to each other) so they would remain. But since these conditions 
do not obtain in nature, and the Earth, Moon and Sun, instead of being at rest 
with regard to each other, are constantly changing their relative positions and 
distances (the Earth at the same time revolving on her axis), these motions never 
give the water time to assume the spheroidal shape. Instead of this, an imperfect 
form of it travels round the globe in a lunar day, which being on an average 
about fifty minutes more than the solar day, causes the tides to come later, each 
successive day, by about that quantity. It will be seen, from what has already 
been said, that when the Sun, Moon and Earth are in the same straight line, the 
solar and lunar waves are coincident—that is, the Sun and Moon are acting in 
concert; and the consequence will be that the tides about this time will rise 
higher and fall lower than when the Sun and Moon are at right angles to each 
other. When the latter condition obtains, their action is antagonistic, and 
we have a tide that never rises so high nor falls so low as in the former case; 
that is to say, the highest or spring tides happen at the full and new moons; the 
lowest or neap , at the first and last quarters. 

The rise of water in tidal rivers is in consequence of the change of level in the 
surface of the ocean. The direction of strong winds, as well as the varying 
pressure of the atmosphere considerably affects both the times and the height 
of high water. 

The Moon was probao.y the first celestial phenomena observed with any 
degree of attention. It revolves around the earth in twenty-seven days, seven 
hours, and forty-three minutes, and is distant two hundred and forty thousand 
miles. Her size is forty-eight times less than the earth. 

The Moon at all times presents nearly the same face to the earth, and four 
thousand one hundred and eleven parts out of ten thousand are absolutely and at 
all times unseen. 

The various features of the Moon’s surface have been observed with o-reat 
interest since the discovery of the telescope, and astronomers have been at much 
pains to determine their selenograpliic positions. The Moon was first photographed 
by Hr. J. W. Draper, of New York, in 1840. 

M ars.— After Venus, Mars is the planet whose orbit is nearest to the Earth. Her 
diameter is about four thousand three hundred and sixty-three miles and she 
revolves around the Sun once in three hundred and twenty-one days, sixteen hours. 
Her mean distance from the Sun is about one hundred and forty-four million miles 
The analogy between Mars and the Earth is perhaps by far the greatest in the 
whole solar system. The length of their years are nearly alike, and their distances 


ASTRONOMY. 


177 


from the sun do not differ greatly. Ilerschel believed that Mars had seasons like 
our own, and that the bright appearance so remarkable about the poles of Mars 
was occasioned by the reflection of light from mountains of ice and snow 
accumulated in those regions. 

J u piter is the largest planet of the solar system. Indeed he surpasses the rest 
so greatly that the combined mass of all of them together would barely exceed two- 
fifths of his. The earth exceeds the Moon only eighty-one times in mass, while 
Jupiter exceeds the earth in mass more than three hundred times, and is distant 
from the earth about three hundred and sixty-one million miles. Jupiter has four 
satellites circling around it. It is eighty-four thousand eight hundred and forty- 
three miles in diameter, revolves around the Sun once in eleven years, three 
hundred and twelve days and twenty-one hours, and its mean distance from the 
Sun is about four hundred and ninety million miles. In volume, it is one thousand 
four hundred and thirty-one times larger than the earth. 

Saturn is the largest planet but one of the solar system, being surpassed in 
mass by Jupiter alone. His mass exceeds the combined mass of all the other 
planets (Jupiter excepted), nearly three-fold. He is the sixth planet in order of 
distance from the Sun, and was the remotest planet known to the ancients. It is 
seventy thousand one hundred and thirty-six miles in diameter, revolves around 
the Sun once in twenty-nine years, one hundred and fifty-four days and thirteen 
hours, and its mean distance from the Sun is about nine hundred million miles. 
It is nine hundred and ninety-seven times larger than the earth. This planet, in 
consequence of luminous rings with which he is surrounded, is one of the most 
interesting objects in the heavens. The opinion now generally entertained among 
astronomers respecting the Saturnian ring-system is, that it is composed of multi¬ 
tudes of minute satellites, probably intermixed with vapor, traveling independently 
around the planet. Saturn is surrounded by a system of eight satellites—the most 
extended as well as most numerous subordinate system within the Sun’s domains. 
The outer satellite of Saturn is larger than our Moon, while the sixth satellite is 
larger than the planet Mercury. 

U ran us is the seventh primary planet in order of distance from the sun, and 
with the exception of Neptune, the remotest. His mean distance from the Sun 
exceeds the earth’s more than nineteen times, and amounts to one billion seven 
hundred and fifty-three million eight hundred and sixty-nine thousand miles. It 
revolves around the Sun once in eighty-four years six and one-half days, and his 
mean diameter is about thirty-three thousand miles. On account of his great 
distance, Uranus receives but about one twenty-fourth part of the heat of the Sun 
which is received by the whole globe of the Earth. Sir W. Ilerschel discovered 
Uranus on March 13, 1781, while he was examining the small stars in the neighbor¬ 
hood of Geminorum. Being struck with the enormous magnitude of a star in this 
region, he suspected it to be a comet. But it was found to be moving in a nearly 
circular path, and was presently recognized as one of the principal planets of the 
solar system. It is often called Herschel, though Uranus is universally adopted. 
Like Jupiter, it is attended by four satellites. 

Neptune. —The discovery of the planet Neptune ranks amongst the most 
brilliant of the scientific feats of the present century. Neptune was discovered on 
October 5, 1846, by Dr. Galle, of Berlin, Germany. It is thirty-seven thousand 
two hundred and seventy-six miles in diameter, revolves around the sun once in 
one hundred and sixty-four years, two hundred and sixty-six days, and distant 
from the Sun about two billion seven hundred and forty-five million miles. 

Neptune, in mythology, is called tjie god of the sea, and originally, also, of the 
rivers and springs. He was a son of Saturn and Rhea, and a brother of Jupiter, 
Pluto, Ceres, Vesta, and Juno. After Jupiter had overthrown his father, the 
empire of the sea fell by lot to Neptune. 



173 


ASTRONOMY. 


Asteroids.— Besides the planets, vast numbers of small bodies revolve around 
the Sun whose orbits lie between those of Mars and Jupiter. These are called the 
Asteroids or smaller planets. Among them might be mentioned Ceres, with a 
diameter of only one hundred and fifty miles, which revolves around the Sun once 
m four years, two hundred and twenty days and twelve hours. It is distant from 
the Sun two hundred and sixty-tliree million miles, and is one hundred and fif¬ 
teen times smaller than the Earth. Soon after Ceres, another planet called 
Pallas, was discovered. Its diameter is but one hundred miles, and it revolves 
around the sun once in four years, one hundred and twenty-two days. It is fifty- 
three times smaller than the Earth, and is two hundred and sixty-five million miles 
distant from the Sun. Juno was discovered soon after Palles. It is one hundred 
and seventy-one times smaller than the Earth, and revolves around the Sun in four 
years, two hundred and twenty-eight days. It is distant from that great luminary 
about two hundred and fifty-three million miles. Testa was next discovered, and 
in 1845, Astirna. Since then each year has added new members to the system, 
making now about two hundred and twenty in all. 

Variable Stars. —Although the stars generally shine with uniform brightness, 
there are among them some remarkable exceptions to this general rule. The earliest 
known and the most remarkable amongst this class of stars is one situated in the 
constellation Cetus, and known by the name of Ceti, or Mira Ceti. It has a period 
of nearly three hundred and thirty-one days, that is to say, it goes through its cycle 
of variations in that length of time, continuing for about twelve or fourteen days 
at its maximum brightness, which has, at some of its maxima, reached to the 
second order of magnitude; it then goes on decreasing for some three months, 
until it becomes invisible, in which condition it remains for five more months, 
when it again goes on increasing to the end of the period, when the maximum is 
again reached; but the order of magnitude is not always the same as successive 
maxima. It is recorded, in Lalande’s “ Astronomy,” that between the years 1672 
and 1676 this star was not visible at all. The month of October is the best time 
for observing it, on the days about the 23d, when the Moon is absent. It passes the 
meridian at midnight, about the 24th, and will be found in R. A. 2 h, 13ra, 20s. and 
south declination 3° 32'. 

Another remarkable variable star is Algol, Persei. This has a very short 
period, not quite three days—and ranges from the second to the fourth magnitude. 
It continues at its maximum for two days and a half, then begins to decrease very 
suddenly, and in rather more than three hours is reduced to a star of the fourth 
magnitude: after remaining at this magnitude for a quarter of an hour, it again 
attains to its maximum, in the same time that it took in passing from it to the 
minimum. This star will be found in right ascention 3 h. om. 25s. and north 
declination 40° 29'. It can be well observed in October and November. It souths 
at midnight on November 5th. 

The variable star Lyrse is remarkable in having a double period, viz.: two 
maxima and two minima—the double period being very nearly equal to thirteen 
days; the difference between the maximum and minimum is only one degree of 
magnitude. There is another peculiarity intlie changes of this star—that, although 
the two maxima are equal, the minima are unequal. It is situated inR. A. 18 h. 
45 m. 41s. and north declination 33° 14'. The best time for observing it is in the 
months of June and July. 

The star Cephei is also subject to considerable variations in magnitude, passing 
from the third to the fifth with a period of 51 days. In passing from the minimum 
to the maximum, it occupies less time than is required for it to reach the minimum 
again—in the proportion of thirty-eight hours to ninety-one. It is to be found in 
R. A. 22 h. 24m. 40s. and north declination 57° 48'. August and September are the 
best months in which to observe it. 


METEOROLOGY. 179. 

IIow often, as we look upon the heavens of a calm, clear night, do the 
thoughts come into our minds which the poet has so beautifully expressed: 

Tell me, ye splendid orbs! as from your throne, 

Ye mark the rolling provinces that own 

Your sway—what beings fill those bright abodes ? 

How formed, how gifted ? what their powers, their state, 

Their happiness, their wisdom ? Do they bear 
The stamp of human nature ? Or has God 
Peopled those purer realms with lovelier forms 
And more celestial minds ? Does Innocence 
Still wear her native and untainted bloom ? 

Or has Sin breathed his deadly blight abroad, 

And sowed corruption in those fairy bowers ? * 

Has War trod o’er them with his foot of fire ? 

And Slavery forged his chains; and Wrath, and Hate, 

And sordid Selfishness, ami cruel Lust, 

Leagued their base bands to tread out light and truth 
And scatter woe where Heaven had planted joy ? 

Or are they yet all paradise, unfalien 
And uncorrupt ? existence one long joy, 

Without disease upon the frame, or sin 
Upon the heart, or weariness of life— 

Hope never quenched, and age unknown, 

And death unfeared; while fresh and fadeless^youth 
Glows in the light from God’s near throne of love ? 

I Open your lips, ye wonderful and fair! 

Speak, speak! the mysteries of those living worlds 
Unfold! 


METEOROLOGY. 


Meteorology is tlie description of the phenomena peculiar to the atmosphere of 
the earth. As a science of observation, generalization, and induction, our present 
knowledge of meteorology dates from Aristotle; but as a deductive science, and 
one deserving to be ranked with astronomy, chemistry, and physics, its history is 
confined to the past thirty years. A review of the inductive science may be divided 
into sections on the constitution, the temperature, the movement, the moisture, 
and the pressure of the atmosphere, following the treatise of Schmid. One volume 
of dry air at a temperature of 32°, if free to expand, increases to 1*3665 on being- 
heated to 212°. It is regarded as uncertain whether the upper portions of the 
atmosphere do not gradually merge in the interstellar ether. The portions which 
have a practical bearing upon meteorological phenomena are those below which the 
phenomena of twilight, the aurora, and shooting stars take place, and these are 
generally confined to an altitude less than one hundred miles above the earth’s 
surface. The elevations of the mountains on the earth’s surface bear a very 
appreciable ratio to the altitudes of the cloud-bearing and storm-producing strata 
of the air ; in fact, these latter nearly all lie far below the summits of the highest 
ranges; and, as a consequence, the distribution of the elevated portions of the 
continents is a very important factor in meteorology. Of still more importance is 
the relative position of the land and oceans. Not only is the ocean the principal 
source of the moisture in the atmosphere, but its influence is felt in a very 
different way. 

The heat found within our atmosphere may be considered as coming from s'x 
sources: 1, that peculiar to the interior of the earth; 2, that received from the 
stars; 3, that received from the moon; 4, that received from shooting stars ; 5, that 
produced by friction of tides, winds, etc.; 6, that received from the sun; all which 
should be added to that originally possessed by the atmosphere. 




180 


METEOROLOGY. 


FORECASTING THE WEATHER. 

The great bearing which the weather has on human pursuits very early led 
mankind to study it with a view, if possible, of predicting its nature, and obtain¬ 
ing warning of those violent atmospheric disturbances which not only strew our 
narrow seas with wrecks, but also render nugatory, in a greater or less degree, the 
labors of the farmer. Besides being interested to know on what data these 
weather-forecasts are based, the public, who are necessarily influenced in their 
arrangements, more or less, by the predictions, may be interested to know some¬ 
thing more of the great meteorological laws in conformity with which the 
“ Weather Indications ” are prepared. 

The United States, geographically, are situated in the zone of the “anti-trades,” 
or westerly winds, which, as a rule, sweep over the Rocky Mountains and thence 
to the Atlantic coast all the year round. As the storms (including all material 
weather changes) which enter our territorial limits come mainly from the direction 
of the Pacific coast, or are formed on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains,, 
and are borne along in the great atmospheric current moving from west to east, 
the general direction these storms will take after they are first discovered cart 
easily be foreseen. In the British Isles the storms also mainly come from the west, 
but, as the storm-field is the ocean, from which telegraphic weather reports cannot 
be sent to the London Meteorological office, pre-announcements of coming changes, 
are, of course, made in England with much greater difficulty and much less 
certainty of fulfillment than in the United States. This country is, therefore, by 
its geographical position and extent, peculiarly fitted for testing the value of a 
system of weather-forecasting. Even the hurricanes, which enter our southern 
coasts from the tropics, quickly feel the force of this great law, which carries all 
aerial masses—whether the cyclone of low barometer, or the “ cool wave ” of high 
barometer—from west to east; and hence, after passing'north of the Florida 
parallels, they slowly curve away to the eastward. 

But in predicting,the weather for a given day in any section of the country,, 
much more is needed than a knowledge of the general direction American 
cyclonic storms and waves of high barometer (“anti-cyclones”) pursue. Thus, 
let us suppose that to-day a storm-centre of “low” air pressure debouches from 
the plains over Iowa, while fine cool weather with northwest winds prevails in 
the Middle States. As the “low” progresses eastward, should the pressure be 
high over the lakes, it will advance towards Virginia, and as it enters the upper 
Ohio valley its indraught will be felt on the Atlantic seaboard from Cape Henry 
to Cape May; the dry, cool, north-west winds will be replaced by warm easterly 
winds freighted with Gulf Stream vapor, and as these vapor-laden winds approach 
the Alleghenies they will begin to condense their moisture on the cool summits, 
the clouds soon covering the Middle States. If, on the contrary, while the Iowa 
storm-centre is crossing the Mississippi, the pressure over the lakes is low, the 
depression will most probably seek an exit from the continent to the ocean by the 
lakes and the St. Lawrence valley, and hence will not materially affect the winds 
and weather of the Middle States. As a rule, however, the paths of storm-centres 
passing over the United States tend to the northeastward, and on reaching the 
Gulf Stream follow its course toward the British Isles. The high pressure “cold 
waves,” on the contrary, almost invariably move southeastwardly and enter the 
tropics near Cuba. 

These are some of the principal “laws of the winds” in our latitudes, which 
guide the weather predicters, and these laws rest upon ascertained facts—and 
upon no assumption, speculation or theory whatever. When it is remembered 
that around every observed storm-centre the atmosphere moves in a direction con¬ 
trary to that of the hands of a clock, and in the opposite direction (or with the 


METEOROLOGY. 


181 


clock hands) around waves of high barometer, in the northern hemisphere, it is 
clear that, knowing the direction and rate of a storm’s progress, it becomes 
possible to calculate with a fair approach to accuracy when the disturbance in the 
west will arrive at, and affect the weather in, any section of the Atlantic sea¬ 
board, endangering shipping off our Atlantic coasts, and thus requiring the 
display of the cautionary storm-signals. As the great depression centres and 
u cold waves” enter the United States from the Pacific coast and Manitoba, and 
occupy several days in traversing the country, there is apparently good reason to 
hope that, with better telegraphic communication with the regions whence they 
come, the weather of the Atlantic States may be predicted several days in 
advance. As observations show that a large majority of the “cold waves” 
originate in the high latitudes of British America, and thence cross the continent 
obliquely, causing the heaviest condensation in the broad band of Gulf Stream 
vapor overlying the Atlantic and Gulf States, too much importance, meteoro¬ 
logically, cannot be given to the extension of telegraphic weather stations in and 
north of Manitoba. 

While much has been done since Redfield’s time, by Buys Ballot, Ley and 
other European investigators, as well as by our own experienced American 
meteorologists to determine the laws of the weather, it still remains that, for 
predicting weather changes a single day ahead, telegraphic reports from a large 
network of stations are indispensable. As the meteorological character of whole 
seasons in our latitudes is often determined by an antecedent cold or mild season 
in the Arctic regions, by an anomalous and excessive precipitation in the tropic?, 
or by an unusual and persistent barometric range over large tracts of the ocean, 
the scope of the weather reports cannot be narrowed within our own territory. 
Puring the Summer season, when the hurricanes which invade our Atlantic 
coasts are generated near the Windward Antilles, weather telegrams from the 
far southeast are as indispensable as they are at other times from the remote 
northwest. 


THE CAUSE OF SULTRY DAYS. 

“ The thermometer is not so very high.” This expression is often made, and it 
is worth while to answer it for general information. The dry-bulb thermometer 
mark, say eighty-three and a half of heat, which certainly is not so very high, but 
the wet-bulb thermometer, or hygrometer, which indicates the “relative humid¬ 
ity,” or amount of moisture in the air, showed sixty-five parts out of a hundred of 
moisture. If this had been thirty-five or forty-five, the air would have been what 
is called comparatively dry, the heat would have been less felt, and the day would 
not have been so sultry or uncomfortable. This matter of moisture in the air 
plays a strong part in hot summer weather. If the “relative humidity” is low, 
say thirty-five to forty-five, a temperature of ninety degrees and over will not be so 
severely felt as a temperature of eighty degrees if the air is charged with watery 
vapor. Let us suppose the thermometer is at about ninety degrees, but the mois¬ 
ture being at thirty-five to forty-one for part of the day, the high heat was not 
oppressive. The reason is that, while the human body is all the time giving off 
perspiration either sensible or insensible, which is evaporated from the surface 
of the clothing, this evaporation will go on more rapidly when the air contains 
but little moisture than when it contains a great deal. Evaporation is cooling 
when it goes on without obstruction; but when it is obstructed by moist air, the 
reverse effect becomes sensible, and a temperature of eighty degrees is quite as 
oppressive as that of ninety degrees when the air is dry. 


« 





















SYNONYMS 

OF COMMON ENGLISH WORDS. 

Besides enabling a writer or speaker to give a graceful variety to 
the language he employs, the use of appropriate Synonyms enables 
him to express himself distinctly, in exact and unmistakable terms. 
The advantage of being able to say precisely what we mean is too 
.obvious to need recommendation, and those who may consult these 
pages will soon see its usefulness. It will often suggest a thought, 
enable us to tone down a needlessly harsh expression, or make it easy 
for us to speak or write with precision. 









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, 




















SYNONYMS 


Aback, backward, back. 

Abaft, sternwards, aft, behind 
Abandon, leave, forsake, desert, renounee, quit 
Abandoned, wicked, reprobate, dissolute 
Abandonment, leaving, desertion, dereliction 
Abase, lower, humble, humiliate, degrade 
Abasement, degradation, degeneracy, abjection 
Abash, bewilder, disconcert, discompose 
Abate, lessen, diminish, bate, reduce, decrease 
Abbreviate, shorten, abridge, condense, curtail 
Abdicate, give up, resign, renounce, abandon 
Abet, help, encourage, instigate, incite assist 
Abettor, assistant, accessory, accomplice 
Abhor, dislike intensely, view with horror, hate 
Abide, stay, dwell, live with, tarry, remain 
Abjure, recant, forswear, disclaim, revoke 
Able, strong, powerful, muscular, stalwart 
Abnormal, anomalous, unnatural, irregular 
Abode, residence, habitation, dwelling, home 
Abolish, quash, destroy, revoke, abrogate 
Abominable, hateful detestable, odious, vile 
Abominate, dislike, abhor, loathe, detest 
Abortive, fruitless, ineffectual, inoperative, idle. 
About, concerning, regaining, relative to 
Abridge, shorten, abbreviate, contract, curtail 
Absolute, entire, complete, unconditional 
Absolve, set free, loose, clear, acquit, liberate 
Absorb, engross, swallow up, engulf, imbibe 
Abstain from, keep from, refrain, forbear 
Abstemious, moderate, sober, temperate 
Abstract, summary, compendium, abridgment 
Accelerate, hasten, hurry, expedite, forward 
Accept, receive, take, admit 
Acceptable, agreeable, pleasing, pleasurable 
Acceptation, meaning, signification 
Access, admission, approach, avenue 
Accession, increase, augmentation, enlargement 
Accident, casualty, incident, contingency 
Accomplice, confederate, accessory, abettor 
Accomplish, to do, effect, finish, execute 
Accomplishment, attainment, qualification 
Accord, grant, allow, admit, concede 
Accordant, compatible, harmonious, consonant. 
Accost, salute, address, speak to, stop, greet 
Account, assign, adduce, reckon, compute 
Accountable, punishable, answerable 
Accoutre, arm, equip, fit out, furnish with arms 
Accredited, authorized, commissioned 
Accumulate, bring together, amass, collect 
Acquaint, inform, enlighten, apprise 
Acquaintance, familiarity, intimacy, cognizance 
Acquiesce, agree, accede, assent, comply 
Acquire, get, obtain, attain, gain, procure, win 
Acquirement, accomplishment, acquisition 
Acquit, pardon, forgive, discharge, set free 
Action, deed, achievement, feat, exploit 
Actual, real, positive, genuine, certain 
Actuate, move, impel, instigate, induce, prompt 
Acute, shrewd, keen, intelligent, penetrating 
Acuteness, acumen, penetration, ingenuity 
Adage, saying, maxim, aphorism, proverb 
Adapt, accommodate, suit, fit, conform 
.Addicted, devote, wedded, attached 
Addition, increase, accession, augmentation 
Additional, extra, added, supplemental 
Address, tact, skill, ability, dexterity 
Adherence, adhesion, attachment, fidelity 
Adherent, follower, partisan, pupil, disciple 
Adhesion, adherence, attachment, fidelity 
Adopt, take, assume, appropriate, choose 
Adorn, beautify, decorate, embellish, ornament 


Adroit, skillful, clever, dexterous, expert 
Adlator, flatterer, parasite, toady 
Adulterate, corrupt, contaminate, vitiate 
Advance, bring forward, adduce, assign, allege 
Advancement, preferment, promotion 
Advantage, benefit, good, profit, avail, utility 
Advantageous, beneficial, profitable, salutary 
Adventure, incident, occurrence, casualty 
Adventurous, bold, enterprising, daring 
Adversary, opponent, antagonist, enemy, foe 
Advice, warning, counsel, instruction 
Advise, acquaint, inform, communicate, notify 
Advocate, counsel, defender, upholder 
Aerial, airy, light, volatile, etherial, empyrial 
Affability, courteousness, courtesy, urbanity 
Affair, business, matter, question, subject 
Affect, influence, act upon, interfere with, feign 
Affecting, touching, pathetic, melting, moving 
Affection, fondness, attachment, kindness 
Affectionate, loving, attached to, fond, kind 
Affinity, relationship, alliance, kin, union 
Affirm, swear, assert, asseverate, declare, aver. 
Affirmation, asseveration, protestation. 

Affix, attach, annex, subjoin, connect, adjoin. 
Afterwards, hereafter, subsequently, 

Age, period, time, date, generation, era, epoch. 
Aged, old, elderly, senile, anile. 

Agency, instrumentality, influence, operation. 
Aggrandize, exalt, promote, prefer, advance 
Aggravate, tantalize, irritate, inflame, provoke 
Aggregate, total, entire, complete, the whole 
Aggression, encroachment, assault, attack 
Agitation, perturbation, emotion, trepidation' 
Agonize, distress, rack, torture, writhe , 

Agony, anguish, pang, throe, pain, distress, 
Agree, consent, accede, acquiesce, comply 
Agreeable, gratifying, pleasant, pleasing 
Agreement, concurrence, coincidence, concord 
Aid, help, assist, co-operate, relieve, succor 
Aid. assistance, support, sustenance, succor 
Ailing, unwell, sickly, diseased, ill. 

Aim, direct, point, level, endeavor to attain 
Alleviate, assuage, mitigate, soothe, solace 
Alliance, affinity, union, connection, relation 
Allot, assign, apportion, appropriate, appoint 
Allow, admit, concede, yield, grant, give 
Allowance, pay, wages, grant, stipend, salary 
Allude, hint, refer, insinuate, imply, glance at. 
Allure, entice, attract, decoy, tempt, seduce. 
Always, continually, ever, perpetually. 
Amalgamate, join, compound, mix. 

Amass, accumulate, collect, gather, heap up. 
Amazing, astonishing, wondrous, surprising. 
Ambiguous, equivocal, uncertain, vague. 
Ameliorate, improve, amendment, better. 
Amenable, responsible, accountable. 
a mend, mend, better, improve, correct, rectify 
Amends, compensation, recompense. 

Amiable, loving, pleasing, engaging. 

Amicable, friendly, social, sociable. 

Ample, complete, full, wide, spacious. 
Anchorite, hermit, recluse, ascetic. 

Ancient, old-fashioned, old, antique, obsolete. 
Anguish, woe, agony, pain, distress, suffering. 
Animating, inspiring, exhilirating, inspiriting. 
Animating, life, vivacity, spirit, elasticity. 
Annals, chronicles, reports, historical accounts. 
Annex, add, attach, affix, append, subjoin. 
Annihilate, destroy, annul, extinguish, nullify. 
Annoyance, trouble, uneasiness, discomfort. 
Anomalous, irregular, abnormal, eccentric. 


(185) 







180 


SYNONYMS. 


Answerable, responsible, accountable. 
Antagonism, hostility, animosity, enmity. 
Antagonist, opponent, adversary, enemy. 
Antagonistic, hostile, opposite, adverse. 
Anticipate, forestall, foretaste, prejudge. 
Antithesis, contrast, opposition. 

Anxiety, care, solicitude, attention. 

Apathetic, insensible, impassive, insensitive. 
Ape, mimic, mock, imitate. 

Apocryphal, uncertain, unauthentic. 

Appeal, refer, invoke, invocate, call upon. 
Appearance, air, look, aspect, manner, mien. 
Appellation, name, denomination, cognomen. 
Applaud, praise, extol, commend, approve. 
Applause, see Acclamation. 

Apportion, distribute, allot, appropriate. 
Appreciate, value, reckon, prize, esteem. 
Approbation, approval, concurrence, assent. 
Appropriate, peculiar, particular, exclusive. 
Approval, assent, approbation, concurrence. 
Arbitrator, arbiter, judge, umpire, referee. 
Ardent, eager, fervid, hot, fiery, glowing. 
Argue, discuss, dispute, debate. 

Arise, ascend, mount, scale, tower. 

Arouse, stir up, awaken, vivify, excite. 

Array, rank, order, disposal, disposition. 
Arrest, stop, apprehend, withhold, keep back. 
Arrogance, assumption, haughtiness, pride. 
Ascend, climb, mount, rise, soar, tower, scale. 
Asperity, acrimony, acerbity, harshness. 
Asperse, accuse falsely, malign, slander. 
Assault, assail, attack, invade, encounter. 
Assemble, congregate, collect, gather, muster. 
Assembly, assemblage, collection, group. 
Assent, consent, accede, acquiesce, comply. 
A:sert, affirm, declare, aver, protest, maintain. 
Assign, adduce, allege, advance. 

Assist, help, aid, co-operate, relieve, succor. 
Assume, pretend to, arrogate, usurp. 
Assurance, confidence, certainty. 

Astonishing, surprising, wonderful, striking. 
Athletic, stalwart,powerful, brawny. 

Atrocious, heinous, enormous, flagrant. 

Attach, affix, append, subjoin, annex, adjoin. 
Attachment, affection, devotedness, devotion. 
Attract, draw to, allure, entice, charm. 
Attractive, winning, charming, captivating. 
Attribute, quality, property, grace. 

Audacious, assuming, forward, presumptuous. 
Augment, increase, enlarge, extend. 

August, majestic, noble, dignified, stately. 
Auspices, protection, favor, patronage. 
Auspicious, fortunate, favorable, propitious. 
Austere, rigid, severe, rigorous, stern, harsh. 
Authoritative, commanding,'swaying. 
Authorized, accredited, empowered. 

Avarice, covetousness, cupidity, greediness. 
Averse, adverse, hostile, reluctant, unwilling. 
Aversion, dislike, antipathy, hatred. 

Avocation, employment, calling, business. 
Avow, declare, acknowledge, recognize, own. 
Awaken, arouse, stir up, excite, vivify. 

Award, adjudge, adjudicate, judge, determine. 
Aware, known, sensible, conscious, cognizant. 
Awkward, rough, clumsy, unpolished, 

Awry, crooked, wry, bent, curved, inflected. 

Bad, wicked, evil, unsound,unwholesome. 
Baffle, defeat, discomfit, bewilder. 

Balance, poise, weigh, neutralize, counteract. 
Balmy, fragrant, sweet-scented, odoriferous. 
Bear, hold up, sustain, support, endure, carry. 
Bearing, manner, deportment, demeanor. 
Beastly, brutish, brutal, sensual. 


Beat, strike, knock, hit, belabor, thump, dash. 
Beau, sweetheart, wooer, lover, suitor, fop 
Beautiful, elegant, beauteous, handsome fair. 
Beautify, adorn, decorate, embellish, deck. 
Becoming, befitting, comely, decent, fit, proper. 
Beg, ask, entreat, crave, solicit, beseech. 
Beginning, commencement, outset, opening. 
Beguile, amuse, entertain, deceive, mislead. 
Behavior, conduct, carriage, demeanor. 
Benefaction, gift, donation, alms, charity. 
Beneficent, benevolent, bountiful, bounteous. 
Benefit, advantage, good, profit, service. 
Benevolence, beneficence, benignity, kindness. 
Benign, benignant, benevolent, kind, gracious. 
Bent, inclination, disposition, tendency, bias. 
Bereave, deprive, strip, dispossess, disarm. 
Beseech, beg, entreat, crave, solicit, implore. 
Beset, surround, encompass, embarrass. 
Betimes, early, soon, shortly, ere long. 

Betoken, augur, presage, forebode, bode. 

Bile, choler, anger, rage, fury, indignation. 

Bind, tie, restrain, restrict, connect, link. 
Binding, astringent, costive, valid, obligatory. 
Bitter, harsh, pungent, poignant, stinging. 
Black, dark, murky, pitchy, inky, Cimmerian. 
Blacken, defame, calumniate, slander. 

Blamable, culpable, censurable, reprehensible. 
Blame, reprove, reprehend, censure, condemn. 
Blameless, inculpable, guiltless, sinless. 

Bland, soft, gentle, mild, kind, gracious. 

Blank, confused, confounded, dumbfounded. 
Blend, mix, amalgamate, mingle, commingle. 
Blessedness, bliss, happiness, felicity. 

Blind, sightless, eyeless, unseeing. 

Bliss, ecstaey, felicity, blessedness. 

Blithe, gay, blithesome, cheerful, merry, 
Blockhead, dunce, dolt, dullard, numskull. 
Bloody, gory, sanguinary, ensanguined. 
Bloodshed, carnage, slaughter, butchery. 

Bloom, blossom, bud, sprout, germinate. 

Blot, stain, blur, speck, flaw, blemish, defect. 
Blot out, wipe out, erase, expunge, delete. 

Bluff, blustering, burly, swaggering, hectoring. 
Blunder, mistake, error, delusion. 

Blunt, pointless, obtuse, edgeless, impolite. 
Border, edge, brim, rim, verge, brink, margin. 
Bordering on, contiguous to, conterminous with. 
Bound, limit, circumscribe, confine, restrict. 
Boundless, unlimited, unbounded, infinite. 
Bounty, munificence, liberality, generosity. 
Brand, stigmatize, denounce, mark. 

Bravado, brag, boast, boasting, vaunting. 

Brave, courageous, gallant, chivalrous. 

Brief, short, concise, compendious, succinct. 
Bright, clear, lucid, transparent, limpid. 

Brisk, active, agile, nimble, lively, quick. 

Brittle, fragile, frangible, frail. 

Broad, wide, large, ample, expanded. 

Broil, affray, fray, feud, quarrel, brawl. 
Broken-hearted, disconsolate, inconsolable. 
Brook, endure, suffer, bear, submit to. 

Brotherly, fraternal, affectionate, kind. 

Bruise, break, crush, squeeze, pulverize. 

Brunt, shock, onset, assault, attack. 

Burden, load, encumber, embarrass. 
Burdensome, heavy, weighty, ponderous, bulky 
Burning, glowing, ardent, fervid, impassioned. 
Burst, break, crack, split, rend. 

Bury, inter, inhume, entomb, immure. 
By-and-by, anon, shortly, ere long, soon. 
Bystander, onlooker, spectator, beholder. 

Cabal, combination, intrigue, faction. 

Cajole, coax, wheedle, flatter, fawn. 









f 


SYNONYMS. 


187 


Calamitous, disastrous, fatal, unfortunate. 
Calculate, reckon, guess, suppose, compute. 

Call back, retract, recant, recall, revocate. 
Callous, hard, obdurate, impenitent, unfeeling. 
Calm, tranquillize, allay, appease, quiet, hush. 
Calumniate, vilify, revile, accuse falsely. 
Caprice, freak, whim, humor, crotchet, fancy. 
Captious, touchy, testy, cross, petulant, 
Captivate, charm, enchant, fascinate, enrapture. 
Captivity, imprisonment, confinement. 

Capture, catch, seize, grasp, arrest, apprehend. 
Care, anxiety, solicitude, concern, attention. 
Career, history, course, race, passage, life. 
Carnal, fleshly, sensual, voluptuous, luxurious. 
Carriage, walk, bearing, deportment, gait. 
Carry, bear, sustain, convey, transport. 

Carry on, conduct, manage, regulate, direct. 
Case, condition, state, circumstance, plight. 
Cast down, discouraged, downcast, dejected. 
Cast off, reject, forsake, abandon, discard. 
Casualty, accident, contingency, incident. 
Catalogue, list, roll, record, inventory, index. 
Cede, give up, surrender, relinquish, quit. 
Celebrate, commend, applaud, laud, extol. 
Celebrated, famous, renowned, far-famed. 
Celerity, quickness, speed, rapidity, velocity. 
Celestial, heavenly, divine, godlike, seraphic. 
Censure, blame, reprove, reprehend, reprobate. 
Ceremony, form, observance, rite, solemnity. 
Certain, sure, indubitable, unquestionable. 
Certify, testify, vouch, declare. 

Change, alter, vary, transform, exchange. 
Changeable, variable, unsteady, undecided. 
Character, cast, turn, tone, description. 
Characteristic, peculiar to, sign of, feature. 
Characterize, name, designate, denominate. 
Charge, accuse, impeach, arraign, inculpate. 
Charity, kindness, benignity, beneficence. 
Charm, enchant, fascinate, bewitch, enrapture. 
Cheerless, brokenhearted, comfortless. 

Cherish, nourish, nurture, nurse, foster. 

Chide, reprove, rebuke, reprimand. 

Chief, principle, main, supreme, paramount. 
Choice, rare, select, option. 

Choose, prefer, select, elect, call, pick. 
Chronicle, record, register, enrol. 

Circuitous, roundabout, tortuous, flexuous. 
Circulate, spread, diffuse, disseminate. 

Civilize, polish, humanize, cultivate, refine. 
Claim, ask, demand, challenge, call for, plead. 
Clamor, outcry, fuss, noise, hubbub, uproar. 
Clandestine, hidden, secret, private. 

Class, order, rank, degree, grade, category. 
Clause, stipulation, proviso, term, article. 

Clean, cleanse, clarify, purify. 

C ear, absolve, acquit, liberate, deliver, release. 
Clearly, palpably, obviously, distinctly. 
Clemency, leniency, mercy, mildness. 

Clever, skillful, expert, dexterous, adroit. 

Climb, get up, scale, mount, soar, tower. 
Clumsy, awkward, unpolished, uncourtly. 
Clutch, grasp, lay hold on, catch, seize, grip. 
Coagulate, thicken, concrete, clot, curdle. 
Coalition, union, alliance, confederacy. 

Coai’se, rough, rude, rugged, gruff, harsh. # 
Coax, cajole, wheedle, flatter, 

Coeval, contemporaneous, contemporary. 
Cogent, forcible, strong, valid, irresistable. 
Coincide, agree, correspond, concur. 
Coincidence, concurrence, correspondence. 
Colleague, fellow, compeer, companion. 

Collect, gather, assemble, muster, congregate. 
Combat, engagement, conflict, contest, fight. 
Combination, alliance, union, league. 


Comely, becoming, decent, seemly, agreeable. 
Comfort, solace, console, encourage, revive. 
Comfortless, cheerless, forlorn, disconsolate. 
Comic, funny, laughable, droll, ludicrous. 
Command, order, decree, injunction, mandate. 
Commence, begin, enter upon. 

Commend, praise, applaud, extol, eulogize. 
Commendable, praiseworthy, laudable. 
Comment, observation, remark, annotation. 
Commerce, dealing, trade, traffic, intercourse. 
Company, association, society, assembly. 
Companion, comrade, coadjutor, partner, ally. 
Comparison, simile, similitude, illustration. 
Compass, encircle, environ, encompass. 
Compassion, pity, commiseration, sympathy, 
Compassionate, kind, merciful, clement. 
Compatible, consistent, consonant, accordant. 
Compel, force, constrain, coerce, enforce. 
Compendious, brief, short, succinct, concise. 
Complaint, malady, disease, distemper. 
Complete, accomplish, fulfil, realize, execute. 
Complex, compound, complicated, involved. 
Complexion, aspect, appearance, feature. 
Complicated, complex, compound, involved. 
Compliment, praise, flatter, adulate, applaud. 
Comply, yield, accede, assent, consent. 

Compose, form, compound, put together. 
Composed, serene, placid, calm, collected. 
Compound, complex, complicated, intricate. 
Comprehend, comprise, take in, embrace. 
Comprehension, capacity, capability. 
Comprehensive, extensive, broad, wide. 
Conceited, proud, vain, egotistical. 

Conceive, think of, imagine, suppose. 
Conception, notion, idea, thought, perception. 
Concern, affair, business, matter, care, regards 
Concerning, respecting, regarding, relative to. 
Concert, contrive, devise, design, manage. 
Concerted, joint co-operation, designed. 
Concise, brief, short, succinct. 

Conclude, end, close, finish, terminate. 
Conclusion, end, upshot, event, inference. 
Condense, compress, press, squeeze, contract. 
Condition, state, plight, case, predicament. 
Condolence, sympathy, commiseration. 
Conduce, contribute, subserve, incline, tend. 
Conducive, furthering, promoting, auxiliary. 
Conduct, behavior, demeanor, deportment. 
Conduct, guide, lead, direct, manage. 
Confederate, accomplice, accessory, abettor. 
Confer, bestow, give, discourse, converse, 
Conference, meeting, conversation, talk. 
Confess, acknowledge, avow, own, recognize. 
Confide, trust, repose, depend, rely. 

Confused, muddled, mixed, bewildered. 
Confusion, disorder, derangement chaos. 
Confute, refute, disprove, belie. 

Congregate, assemble, collect, gather, muster. 
Conjecture, guess, surmise, supposition. 
Conjure, adjure, beseech, entreat, implore. 
Connect, join, link, bind, 

Connected, joined, related, akin, kindred 
Connection, union, alliance, coalition. 
Consequence, effect, result, event, issue. 
Consider, reflect, regard, ponder, deliberate. 
Considerate, thoughtful, reflective, prudent. 
Consistent, consonant, compatible, 

Console, solace, comfort, soothe. 

Conspicuous, distinguished, noted. 

Constancy, firmness, stability, steadiness. 
Constantly, ever, always, continually. 
Constitute, make, form, compose, mould. 
Constitutional, legal, regulated, organized. 
Constrain, compel, force, coerce, impel. 









188 


SYNONYMS. 


Construct, build, make, erect compile. 
Construction, interpretation, version. 
Contemptible, mean, vile, despicable, pitiful. 
Contemptuous, disdainful, scornful, insolent. 
Contend, contest, debate, argue, dispute, cope. 
Contention, strife, discord, discussion, wrangle. 
Contest, combat, conflict, fight, competition. 
Contiguous, adjacent, adjoining, next to. 
Contingency, casualty, accident incident. 
Continual, ut ceasing, incessant continuous. 
Contract, agreement, compact, bargain. 
Contradict, oppose, deny, gainsay, controvert. 
Contrary, adverse, opposite, antagonistic. 
Contribute, give to, co operate, conspire. 
Contrition, ret entance, penitence, remorse. 
Contrivance, plan, de ice, scheme, design. 
Control, checa, curb, repress, restrain, govern. 
Controversy, debate, contest, discussion. 
Convene, call together, bring together, convoke. 
Convenient, commodious, suitable, adapted. 
Convention, assembly, meeting, convccation. 
Conventional, usual, ordinary, fashionable. 
Conversant, acquainted with, familiar. 
Conversation, dialogue, conference, talk. 
Converse, reverse, opposite, discourse. 

Copy, model, pattern imitation, transcript. 
Corporal, corporeal, bodi’y, material, physical. 
Corpulent, portly, stout, lusty, plethoric. 
Correct, accurate, exact, precise, proper. 

Co reetion, discipline, punishment. 

Correspond, fit, tally, answer, suit. 
Correspondence, letters, intercourse. 
Correspondent, similar, counterpart, suitable. 
Costly, expensive, valuable, preciou-. 

Council, assembly, company, eongres®, meeting. 
Counsel, advice, instruction, intelligence. 

Count, calculate, compute, reckon, estimate 
Countenance, encourage, support, confirm. 
Counterfeit, spurious, forged, imitated, false. 
Counterpart, converse, reverse, correspondent. 
Countless, innumerable numberless. 

Courage, resolution, fortitude, fearlessness. 
Course, way, road, route, passage, race. 

Crafty, cunning, artful, sly, subtle, wily. 

Crave, beg, entreat, solicit, beseech, implore 
Crazy, crack-brained, imbecile, foolish. 

Create, make, form, cause, produce, generate. 
Credence, belief, faith, confidence. 

Credential, missive, diploma, title, testament. 
Credit, belief, trustworthiness reputation. 
Credulity, gullibility, simplicity. 

Crest, top, summit, apex, head, crotvn. 

Critical, nice, exact, fastidious, precarious. 
Criticize, examine, scan, analyze, discuss. 

Cross, ill-tempered, fretful, ill-humored. 

Crude, raw, undigested, unconsidered. 

Cruel, savage, barbarous, inhuman. 

Cupidity, meanness, avarice, stinginess. 

Curb, restrain, hold, check, moderate. 

Curiosity, inquisitiveness, interest, rarity. 
Curious, inquiring, inquisitive, search'ng. 

Curse, malediction, anathema, bane, blight. 
Cursory, summary, rapid, superficial. 

Custody, keeping, guardianship, conservation. 

Dark, black, dusky, sable, swarthy, opaque. 
Dash, hurl, cast, throw, drive, rush, send. fly. 
Dauntless, valiant, gallant, fearless, intrepid. 
Dawn, gleam, begin, rise, open, break. 

Dead, defunct, deceased, departed, gone. 

Deaf, disinclined, averse, inexorable, insensible. 
Death, departure, demise, decease. 

Debt, liability, default, obligation. 

Decay, decline, wane, dwindle, waste ebb. 


Decayed, rotten, corrupt, unsound 
Deceit, cheat, imposition, trick, delusion. 
Deceive, trick, cheat, beguile, delude, mislead. 
Decide, determine, settle, adjudicate. 

Decipher, read, spell, interpret, solve. 

Decision, determination, conclusion. 

Declaim, speak, debate, harangue, recite. 
Declamation, oratory, elocution, haraDgue. 
Declaration, avowal, manifestation. 

Declivity, descent, fall, slope, incline. 

Default, lapse, forfeit, omission, absence. 
Defeat, conquer, overcome.-worst, rout. 

Defect, imperfection, flaw, fault, blemish. 
Defence, excuse, plea, vindication, bulwark. 
Defend, guard, protect, justify. 

Defer, delay, postpone, put off, prorogue. 
Deference, respect, regard, honor, attention. 
Deficient, short, wanting, inadequate, scanty. 
Defile, pollute, corrupt, sully. 

Define, fix, settle, determine, limit. 

Definite, precise, exact, correct, fixed. 
Deformity, ugliness, disfigurement. 

Deliberate, consider, meditate, consult, ponder. 
Delicacy, nicety, dainty, refinement, tact. 
Delight, enjoyment, pleasure, happiness. 
Deliver, liberate, free, rescue, pronounce. 
Demonstrate, prove show, exhibit, illustrate. 
Denude, strip, divest, lay bare. 

Deny, refuse, reject, withhold, negative. 

Depart, leave, quit, go, decamp, start, sally. 
Department, section division, office, branch. 
Deprive, strip, bereave, despoil, rob, divest. 
Depute, appoint, commission, charge, entrust. 
Deputy, vicegerent lieutenant, representative. 
Desire, longing affection, craving. 

Desist, cease, stop, discontinue, drop, abstain. 
Desolate, bereaved, forlorn, forsaken, deserted. 
Despair, hopelessness, despondency. 

Desperate, wild, daring, audacious, determined. 
Destine, purpose, intend, design, devote. 
Destination, purpose, intention, design. 

Destiny, fate, decree, doom, end 
Deter, warn, stop, dissuade, disspirit. 

Detract, lessen, deteriorate, depreciate. 
Detriment, loss, harm, injury, deterioration. 
Detrimental, injurious, hurtful, pernicious. 
Develop, enunciate, amplify, expand, enlarge. 
Device, arti.ice, expedient, contrivance. 
Devious, tortuous, circuitous, roundabout. 
Devoid, void, wanting, destitute, unendowed. 
Devolve, impose, i lace, charge commission. 
Devoted, attached fond, absorbed, dedicated. 
Devotion, piety, devoutness, religiousness 
Devour, eat, consume, swallow, gorge, bolt. 
Dictate prompt, suggest, enjoin, order. 
Dilapidation, ruin, decay, disintegration. 

Dilate, stretch, widen expand, swell, dis end. 
Dilatory, tardy, procrastinating, lagging. 
Diligence, care, assiduity, attention, heed. 
Dimension, measurement, size, configuration. 
Diminish, lessen, reduce, contract curtail. 
Dingy, dim, dull, dusky, r^sty, colorless. 
Discernment, discrimination, penetration. 
Discipline, order, strictness, training, coercion. 
Disclose, discover, reveal, confess, detect. 
Discomfort, disquiet, vexation, annoyance. 
Disconcert, abash, confuse, confound, upset. 
Disconsolate, sad, forlorn, melancholy, woeful. 
Discover make known, find, invent, contrive. 
Discredit, disgrace, disrepute, dishonor. 
Discreditable, shameful, disgraceful. 

Discreet, cautious prudent, wary. 

Dis’repancy, disagreement, differeoce. 
Discrimiration, acuteness, discernment. 












t 




SYNONYMS. 



Discuss argue sift, debate examine. 

Disdain, contempt, scorn, haughtiness. 

Dismay, terrify, frighten, scare.-daunt, appal. 
Dismay, terror, dread, fear, fright. 

Dismiss, send off, discharge, discard banish. 
Disorder, disease, malady, complaint. 
Disorderly, irregular, confused, lawless. 
Disown, renounce, deny, disclaim, ignore. 
Dispel, scatter, drive away, disperse. 

Display, show, spread out, exhibit, expose. 
Displease, offend, vex, anger, provoke, irritate. 
Dispose, arrange, place, order, give, bestow. 
Dispute, argue, contest, contend, question. 
Distance, interval, remoteness, space. 

Distinct, clear, plain, obvious different. 
Distinguish, perceive, discern, mark out. 
Distinguished, famous, glorious, far-famed. 
Distract, disturb, perplex, bewilder, madden. 
Distress, trouble, pain, afflict, grieve, seize. 
Distribute, allot, share, dispense, apportion. 
District, country, region, quarter, clime. 
Disturb, derange, discompose, agitate, rouse. 
Divert, please, gratify, amuse, entertain. 
Divide, part, separate, distribute, deal out. 
Divine, godlike, holy, heavenly, sacred. 

Do, effect, make, perform, accomplish, finish. 
Docile, tractable, teachable, compliant, tame. 
Doctrine, tenet, articles of belief, creed, dogma. 
Doleful, dolorous, rueful, dismal, piteous. 

Doom, sentence, verdict, judgment, fate, lot. 
Drill, train, teach, discipline, perforate, bore. 
Drive, force, urge, press, compel, guide, direct. 
Droll, funny, laughable, comic, whimsical. 
Drown, inundate, swamp, submerge. 

Drowsy, sleepy, heavy, dozy. 

Dry, arid, parched, lifeless, dull, tedious. 

Due, owing to, attributable to, just, fair. 

Dull, stupid, gloomy, sad, dismal. 

Dupe, trick, beguile, gull, cheat, deceive. 
Durable, lasting, permanent, abiding. 

Dutiful, obedient, submissive, respectful. 

Earn, acquire, obtain, win, gain, achieve. 
Earnest, ardent, serious, grave, solemn, warm. 
Earthly, sordid, selfish, venal, mercenary. 

Ease, calm, alleviate, allay, mitigate, appease. 
Eccentric, irregular, anomalous, singular, odd. 
Eclipse, shade, overcast, cloud. 

Economical, sparing, saving, provident. 

Edge, border, brink, rim, brim, margin, verge. 
Efface, blot out, expunge, obliterate. 

Effect, consequence, result, issue, event. 
Effective, efficient, operative, serviceable. 
Eloquence, oratory, rhetoric, declamation. 
Elucidate, make plain, explain, clear up. 

Elude, evade, escape, avoid, shun. 

Embarrass, perplex, entangle, distress, trouble. 
Embellish, adorn, decorate, bedeck, beautify. 
Embolden, inspirit, animate, encourage, cheer. 
Embrace, clasp, hug, comprise, comprehend. 
Eminent, distinguished, signal, conspicuous. 
Emit, give out, throw out, exhale, discharge. 
Empty, void, devoid, hollow, unfilled. 
Enchanted, charmed, captivated, fascinated. 
Encircle, enclose, embrace, encompass. 

Enclose, fence in, confine, circumscribe. 
Encompass, encircle, surround, gird, begird. 
Encounter, attack, conflict, combat, assault. 
Encourage, countenance, sanction, support. 

End, aim, object, purpose, result, conclusion. 
Endanger, imperil, peril, hazard, jeopardize. 
Energy, force, vigor, efficacy, potency. 

Engage, employ, busy, occupy, attract, invite. 
Engagement, word, promise, battle, action. 


I Engross, absorb, take up, busy occupy, engage. 

I Engulf, swallow up, absorb, imbibe, drown. 
Enjoin, order, ordain, appoint, prescribe. 
Enjoyment,, pleasure, gratification. 

Enlarge, increase, extend, augment, broaden. 
Enlighten^ illumine, illuminate, instruct. 
Enraged, infuriated, raging, wrathful. 
Enrapture, enchant, fascinate, charm, captivate. 
Entangle, perplex, embarrass, inveigle. 
Enterprise, adventure, undertaking, effort. 
Entertainment, amusement, divertisement. 
Enthusiasm, zeal, ardor, fervor, warmth. 

Entice, allure, attract, decoy, lure, tempt. 
Entire, whole, complete, perfect, total. 

Entitled, named, designated, denominated. 
Entrance, entry, inlet, ingress, porch, portal. 
Entreat, beg, crave, solicit, beseech, implore. 
Enumerate, tell over, relate, narrate, recount. 
Erring, misguided, misled. 

Error, mistake, fallacy, blunder, hallucination. 
Escape, elude, evade. 

! Especially, particularly, specially, mainly. 

Essay, attempt, trial, endeavor, effort, tract. 
Essential, necessary, indispensible, requisite. 
Establish, institute, found, organize, confirm. 
Estate, domain, demesne, tands, property. 
Esteem, prize, value, appreciate, respect. 
Estimate, value, measure, compute, calculate. 
Eternal, everlasting, endless, infinite, perpetual. 
Evade, escape, elude, equivocate, prevaricate. 
Evasion, shift, subterfuge, prevarication. 

Even, equal, equable, uniform, smooth, plain 
Event, incident, occurrence, accident. 

Ever, always, eternally, everlastingly, evermore. 
Everlasting, endless, infinite. 

Evidence, testimony, deposition, proof. 
Evidence, manifest, prove, evince, demonstrate. 
Evident, clear, plain, manifest, apparent. 

Evil, wicked, ill, bad, unfair, misfortune. 

Evince, show, argue, prove, evidence, manifest. 
Evoke, call out, invite, summon, challenge 
Exact, accurate, correct, definite, precise. 
Exaggerated, overstated, heightened, amplified. 
Exalt, raise, elevate, erect, lift up, dignify. 
Examination, search, inquiry, research. 
Exchange, change, barter, truck, commute. 
Exchange, barter, dealing, trade, traffic. 
Excitable, irritable, susceptible. 

Excite, incite, arouse, awaken, stir up, disquiet. 
Exclaim, call out, shout, cry, ejaculate. 

Exclude, shut out, debar, preclude, seclude. 
Exclusive, sole, only, alone. 

Excursion, trip, ramble, tour. 

Excusable, pardonable, venial. 

Excuse, palliate, mitigate, acquit, justify. 
Excuse, plea, justification, pretence, pretext. 
Execrable, abominable detestable, hateful. 
Execute, accomplish, effectuate, fulfil, effect. 
Exemption, freedom, immunity, privilege, 
Exercise, exert, practise, pursue, carry on. 
Exhale, emit, give out, smoke, steam. 

Exhaust, spend, drain, empty, debilitate. 
Exhibition, show, sight, spectacle, pageant. 
Exile, banishment, deportation, expatriation 
Exonerate, clear, acquit, discharge, absolve. 
Exorbitant, excessive, extortionate. 

Expand, spread, diffuse, dilate, extend, enlarge. 
Expectancy, expectation, waiting for, hope. 
Expectation, expectancy, waiting for, hope. 
Expedient, fit, necessary, essential, requisite. 
Expedite, accelerate, quicken, hasten, facilitate.. 
Expel, drive out, eject, dispossess, dislodge. 
Explicit, express, plain, definite, positive. 

Exploit, achievement, feat, deed. 











190 


SYNONYMS. 


Expound, explain, interpret, unfold, elucidate. 
Express, explicit, plain, positive, definite. 
Expressive, significant, energetic, emphatic. 
Expunge, blot out, wipe out, obliterate, efface. 
Exquisitely, pre-eminently, superlatively. 
Extend, enlarge, amplify, expand, increase. 
Extensive, comprehensive, wide, large. 

Exterior, outward, outer, external. 

Exterminate, eradicate, root out, annihilate. 
Extreme, utmost, farthest, most distant. 
Extricate, free, disengage, disentangle. 
Exuberant, plenteous, plentiful, luxuriant. 
Exultation, transport, joy, triumph. 

Fabric, edifice, structure, pile. 

Fabricate, invent, frame, feign, forge, coin. 

Face, front, confront, encounter. 

Facetious, jocose, jocular, pleasant. 

Facile, easy, pliable, flexible. 

Fact, reality, incident, circumstance. 

Faculty, ability, gift, talent, endowment. 
Failing, imperfection, weakness, frailty, foible. 
Failure, omission, neglect, default. 

Falter, halt, stammer, stutter, hesitate. 

Fame, reputation, glory, renown, celebrity. 
Famed, famous, far-famed, renowned. 

Familiar, free, frank, affable, conversant. 
Familiarity, acquaintance, intimacy, courtesy. 
Family, household, house, lineage, ancestry. 
Famous, See Famed. 

Fanciful, imaginative, ideal, fantastical. 

Fancy, imagination, notion, conceit, vagary. 
Farewell, good-bye, adieu, leavetaking. 
Farming, husbandry, tillage, agriculture. 
Fashion, custom, manner, mode, practice, form. 
Fast, firm, solid, constant, steadfast, staunch. 
Fasten, fix, tie, link, stick, hold, affix, attach. 
Fat, obese, corpulent. 

Fatal, deadly, mortal, lethal, inevitable. 

Fatigue, weariness, lassitude, langour. 

Fault, blemish, defect, imperfection, vice. 
Favor, benefit, kindness, civility, grace. 

Fear, fright, terror, dismay, alarm, dread. 
Fearless, brave, bold, intrepid, courageous. 
Fearful, afraid, timid, nervous, timorous. 

Feast, fete, banquet, treat, entertainment. 
Ferocious, fierce, savage, ravenous, voracious. 
Fertile, fruitful, prolific, teeming, pregnant. 
Fervid, glowing, ardent, impassioned, fervent. 
Festal, festive, convivial, joyous. 

Festival, feast, banquet, fete, treat. 

Festivity, hilarity, joviality, jovialness, gaiety. 
Feud, fray, affray, broil, quarrel, dispute. 
Fickle, unstable, inconstant, restless, fitful. 
Fiction, romance, invention, falsehood. 
Fictitious, fabricated, invented, supposititious. 
Fight, battle, action, engagement, combat, 
Figure, image, allegory, emblem, type, symbol. 
Fill, satisfy, content, store, replenish, glut. 
Filthy, dirty, dingy, unclean, gross. 

Final, ending, ultimate, last, latest, conclusive. 
Finale, close, end, termination, conclusion. 

Fine, refined, delicate, pure, nice, handsome. 
Finical, foppish, spruce, dandyish. 

Finite, limited, bounded, terminable. 

Firm, strong, robust, sturdy, fast, steadfast 
First, primary, primitive, pristine, primeval, 
kit, suit, adapt, adjust, equip, prepare, 

Flavor, taste, relish, savor. 

Flaw, blemish, spot, blur, speck, defect, crack 
Fleeting, temporary, transient, transitory 
Fleetness, quickness, celerity, swiftness, speed 
Flexibie, flexile, pliant, lithe, supple. 

Flightiness, levity, lightness, giddiness. 


Flimsy, light, weak, superficial, shallow. 

Fling, cast, throw, hurl, toss. 

Flinty, hard, indurate, obdurate, impenitent. 
Flippancy, pertness, sauciness, lightness. 

Flirt, jeer, gibe, scoff, taunt. 

Flock, throng, crowd, multitude, swarm, shoal. 
Flood, deluge, inundate, overflow, overwhelm. 
Fly, soar, mount, tower. 

Foe, enemy, opponent, adversary, antagonist. 
Foil, balk, defeat, frustrate. 

Fold, wrap, envelop. 

Folks, persons, people, individuals, fellows. 
Follow, succeed, ensue, imitate, copy, pursue. 
Follower, partisan, disciple, retainer, pursuer^ 
Folly, silliness, foolishness, imbecility, weakness. 
Fond, enamored, attached, affectionate. 
Fondness, affection, attachment, kindness, love. 
Food, meal, repast, victuals, meat, viands, diet. 
Fool, idiot, buffoon, zany, clown. 

Foolery, tomfoolery, folly, absurdity, mummery. 
Foolhardy, venturesome, incautious, hasty. 
Foolish, simple, silly, irrational, brainless. 
Footstep, track, mark. 

Fop, dandy, beau, coxcomb, puppy, jackanapes. 
Forego, quit, relinquish, let go, waive. 
Foregoing, antecedent, anterior, preceding. 
Forerunner, herald, harbinger, precursor. 
Foresight, forethought, forecast, premeditation. 
Foretell, predict, prophesy, prognosticate. 
Forfeiture, fine, penalty. 

Forge, coin, invent, frame, feign, fabricate. 
Forgetful, unmindful, oblivious. 

Forgive, pardon, remit, absolve, acquit, excuse. 
Former, antecedent, anterior, previous, prior. 
Formidable, terrible, dreadful, fearful. 

Forsake, abandon, desert, renounce. 

Forsaken, abandoned, forlorn, deserted. 
Forthwith, immediately, directly, instantly. 
Fortify, strengthen, garrison, reinforce. 
Fortitude, endurance, resolution, fearlessness. 
Fortunate, lucky, happy, auspicious, prosperous. 
Fortune, chance, fate, luck, doom, destiny. 
Forward, onward, progressive, confident. 
Forward, farther, further, advance, promote. 
Foster, cherish, nurse, tend, harbor, nurture. 
Fragrant, spicy, sweet-scented, balmy. 

Frailty, weakness, failing, foible, imperfection. 
Frame, construct, invent, coin, fabricate, forge. 
Franchise, right, exemption, immunity. 

Frank, artless, candid, sincere, free, easy. 
Frantic, distracted, mad, furious, raving, 
Fraternize, co-operate, consort, associate with. 
Fraud, deceit, deception, duplicity, guile, cheat. 
Fray, affray, feud, quarrel, broil, altercation. 
Fresh, new, novel, recent, modern. 

Fret, gall, chafe, agitate, irritate, vex. 

Fretful, peevish, petulant, fractious. 

Friendly, amicable, social, sociable. 

Fright, alarm, dismay, terror, consternation. 
Frighten, scare, affright, dismay, appal, terrify. 
Frightful, fearful, dreadful, dire, direful. 
Frivolous, trifling, trivial, petty. 

Frolic, gambol, play, game, sport, prank, spree. 
Front, face, confront, encounter. 

Froward, cross, untoward, captious, fractious. 
Frugal, provident, economical, saving. 

Furious, violent, boisterous, vehement, dashing, 
Furniture, goods, gear, chattels, moveables. 
Further, farther, advance, forward, promote. 
Fury, madness, frenzy, rage, anger. 

Futile, trifling, trivial, frivolous, useless. 

Gaiety, merriment, jollity, mirth, hilarity. 
Gain, profit, emolument, advantage, benefit. 






SYNONYMS. 


191 


Gambol, frisk, prank, play, spree, caper. 

Game, play, pastime, diversion, sport. 

Gang, band, horde, company, troop, crew. 

Gap, breach, chasm, hollow, cavity, cleft. 
Garble, mutilate, misquote, distort, pervert. 
Garland, chaplet, coronal, wreath. 

Garnish, embellish, adorn, beautify, deck. 
Gather, pick, cull, assemble, muster, infer. 
Gaudy, showy, tawdry, gay, glittering. 

Gaunt, emaciated, scraggy, skinny, meagre. 
Gawky, clumsy, uncouth, clownish, awkward. 
Gay, cheerful, merry, lively, jolly, sprightly. 
Generate, form, make, beget, produce. 
Generation, formation, race, breed, stock, 
Generous, beneficent, noble, honorable. 

Gesture, attitude, action, posture. 

Get, obtain, earn, gain, attain, procure, achieve. 
Ghastly, pallid, wan, hideous, grim, shocking. 
Ghost, spectre, spright, sprite, apparition. 

Gibe, scoff, sneer, flout, jeer, mock, taunt. 
Giddy, unsteady, flighty, thoughtless. 

Gift, donation, benefaction, grant, alms. 
Gigantic, colossal, huge, enormous, vast. 

Gild, adorn, beautify, brighten, deck. 

Gird, begird, engird, belt, encircle, enclose. 
Give, grant, bestow, confer, yield, impart. 

Glad, pleased, cheerful, joyful, gladsome. 

Glare, flare, glisten, glitter, dazzle, gleam. 
Gleam, glimmer, glance, glitter, shine, flash. 
Glee, gaiety, merriment, mirth, joviality. 
Glitter, gleam, shine, glisten, radiate, glime. 
Gloom, cloud, darkness, dimness, blackness. 
Gloomy, lowering, lurid, dim, dusky, sad. 
Glorify, magnify, celebrate, adore, exalt. 
Glorious, famous, renowned, celebrated. 

Glory, honor, fame, renown, splendor. 

Glowing, hot, intense, fervid, ardent, fervent. 
Glut, gorge, stuff, cram, cloy, satiate, block up. 
Go, depart, proceed, move, budge, stir. 

Godly, righteous, devout, holy, pious, religious. 
Good, benefit, weal, advantage, profit, boon. 
Goodly, comely, pleasant, graceful, desirable. 
Goodness, value, worth, excellence. 

Good, virtuous, righteous, upright, just, true. 
Gorge, glut, fill, cram, stuff, satiate. 

Grant, pay, wages, salary, stipend, gift, boon. 
Graphic, forcible, telling, picturesque, vivid. 
Grasp, catch, seize, gripe, clasp, grapple. 
Grasping, greedy, avaricious, covetous, 
Grateful, agreeable, pleasing, welcome. 
Gratification, enjoyment, pleasure, delight. 
Grave, serious, sedate, thoughtful, solemn. 
Grave, tomb, sepulchre, vault. 

Gravity, weight, heaviness, importance. 

Great, big, huge, large, majestic, vast, grand. 
Greediness, avidity, eagerness, voracity. 

Grief, affliction, sorrow, trial, woe, tribulation. 
Grisly, terrible, hideous, grim, ghastly. 

Gross, coarse, outrageous, unseemly, shameful. 
Ground, found, rest, base, establish. 
Groundless, unfounded, baseless, ungrounded. 
Group, assembly assemblage, cluster. 

Grovel, crawl, cringe, fawn, sneak. 

Grow, increase, vegetate, expand, advance. 
Growl, grumble, snarl, murmur, complain. 
Grudge, malice, rancor, spite, pique, hatred. 
Gruff, rough, rugged, blunt, rude, harsh, surly. 
Grumble, growl, snarl, complain. 

Guarantee, warrant, secure, verify. 

Guard, shield, fence, security, defence. 
Guardian, protector, conservator, preserver. 
Guess, conjecture, divine, surmise, reckon. 
Gush, stream, flow, rush, spout. 


Habiliments, clothes, dress, garb, apparel. 
Habit, manner, custom, usage, way. 

Habitation, dwelling, residence, abode. 
Habitual, usual, customary, accustomed. 

Hail, greet, salute, welcome, accost, call. 

Hale, hearty, robust, sound, healthy, strong. 
Hallow, consecrate, sanctify, venerate. 

Halt, rest, pause, falter, limp, hop, hobble. 
Hand, operative, workman, artisan, influence. 
Handle, manage, use, wield, feel. 

Happiness, felicity, bliss, prosperity. 

Happy, prosperous, successful, lucky. 

Harass, distress, perplex, weary, tire, worry. 
Harbor, port, haven, asylum, refuge. 

Hard, firm, solid, flinty, unfeeling, harsh. 
Hardened, hard, callous, unfeeling, insensible. 
Hardihood, audacity, imprudence, effrontery. 
Hardy, manly, manful, masculine, vigorous. 
Harm, evil, ill, misfortune, mischief, mishap. 
Harmonious, symphonious, consonous. 
Harmonize, accord, tally, agree, adapt. 

Harsh, rough, severe, rigorous, gruff, rugged. 
Havoc, destruction, desolation, devastation. 
Hazard, peril, imperil, jeopardize, risk, dare. 
Haze, fog, mist, rime. 

Head, chief, leader, guide. 

Headstrong, obstinate, dogged, stubborn. 

Heal, cure, remedy, reconcile. 

Healthy, hearty, hale, sound, strong. 

Heap, pile, amass, accumulate. 

Hear, hearken, overhear, listen. 

Heartbroken, disconsolate, inconsolate. 

Hearty, hale, healthy, sound, strong. 

Heavenly, celestial, divine, seraphic, angelic. 
Heaviness, dulness, gloom, lethargy, torpor. 
Help, aid, assist, co-operate, succor, relieve. 
Heretofore, formerly, aforetime, long ago. 
Heroic, courageous, brave, bold, intrepid. 
Hesitate, falter, pause, demur, scruple. 

Hew, cut down, fell, hack, chop. 

Hidden, secret, occult, mysterious. 

Hide, conceal, disguise, secrete, cover, screen. 
Hide, skin, rind, peel, bark. 

Hideous, ghastly, grim, grisly, frightful. 

High, tall, lofty, elevated, proud, conceited. 
Highly, greatly, exceedingly, immeasurably. 
Hilarity, mirth, glee, jolity, merriment. 

Hinder, thwart, retard, stop, prevent, impede. 
Hint, suggest, allude to, refer to, glance at. 

Hire, pay, allowance, salary, wages, stipend. 
Hit, strike, dash, beat, thump. 

Hoard, heap up, treasure, lay up, store. 

Honor, homage, dignity, grandeur. 

Hope, expectation, expectancy, trust. 

Horrible, fearful, dreadful, dire, direful. 
Hostile, opposite, contrary, repugnant, adverse. 
Hostility, animosity, enmity, ill-will, hatred 
Hot, ardent, fervent, fiery, burning, glowing. 
House, family, lineage, race, habitation. 
Humiliation, fall, abasement, degradation. 
Humor, satire, wit, jocularity, temper, mood. 
Hurl, throw, fling, cast, precipitate. 

Hurricane, storm, tempest, blast, tornado. 
Hurry, hasten, speed, expedite, precipitate. 
Hurt, harm, injury, damage, mischief. 

Hurtful, pernicious, baneful, deleterious. 

Hush, lull, calm, still, quiet. 

Hypocrisy, deceit, pretence, cant. 

Idea, imagination, conception, notion. 

Ideal, fanciful, imaginary, imaginative. 
Identical, same, self-same, particular. 

Idle, lazy, indolent, inactive, unemployed. 
Illimitabie, boundless, limitless, measureless 









192 


SYNONYMS. 


Illiterate, unlettered, unlearned, untaught. 
Illness, sickness, indisposition, disease. 
Illusion, fallacy, deception, phantasm. 

Illusory, imaginary, chimerical, visionary. 
Illustrate, explain, elucidate, clear. 

Illustrious, celebrated, glorious, noble. 

Image, likeness, picture, representation. 
Imaginary, ideal, fanciful, illusory. 

Imagine, conceive, fancy, apprehend, think. 
Imbecility, silliness, senility, dotage. 

Imbibe, absorb, swallow up, take in, engulf. 
Immediately, instantly, forthwith, directly. 
Immense, vast, enormous, huge, prodigious. 
Immerse, dip, plunge, douse, souse. 

Immunity, privilege, prerogative, exemption. 
Immure, confine, shut up, imprison. 

Impair, injure, diminish, decrease. 

Impart, communicate, reveal, divulge. 
Impartial, just, equitable, unbiassed. 
Impassioned, passionate, glowing, burning. 
Impeach, accuse, charge, arraign, censure. 
Impede, hinder, retard, obstruct, prevent. 
Impediment, obstruction, hindrance, obstacle. 
Impel, animate, actuate, induce, move, incite. 
Impious, profane, irreligious, godless. 

Implicate, involve, entangle, embarrass. 
Implore, beg, solicit, beseech, crave. 

Imply, involve, comprise, infold, import. 
Importance, signification, significance, avail 
Important, pressing, momentous, material. 
Impose, put, place, set, fix, lay, 

Imposing, impressive, striking, majestic. 
Imposition, delusion, cheat, deception, fraud, 
Impost, tax, duty, custom, excise, tribute. 
Impregnate, fill with, imbue, saturate, steep. 
Impress, device, motto, seal, imprint, 
Impression, feeling, sentiment, sensation. 
Impressive, stirring, forcible, exciting. 
Imprison, incarcerate, shut up, immure. 
Imprisonment, incarceration, captivity. 
Improve, amend, better, mend, reform, rectify. 
Improvement, progress, proficiency. 
Improvident, careless, incautious, imprudent. 
Impudence, assurance, impertinence. 

Impudent, saucy, brazen, bold, impertinent. 
Impugn, gainsay, oppose, attack, assail. 
Impulse, incentive, incitement, motive. 
Impulsive, rash, hasty, forcible, violent. 
Incentive, motive, inducement, impulse. 
Incessantly, always, unceasingly, continually. 
Incident, circumstance, fact, event, occurrence. 
Incidental, accidental, casual, contingent. 
Incision, cut, gash. 

Incite, instigate, excite, provoke, stimulate. 
Inclemency, harshness, rigor, intensity. 
Inclination, leaning, slope, disposition. 

Incline, slope, lean, slant, tend, bend, turn. 
Inclose, surround, shut in, fence in, cover. 
Include, comprehend, comprise, contain. 
Inconstant, changeable, unsteadfast, unstable. 
Inconvenience, incommode, discommode. 
Increase, v, extend, enlarge, augment, dilate. 
Increase, s augmentation, accession, addition. 
Inculcate, impress, infuse, instill, implant. 
Incumbent, obligatory, morally necessitated. 
Incursion, inroad, invasion, irruption. 

Indeed, truly, veritably, certainly. 

Indefinite, vague, uncertain, unsettled, loose. 
Indicate, point out, show, mark. 

Indication, mark, show, sign, note, symptom. 
Indite compose, frame, couch. 

Indolent, idle, lazy, listless, inactive, 

Induce, move, actuate, prompt, impel, instigate. 
Inducement, motive, reasbn. cause, impulse. 


Indulge, foster, cherish, fondle. 

Industrious, active, diligent, assiduous. 

! Ineffectual, vain, useless, unavailing, fruitless 
Inequality, disparity, disproportion. 
Inestimable, invaluable, priceless. 

Inevitable, unavoidable, not to be avoided. 
Inferior, secondary, subaltern, subordinate. 
Infernal, diabolical, fiendish, devilish, hellish. 
Infest, annoy, plague, harass, disturb. 

Infidelity, unbelief, distrust, incredulity. 

; Infinite, boundless, unbounded, illimitable. 
Infirm, weak, feeble, enfeebled. 

Inflame, anger, irritate, enrage, enchafe. 
Inflection, bend, crookedness, curvature. 

Inflict, lay on, impose. 

Influence, v. bias, sway, prejudice, prepossess. 
Influence, s. credit, favor, reputation, character. 
Inform, communicate, tell, report, acquaint. 
Inhuman, cruel, brutal, savage, barbarous. 
Iniquity, injustice, wrong, grievance. 
Injunction, order, command, mandate, precept. 
Injure, damage, hurt, deteriorate, wrong. 
Injurious, hurtful, baneful, pernicious. 

Injustice, wrong, iniquity, grievance. 

Inlet, entrance, entry, ingress. 

Innocent, guiltless, sinless, harmless. 
Inoffensive, harmless, innocent, innoxious. 
Insanity, madness, mental aberration, lunacy. 
Inscribe, dedicate, devote, impress, engrave. 
Inside, interior, within, inland. 

Insidious, sly, treacherous, crafty, artful. 
Insight, discernment, inspection, introspection. 
Insinuate, hint, intimate, suggest, infuse. 
Insipid, dull, flat, mawkish, tasteless, vapid. 
Insist, persist, persevere, urge. 

Insnare, entrap, decoy, allure, net, enmesh. 
Insolvent, rude, saucy, pert, impertinent. 
Inspect, examine, investigate, overhaul. 

Inspire, animate, exhilarate, enliven, cheer. 
Instability, mutability, fickleness, mutableness. 
Install, induct, inaugurate, invest. 

Instrument, tool, implement, utensil, medium, 
i Instrumental, conducive, assistant, helping. 

| Insufficiency, inadequacy, incompetency. 

Insult, affront, outrage, indignity, blasphemy. 
Insulting, insolent, rude, saucy, impertinent. 
Insurrection, rebellion, mutiny, revolt, sedition. 
Integrity, uprightness, honesty, probity. 
Intellect, understanding, sense, brains, mind. 
Intellectual, mental, ideal, metaphysical. 

Intend, design, contemplate, mean, purpose. 
Intense, ardent, earnest, glowing, fervid, 

Intent, design, purpose, intention, drift, view. 
Intentional, designed, intended, contemplated. 

I Inter, bury, entomb, inhume. 

Intercede, interpose, interfere, mediate. 
Intercourse, commerce, connection, intimacy. 
Interdict, forbid, prohibit, inhibit, proscribe! 
Interfere, meddle, intermeddle, interpose. 
Interior, inward, inner, inside, internal. 
Intermediate, intervening, intervenient. 
Intervention, agency, interposition, meditation. 
Intimate, hint, suggest, insinuate, express. 
Intimidate, dishearten, alarm, frighten. 
Intolerable, insufferable, unbearable. 
Intoxicated, drunk, tipsy, inebriated, fuddled. 
Intrepid, bold, brave, daring, fearless. 

Intricacy, difficulty, complexity, complication. 
Intrigue, plot, conspiracy, combination. 
Intrinsic, real, true, genuine, sterling, native. 
Introduce, present, usher, bring in, begin. 
Introduction, preface, prelude, exordium. 
Invade, attack, assail, infringe, encroach. 
Invalid, weak, worthless, null, feeble, infirm. 








SYNONYMS. 


193 


Invalidate, quash, cancel, overthrow, vacate. 
Invasion, incursion, irruption, inroad. 

Invective, abuse, reproach, railing, censure, 
Invent, devise, contrive, frame, fabricate. 

Invert, upset, overturn, overthrow, subvert. 
Invest, surround, besiege, endue, clothe. 
Investigation, examination, search, inquiry. 
Inveterate, confirmed, chronic, malignant. 
Invidious, euvious, hateful, odious, malignant. 
Invigorate, brace, harden, nerve, strengthen. 
Invincible, unconquerable, impregnable. 
Invisible, unseen, imperceptible, impalpable. 
Irregular, eccentric, anomalous, inordinate. 
Irreligious, profane, godless, impious. 
Irreproachable, blameless, spotless. 

Irresistable, resistless, opposeless, irrepressible. 
Irresolute, wavering, undetermined, undecided. 
Irrespective, independent of. 

Irritable, excitable, irascible, susceptible. 
Irritate, aggravate, worry, provoke, embitter. 
Issue, v. emerge, rise, proceed, flow, spring. 
Issue, s. end, conclusion, upshot, effect. 

Jealousy, suspicion, envy. 

Jeer, sneer, scoff, mock. 

Jeopardize, imperil, hazard, endanger. 

Jeopardy, risk peril, hazard, danger, chance. 
Jilt, coquette, flirt. 

Jocose, jocular, jolly, facetious, witty, pleasant. 
Jocund, light-hearted, lively, sprightly. 

Join, accompany, go with, add, unite, append. 
Jollification, conviviality, revelry, merriment. 
Jolly, stout, lusty, corpulent, obese, merry. 
Journey, travel, tour, trip, excursion, voyage. 
Joviality, hilarity, jollity, mirth, merriment. 

Joy, delight, gladness, charm, pleasure. 

Justify, excuse, clear, exonerate, defend 
Justness, accuracy, correctness. 

Jut, project, protrude, bulge. 

Juvenile, young, youthful, boyish, infantile. 

Keen, sharp, acute, penetrating, cutting. 
Keep, retain, hold, detain, preserve, maintain. 
Key, guide, explanation, translation, solution. 
Kill, murder, assassinate, slay, massacre. 

Kind, thoughtful, affable, gentle, meek, tender. 
Kind, species, sort, class, genus, nature. 

Kindle, ignite, enkindle, awaken, arouse. 
Kindred, affinity, relative, kinsfolk, related. 
Knowledge, learning, scholarship.acquirements. 

Laborious, hard-working, industrious. 
Labor, work, task, toil, exertion. 

Labored, elaborate, hard-wrought, studied. 
Laborer, workman, operative, hand. 

Lack, want, need, require. 

Laconic, short, brief, concise, cort. 

Lag, tarry, linger, loiter, saunter. 

Lame, limp, halt, hobble, hop. 

Lament, grieve, mourn, regret, bewail, deplore. 
Language, speech, tongue, dialect. 

Languid, weak, faint, drooping, pining. 

Lank, lean, thin, skinny, meagre, scraggy. 
Lapse, elapse, glide, pass, roll. 

Large, big, great, huge, vast, extensive, wide. 
Lawful, legal, legitimate, rightful. 

Lax, loose, vague, dissolute, licentious. 

Lazy, idle, indolent, slothful, sluggish. 

Lead, conduct, guide, direct, induce, persuade. 
Leader , chief, director, head, guide. 

Leading, principal, chief, governing, ruling. 
League, alliance, confederacy, combination. 
Lean, r. thin, scraggy, lank, skinny. 

Lean, s. incline, tend, bend, slope. 


Leap, jump, bound, spring, 

Learning, knowledge, scholarship. 

Leave, s. liberty, license, permission. 

Leave, r. quit, relinquish, renounce, ^ive up. 
Leavings, scraps, refuse, remains, remnants. 
Lengthen, extend, elongate, protract, prolong. 
Lessen, abate, diminish, decrease, lower. 

Let, permit, allow, suffer. 

Letter, epistle, note, communication. 

Level, even, plain, smooth, flat. 

Levity, giddiness, lightness, flightiness. 

Liable, exposed to, subject to. 

Libel, lampoon, pasquinade. 

Liberal, generous, bountiful, bounteous. 

Liberate, set free, deliver, discharge. 

Liberty, leave, license, permissien, freedom. 
Licentious, loose, lax, dissolute, rakish. 

Lie, untruth, falsehood, falsity, fabrication. 

Life, animation, vivacity, buoyancy, spirits. 
Lifeless, dead, defunct, inanimate, extinct. 

Lift, hoist, raise, elevate, erect, exalt. 

Limpid, clear, transparent. 

Lineage, ancestry, family, house, generation. 
Linger, tarry, loiter, wait, lag, saunter. 

Link, tie, bind, join, chain. 

Liquid, liquor, fluid, juice. 

Liquidate, clear off, extinguish, pay off, lessen. 
List, roll, roster, catalogue, register, inventory. 
Listen, list, hearken, heed, attend to. 

Listless, indifferent, indolent, careless. 

Literal, actual, real, positive, true. 

Literature, books, letters, learning, scholarship. 
Little, small, diminutive, dwarf. 

Live, exist, subsist. 

Livelihood, living, support, sustenance. 

Loiter, wait, linger, tarry, saunter. 

Lone, forlorn, lonesome, solitary, desolate. 

Look, .s. manner, appearance, aspect, feature. 
Look, v. see, witness, view, eye, inspect. 

Loose, vague, indefinite, lax, slack, dissolute. 
Loquacity, talkativeness, volubility, glibness. 
Loss, damage, detriment. 

Lot, destiny, fate, future, doom. 

Loud, noisy, clamorous, vociferous, blustering. 
Love, endearment, affection, attachment. 

Lovely, charming, amiable, delightful. 

Lover, suitor, wooer, sweetheart. 

Low, humble, lowly, base, mean, filthy, foul. 
Lower, reduce, humble, humiliate, degrade. 
Lowering, gloomy, lurid, murky, dull. 

Loyalty, allegiance, fealty. 

Luck, chance, fortune, accident. 

Luscious, honeyed, sweet, mellifluous. 

Lustful, lecherous, lascivious. 

Lustre, splendor, brightness, brilliancy. 

Lusty, stout, strong, able-bodied, stalwart. 
Luxuriant, overflowing, exuberant, superfluous. 
Luxury, plenty, profuseness, voluptuousness. 
Lying, false, untrue, untruth. 

Machination, stratagem, cheat, imposture. 
Mad, wild, frantic, distracted, furious, rabid. 
Madden, irritate, enrage, exasperate. 

! Madness, mental aberration, insanity, lunacy. 
Maim, mutilate, mangle, cripple, lame. 

Main, chief, principal, leading, first. 

Maintain, assert, vindicate, hold, support. 
Maintenance, living, livelihood, subsistence. 
Majestic, dignified, noble, stately, pompous. 
Majesty, grandeur, dignity, honor. 

Make, create, form, produce, mould, shape. 
Malady, ailment, disease, distemper, disorder. 
Malediction, curse, imprecation, denunciation. 
Malefactor, criminal, culprit, felon, convict. 











194 


SYNONYMS. 


Malice, spite, rancor, ill-feeling, grudge, pique. 
Malicious, virulent, malignant, wicked. 
Manacle, shackle, fetter, chain. 

Manage, contrive, concert, direct. 

Management, direction, superintendence, care. 
Mangle, tear, lacerate, mutilate, cripple, maim. 
Manner, habit, custom, way, air. look. 

Manners, morals, habits, behavior, carriage. 
Manure, dung, ordure, soil. 

Many, numerous, several, sundry, divers. 

Mar, spoil, ruin, disfigure. 

Margin, edge. rim. border, brink, verge. 
Marine, maritime, nautical, naval. 

Marked, observable, noticeable, remarkable. 
Marriage, wedding, nuptials, matrimony. 
Marsh, fen, bog, morass, quagmire, swamp. 
Martial, military, warlike, soldierlike. 

Marvel, wonder, miracle, prodigy. 

Marvellous, wondrous, wonderful, amazing. 
Mask, visor, cloak, veil, blind. 

Massacre, carnage, slaughter, butchery. 
Massive, massy, bulky, heavy, weighty. 

Master, possessor, proprietor, head, owner. 
Mastery, dominion, rule, sway, ascendency. 
Material, corporeal, bodily, physical, temporal. 
Matrimony, marriage, wedlock, wedding. 
Mature, ripe, ready, mellow, perfect, fit. 
Mawkish, insipid, flat, spiritless, vapid. 

Maxim, adage, apophthegm, proverb, saying. 
Meagre, poor, lanlfr, emaciated, barren, dry. 
Meaning, signification, import, acceptation. 
Means, way. manner, method, mode. 

Mechanic, artisan, artificer, operative. 
Mediate, intercede, interpose. 

Meditate, think, reflect, muse. 

Medium, mediocrity, organ, channel. 

Meek, unassuming, mild, gentle. 

Meet, apt, fit, suitable, expedient, proper. 
Meeting, assembly, convocation, congregation. 
Mellow, ripe, mature, soft. 

Melodious, tuneful, musical, silver, dulcet. 
Melt, liquefy, fuse, dissolve, moisten. 

Memoir, narrative, chronicle, legend, life. 
Memorial, monument, memento. 

Memory, remembrance, recollection. 

Menace, threat, threatening, commination. 
Menial, servant, domestic, drudge. 
Merchandize, goods, wares, commerce, traffic. 
Merchant, trader, tradesman, dealer. 

Mercy, lenity, mildness, clemency, compassion. 
Merely, barely, only, scarcely, just. 

Merit, worth, desert. 

Merited, deserved, condign, suitable, adeqaate. 
Meritorious, worthy, deserving. 

Merriment, mirth, joviality, jollity, hilarity. 
Messenger, carrier, harbinger, forerunner. 
Metaphorical, figurative, allegorical. 

Mien, air, look, manner, aspect, appearance. 
Migratory, roving, strolling, wandering. 

Mild, soft, meek, gentle, kind. 

Mimic, imitate, ape, mock. 

Mind, v. heed, advert to. regard. 

Mind, ,s. sentiment, opinion, idea, notion 
Mindful, observant, attentive, heedful. 

Mingle, mix, blend, compound, amalgamate. 
Minister, administer, contribute, supply. 
Ministry, cabinet, administration, government. 
Minute, circumstantial, particular. 
Miscellaneous, promiscuous, indiscriminate. 
Mischief, injury, harm, damage, hurt, evil. 
Misconception, misapprehension. 

Miscreant, caitiff, villain, ruffian. 

Miserable, unhappy, wretched, distressed. 
Miserly, stingy, niggardly, avaricious. 


Misfortune, calamity, disaster, mishap. 
Misguide, mislead, dazzle, beguile, deceive. 
Mislead, see misguide. 

Mispend, waste, dissipate, squander. 

Misrule, anarchy, confusion. 

Miss, omit, lose, fail, miscarry. 

Mission, commission, legation, embassy. 
Mistake, err, fail, misconceive. 
Misunderstanding, misapprehend. 

Misuse, abuse, perversion, maltreatment. 
Mitigate, alleviate, relieve, abate, diminish. 

Mix, mingle, blend, intermix, amalgamate. 
Mixture, medley, variety, hotch-potch. 

Modern, novel, new, recent. 

Modest, chaste, virtuous, bashful, reserved. 
Moist, wet. damp, dank, humid. 

Moment, consequence, weight, importance. 
Momentous, important, significant, weighty. 
Monotonous, unvaried, dull, tiresome. 

Monster, ruffian, villain, brute, prodigy. 
Monstrous, shocking, dreadful, hoorible. 

Mood, humor, disposition, vein, temper. 

Moral, regular, strict, virtuous. 

Morals, manners, behavior, habits, morality. 
Morass, bog, quagmire, slough, marsh, fen. 
Morbid, sick, ailing, sickly, diseased. 

Moreover, besides, furthermore. 

Morning, daybreak, morn, dawn, sunrise. 
Morose, gloomy, sullen, surly, fretful, crabbed. 
Mortal, deadly, fatal, destructive. 

Mortality, humankind, human race, death. 
Mortify, vex, chagrin, grieve, hurt, afflict. 
Motherly, maternal, tender. 

Motion, proposition, proposal, movement. 
Motionless, still, stationary, torpid, stagnant, 
Motley, heterogeneous, diversified. 

Mottled, dappled, dotted, spotted, flecked. 
Mould, cast, form, shape, fashion, mildew. 
Mount, arise, rise, ascend, soar, tower, climb. 
Mournful, sad, sorrowful, lugubrious, grievous. 
Moving, affecting, touching, pathetic, melting. 
Much, ample, plenteous, copious. 

Muffle, deaden, disguise, conceal, cover, 

Murky, dark, dusky, dim, cloudy, misty. 

Muse, meditate, contemplate, think, reflect. 
Music, harmony, melody, symphony. 

Musical, tuneful, melodious, harmonious. 
Muster, collect, rally, assemble, congregate. 
Musty, stale, sour, fetid. 

Mute, dumb, silent, speechless. 

Mutilate, maim, cripple, disable, disfigure. 
Mutinous, insurgent, seditious, tumultuous. 
Mystify, confuse, perplex, puzzle. 

Myth, fable, legend, fiction, parable. 

Nation, people, community, realm, state. 
Native, real, genuine, indigenous, vernacular. 
Natural, original, regular, normal, bastard. 
Naturally, consequently, necessarily. 

Nausea, qualm, sea-sickness, disgust, loathing. 
Nautical, maratime, sea-faring, naval, marine. 
Neat, nice, spruce, trim, precise, pure. 
Necessitate, compel, force, oblige. 

Need, v. necessity, distress, poverty, indigence. 
Need, s. require, want, 

Needful, needy, requisite, essential, necessary. 
Neglect, disregard, slight, omit, overlook. 
Nerve, fibre, sinew, tendon, force, pluck. 
Nervous, timid, timorous, shaky, 

Neutralize, counterbalance, counteract. 
Nevertheless, however, yet notwithstanding. 
New, fresh, recent, novel. 

News, tidings, intelligence, information. 

Nice, exact, accurate, good, particular. 






SYNONYMS 


195 


Niggard, miser, skinflint, screw. 

Niggardly, miserly, griping, stingy, penurious. 
Nigh, near, close, adjacent, approximate. 
Nobility, aristocracy, greatness, grandeur. 
Nocturnal, nightly, gloomy, dark. 

Noise, cry, outcry, clamor, row, din, uproar. 
Nominate, name, entitle. 

Nonsensical, irrational, absnrd, preposterous. 
Notice, s. advice, notification, intelligence. 
Notice, v. mark, note, observe, attend to. 
Noticeable, striking, observable, remarkable. 
Notorious, noted, well-known, renowned. 
Nourish, nurture, cherish, foster, supply. 
Nourishment, food, diet, sustenance, nutrition. 
Noxious, hurtful, deadly, poisonous. 

Nugatory, ineffectual, futile, useless, null. 
Nullify, annul, vacate, invalidate, quash. 
Numerous, many, sundry, various, several. 
Nuptials, marriage, wedding. 

Nurture, nurse, cherish, nourish, foster. 
Nutrition, food, diet, nutriment, nourishment. 

Obedient, complaint, submissive, dutiful. 
Obese, corpulent, fat, adipose, fleshy. 

Object, s. aim, end, purpose, design, mark, butt. 
Object, v. oppose, except to, controvene. 
Obligation, duty, favor, engagement, contract 
Obliging, accommodating, civil, courteous. 
Obliterate, erase, blot out, expunge, efface. 
Obnoxious, hateful, offensive, liable, exposed. 
Obscene, lewd, foul, filthy, indecent, indelicate. 
Obscure, shade, dim, cloud, darken. 

Observable, noticeable, remarkable, striking. 
Observant, watchful, mindful, attentive. 
Observation, remark, comment, notice. 
Obtrude, trespass, trench, intrude, encroach. 
Obtuse, stolid, heavy-headed, dull, stupid. 
Obviate, prevent, preclude, hinder. 

Occasion, s. necessity, need, event, opening. 
Occasion, v. cause, make, create, induce. 
Occasional, accidental, casual, incidental. 
Occult, secret, hidden, unknown, invisible. 
Occupy, hold, possess, fill, employ. 

Occur, happen, take place, appear, offer. 
Occurrence, event, affair, incident, adventure. 
Odor, smell, scent, perfume, fragrance. 

Offal, garbage, rubbish, refuse. 

Offend, displease, vex, nettle, irritate, shock. 
Offender, culprit, defaulter, delinquent. 

Officer, functionary official, commandant. 
Officious, obtrusive, busy, interfering. 

Offspring, issue, progeny, descendants. 

Often, frequently, recurrently repeatedly. 
Omen, presage, prognostic, foreboding. 
Omission, oversight, failure, neglect, default. 
Omit, leave out, miss, overlook. 

One, common, united, single, individual. 

Only, singly, alone, solely, merely, barely. 
Onset, onslaught, attack, charge, encounter. 
Onward, forward, ahead, progressive. 

Ooze, .exude drop percolate, filter. 

Opaque, untransparent, dull, dark, cloudy. 
Operate, act, do, make, work, labor. 

Operative, stringent, effective, serviceable. 
Opportune, seasonable, timely, fit, well-timed. 
Opportunity, occasion, chance, fit, opening. 
Oppose, combat, bar, hinder, resist. 

Opposing conflicting, jarring, neutralizing. 
Oppress, overburden, overbear, overtask. 
Oppression, cruelty, hardship, misty, tyranny. 
Opprobrium, disgrace odium, infamy. 

Option, choice, preference, election. 

Opuient, wealthy, rich, affluent, moneyed. 


Oral, verbal, spoken, parole. 

Oration, address, speech, harangue. 

Oratory, rhetoric, eloquence. 

Orb, circle, globe, ball, sphere. 

Order, appoint, prescribe, enjoin, command. 
Ordinance, decree, law, statute, edict. 

Organic, fundamental, radical, rooted. 
Organize, dispose, arrange, regulate, adjust. 
Organization, structure, form, instrumentality. 
Orifice, aperature, opening. 

Original, first, primary, pristine, primeval. 
Originate, create, form, spring, ooze, issue. 
Ostensible, manifest, visible, outward, 
Ostentation, display, pomp, show, parad« 
Ostentatious, showy, vain-glorious, vain 
Outcast, reprobate, castaway, vagrant 
Outdo, exceed, excel, surpass, outvie. 

Outer, outward, outside, external, exterior. 
Outlandish, strange, foreign, alien, barbarous 
Outline, sketch, plan, draft, contour. 

Outrage, affront, abuse, injury, insult, offence. 
Outset, commencement, start, beginning. 
Outskirts, suburbs, envious, precincts. 
Outward, outer, external,'exterior, extrinsic 
Over, above, upon, across, more than. 

Overawe, daunt, intimidate, affright, cow. 
Overcharge, oppress, overload, surcharge. 
Overflow, inundate, submerge, deluge, flood. 
Overflowing, exuberant, copious, diffuse. 
Overplus, excess, surplus, surplusage. 
Overruling governing, controlling. 

Overture, proposal, offer, invitation. 

Overturn, overset, overthrow, upset, subvert. 
Own acknowledge, admit, confess, recognize. 
Owner, proprietor, possessor, master, holder. 

Pace, step, tread, walk, tramp, march. 
Pacific, peaceful, peaceable, mild, gentle. 
Pacify, appease, calm, quiet, still. 

Pagan, gentile, heathen, idolater. 

Pageantry, pomp, splendor, show. 

Pain, anguish, agony, distress, suffering, 
Painful, afflicting, grievous, torturing. 
Painstaking, attentive, laborious, diligent. 
Paint, color, represent, portray, delineate. 

Pair, two, couple, brace. 

Palate, taste, relish. 

Pale, pallid, wan, whitish, shallow, faint. 
Palliate, extenuate, varnish, cover, allay. 
Palpable, clear, distinct, plain, obvious. 
Palpitate, flutter, pant, throb, pulsate. 
Panegyric, eulogy, encomium, eulogium. 

Pang, throe, twinge, agony, anguish, pain. 
Pant, palpitate, gasp, throb, long, yearn. 
Parable, fable, allegory, simile. 

Parade, show, ostentation, vain-glory. 

Parallel, equal, parity, analogy, like, Similar- 
Paramount, supreme, principal, chief. 

Parasite, flatterer sycophant, toady. 

Parity, analogy, equality, parallel. 
Parsimonious, stingy, niggardly, miserly. 
Parson, clergyman, incumbent, curate. 
Partake, participate, share. 

Partial, biassed, prejudiced, limited. 
Participate, share, partake, join in. 

Particle, jot, title, grain, atom. 

Particular, singular, exact, nice, punctual. 
Particularly, primarily, especially, chiefly. 
Parting, separation, leaving, distribution. 
Partisan supporter, follower, adherent. 
Partition, parcel, divide, apportion, distribute. 
Passable, tolerable, pretty good, fair. 

Pass, elapse glide, 3dp fflde. 

Pastime, sport, play, recreation, amusement. 





196 


SYNONYMS. 


Patch, part, piece, plot, tract. 

Paternal, fatherly, careful, tender, hereditary. 
Path, pathway, footroad. road, way, route. 
Pathetic, moving, touching, affecting, melting. 
Patience, resignation, endurance, fortitude. 
Patient, passive, submissive, resigned. 

Patronize, befriend, favor, countenance. 

Paucity, lack, fewness, deficiency. 

Pause, demur, hesitate, deliberate, interval. 

Pay, liquidate, lessen, discharge, extinguish. 
Peace, quiet, calm, tranquility, repose, amity, 
Peaceable, mild, gentle, friendly. 

Peasant, countryman, rustic, bumpkin. 

Peccant, erring, guilty, criminal, malignant. 
Peculator, defaulter, delinquent, offender. 
Pedigree, descent, genealogy, lineage. 

Peel, skin, rind, husk. 

Pellucid, translucent, lucid, limpid, transparent. 
Penal, nnnitive, retributive. 

Penalty , ‘ine, amercement, mulct, forfeiture. 
Pendans protruding, hanging, pendulous. 
Pending, depending, coming, undecided. 
Penetrate, pierce, perforate, bore, fathom. 
Penitence, contrition..repentance, remorse. 
Percolate, filtrate, strain, filter, ooze. 

Perennial, imperishable, undying, immortal. 
Perfect, complete, whole, entire, finished. 
Perfidious, faithless, false-hearted, treacherous. 
Perforate, bore, penetrate, pierce, drill. 
Performer, actor, player, comedian, tragedian. 
Perfume, odor, scent, fragrance, aroma, smell. 
Perhaps, perchance, possibly, peradventure. 
Perilous, dangerous, hazardous. 

Period, time, age. date, era, cycle, epoch, end. 
Periodically, regularly, statedly. 

Perish, decay, die, expire, dissolve, disclose. 
Permission, permit, leave, liberty, license. 
Persecute, oppress, harrass. afflict. 

Persevere, continue, persist, pursue, proceed. 
Persons, men, people, folks, individuals, 
Persuade, exhort, urge, allure, incite, influence. 
Pert, forward, flippant, saucy, impertinent. 
Pertain, belong, appertain, relate, concern. 
Pertinacious, obstinate, inflexible, stubborn. 
Pertinent, fit, relevant, proper, appropriate, 
Perturb, agitate, unsettle, vex. 

Pervade, diffuse, spread, permeate, overspread. J 
Pervert, corrupt, distort, turn, twist. 

Pest, bane, plague, cankerworn, ruin. 

Petition, prayer, supplication, entreaty. 

Petty, trifling, trivial, frivolous, insignificant. 
Phantom, apparition, spectre, ghost, sprite. 
Philosophy, science, knowledge. 

Phlegmatic, frigid, cold, heavy, unfeeling. 
Physical, material, corporeal, tangible. 

Pick, pluck, choose, cull, select, gather. 

Pictorial, picturesque, graphic, imaginative. 
Piece, part, portion, section, morsel, firearm. 
Piercing, thrilling, ringing, clangous. 

Piety, religion, sanctify, holiness, devotion. 

Pile. heap, accumulate, hoard, amass, collect. 

Pile, building, edifice, structure, thread. 

Pillage, loot, rapine, spoil, plunder, booty. 

Pillar, column, shaft, post, support. 

Pinch, press, squeeze, gripe, nip. 

Pine, flag, droop, languish, sink, fade. 

Pious, holy, godly, saintly, devout, religious. 
Pique, spite, grudge, umbrage, resentment. 

Pit. hollow, trench, gulf, abyss. 

Pitch, fling, cast, launch, throw. 

Pkh, gist, kernel, cream, strength, marrow. 

Pithy, terse, concise, forcible, strong. 

Pitiful, mean, paltry, sordid, contemptible. , 
Pity, s. compassion, sympathy, condolence. 


Place, pat, set,.lay, dispose, order, organize. 
Plaintive, legiac, dirgelike, doleful, sad. 
Plaudit, acclamation, applause, exultation. 
Plausible, colorable, specious, ostensible. 

Plea, opology, defence, vindication, entreaty. 
Plead, defend, vindicate, exonerate, justify. 
Please, gratify, satisfy, content, delight. 
Plebeian, ignoble, vulgar, low-born. 

Pledge, s. pawn, earnest, security, surety. 
Plenty, enough, sufficiency, abundence. 

Pliable, pliant, flexible, lithe, supple, yielding. 
Plight, pledge, hypothecate, vow. 

Plot, concoct, hatch, frame, contrive. 

Pluck, courage, mettle, spirit, nerve. 

Plump, fleshy, round, fat. full, chubby. 

Plunder, pillage, booty, loot, spoil, robbery. 
Plunge, dive, dip, douse, sink. 

Ply, practice, exercise, urge. 

Point, v. aim, level, direct, sharpen, show. 

Foint, a. peaked, sharp, marked, keen, severe. 
Poison, bane, pest, vemon, virus, infection. 
Policy, plan, device, stratagem, management. 
Polite, refined, genteel, civil, accomplished. 
Politic, political, civil, judicious, prudential. 
Ponderous, heavy, weighty, massive, bulky. 
Poor, indigent, needy, penniless, necessitous. 
Populace, people, commonalty, vulgar, mob. 
Popular, common, general, prevailing.. 

Port, harbor, havens, entrance, portal. 

Portal, gate', gateway, entrance. 

Portend, foreshow, augur, presage, forebode. 
Portly, majestic, stately, grand, dignified. 
Possess, have, own, hold, occupy. 

Possible, practicable, likely, feasible. 

Tossibly, perhaps, peradventure, perchance. 
Post, s. place, situation, position, office, berth, 
Practical, serviceable, useful, experienced. 
Practically, actually, really, in fact. 

Practice, s. custom, habit, manner, use, usage. 
Practice, v. exercise, transact, apply. 

Praise, s. approval, eulogy, commendation. 
Prank, frolic, gambol, treat, trick, escapade. 
Trate, tattle, babble, chat, chatter, prattle. 

Pray, beg, entreat, invoke, supplicate, implore. 
Preamble, preface, introduction, precede. 
Precaution, care, forethought. 

Precede, lead, go, before, herald. 

Precedence, priority, pre-eminence, preference. 
Preceptor, teacher, tutor, instructor. 

Precincts, borders, limits, bounds, confines. 
Frecious, valuable, costly, dear, estimable, 
Precipitate, v. hurry, hasten, cast down. 
Precipitate, a. hasty, hurried, rash, premature. 
Precipitous, headlong, rash, steep, beetling. 
Precision, exactness, accuracy. 

Preclude, prevent, obviate, hinder, debar. 
Precursory, preceding, anterior, prior. 
Predatory, marauding, pillaging, rapacious. 
Predicament, situation, condition, state, plight. 
Predict, foretell, prognosticate, prophesy. 
Predilection, preference, partiality, bias. 
Preface, prelude, introduction, preamble. 
Prefer, choose, fancy, select, raise, exalt. 
Preference, choice, priority, precedence. 
Pregnant, prolific, teeming, replete, enciente. 
Prelude, introduction, preface, prologue. 
Premature, precipitate, rash, hasty, untimely. 
Premeditation, forethought, forecast. 

Premium, recompense, reward, bonus. 
Preposterous, irrational, foolish, absurd. 
Prejogative, privilege, immunity, right. 

Present, s. gift, donation, benefaction. 

Present, v. offer, exhibit, give, introduce. 
Presentiment, foreboding, foretaste. 













SYNONYMS. 


197 


Presiding, managing, directing, controlling. 
Pressure, urgency, exigency, hurry, crushing. 
Pretence, cloak, mask, garb, pretext, excuse. 
Pretend, feign, affect, simulate, profess. 
Pretension, claim, demand, show, pretence. 
Pretext, see pretence. 

Pretty, beautiful, neat, trim, fine, handsome. 
Prevail, predominate, obtain, succeed. 
Prevailing, proper, prevalent, ruling. 
Prevaricate, quibble, cavil, shuffle, equivocate. 
Previous, preceding, foregoing, antecedent. 
Prey, food, victim, sacrifice, spoil, booty. 

Price, cost, charge, expense, figure, outlay. 
Priceless, invaluable, inestimable. 

Prick, puncture, pierce, bore, spur, goad. 
Priggish, dandified, foppish, affected. 

Prim, precise, demure, formal, starched. 

Prime, primal, first, capital, first-rate. 

Princely, royal, regal, stately, august, noble. 
Principally, chiefly, essentially, mainly. 

Print, mark, impress, stamp, imprint. 

Priority, precedence, preference. 

Pristine, first, primitive, original, old, former. 
Privy, secret, private, personal, peculiar. 

Prize, s. seizure, capture, booty, spoil, loot. 

Prize, v. assess, value, esteem, rate, appraise. 
Probability, chance, likelihood, appearance. 
Procedure, proceeding, act, process, course. 
Proceed, move, pass, advance, arise, issue. 
Procession, train, march, caravan, retinue. 
Proclaim, advertise, announce, publish. 
Proclamation, degree, edict, ordinance, flat. 
Proclivity, propensity, proneness, tendency. 
Procrastinate, delay, defer, adjourn, postpone. 
Procure, obtain, acquire, gain, get, reap. 
Prodigy, wonder, miracle, marvel, monster. 
Produce, product, profit, result, effect. 

Profess, affect, pretend, feign, own. 

Proffer, volunteer, offer, propose, tender. 
Proficient, adept, master, expert. 

Progeny, children, descendants. 

Progress, advancement, growth, progression. 
Project, s. design, place, scheme, contrivance. 
Project, v. shoot, discharge, throw, hurl. 

Prolific, productive, generative, fertile. 

Prolix, diffuse, long, prolonged, tedious. 
Prolong, protract, lengthen, extend, continue. 
Prominent, eminent, conspicuous, marked. 
Promiscuous, mixed, unarranged, mingled. 
Promise, word, engagement, assurance. 
Promote, encourage, aid, further, advance. 
Prompt, incite, animate, urge, impel. 

Prone, inclining, prostrate, flat, tending. 

Prop, maintain, sustain, support, stay. 
Prophesy, foretell, predict, prognosticate. 
Propitiate, conciliate, reconcile. 

Propitious, fortunate, promising, favorable. 
Proportion, rate, ratio, degree. 

Proportionate, adequate, equal, commensurate. 
Proposol, offer, tender, overture, proposition. 
Proprietor, possessor, owner, master. 

Propriety, expediency,fitness, justness, 
Prorogue, adjourn, postpone, delay, defer. 
Prosper, flourish, succeed, grow rich, thrive. 
Prosperity, well-being, weal, welfare, happiness. 
Prostrate, oppressed, trampled on. abject. 
Protect, defend, vindicate, guard, fortify, save. 
Protection, shield, defence, preservation, guard. 
Protest, assert, affirm, declare, predict, aver. 
Protract, extend, prolong, continue, delay, 
Protrude, jut, project, bulge,shootout, suspend. 
Proud, stately,*vain, lofty, arrogant, conceited. 
Proverb, adage, maxim, aphorism, saying, saw. 
Provision, food, supplies, clause, duty, function. 


Proximate, next, immediate, nearest, closest. 
Proximity, nearness, vicinity, neighborhood. 
Prudence, carefulness, judgment, discretion. 
Pruirent, itching, craving, hankering, longing. 
Pry, scrutinize, peep, peer, look into, search. 
Public, common, general, open, notorious. 

Pull, draw, haul, gather, drag, tug. 

Punctilious, triflingly nice, particular, formal. 
Punctual, exact, precise,' nice, particular. 
Pungent, acrid, acrimonious, piquant, smart. 
Punish, chastise, castigate, correct, chasten. 
Puny, petty, weak, tiny, dwarfish, trivial, trifling. 
Pupil, scholar, disciple, learner, student, ward. 
Pupilage, nonage, minority, boyhood. 

Purify, clarify, clear, cleanse. 

Purloin, steal, pilfer, filch. 

Purpose, propose, intend, mean. 

Pursue, chase, hunt, track, follow, prosecute. 
Push, thrust, impel, urge, press, drive. 

Putative, supposed, reputed, credited, deemed. 
P*trefy, rot, decompose, corrupt, decay. 

Quagmire, bog, morass, marsh, fen, swamp. 
Quaint, artful, curious,far-fetched, fanciful, odd. 
Quake, quail, shake, tremble, shudder, quiver. 
Qualification, capacity, fitness, capability. 
Qualify, fit, competent, adapt, suit, abate. 
Quantity, amount, sum, deal, portion, part. 
Quarrelsome, irritable, hot, fiery, irascible. 
Quarter, territory, district, locality, region. 
Queer, quaint, whimsical, odd. strange, eccentric. 
Quell, crush, calm, subdue, repress, suppress. 
Quench, extinguish, put out. stifle, check, cool. 
Querulous, complaining, fretting, repining. 
Query, question, inquiry, interrogatory. 

Quibble, cavil, evade, equivocate, shuffle. 

Quiet, v. calm, still, hush, lull, pacify. 

Quiet, s. ease, rest, repose, quietude, calm. 

Quit, relinquish, abandon, leave, foi’ego, resign. 
Quite, altogether, completely, wholly, entirely. 
Quiver, quake, shake, tremble, vibrate, shiver. 
Quixotie, romantic, wild, freakish, 

Quota, share, contingent, proportion, rate. 

Quote, note, repeat, cite, adduce, 

Rabid, mad, furious, raging, frantic. 

Rack, agonize, wring, torture, excruciate. 

Racy, spicy, pungent, smart, spirited, lively. 
Rage, .s. anger, indignation, choler, fury, passion. 
Rage, v. storm, rave, fret, chafe, fume. 

Rail, censure, bluster, scold. 

Rake, libertine, debauchee, scrape, gather. 
Rakish, dissolute, licentious, libertine, loose. 
Rally, banter, mock, ridicule, deride, assemble. 
Ramble, s. excursion, tour, jaunt. 

Ramble, v. wander, stroll, roam, rove, range. 
Rambling, discursive, roving, desultory. 
Ransack, rummage, pillage, overhaul, explore. 
Ransom, emnancipate, free, unfetter. 

Rant, bombast, fustian, cant. 

Rapacious, ravenous, voracious, greedy. 

Rapine, spoliation, depredation, robbery, pillage. 
Rapture, ecstasy, transport, delight, bliss. 
Rascal, scoundrel, rogue, knave, scamp. 
Rashness, temerity, precipitation, hastiness. 
Ratify, confirm, establish, substantiate, sanction. 
Ravenous, rapacious, greedy, voracious. 

Raving, distracted, frantic, mad, furious, angry. 
Raze, demolish, destroy, overthrow, ruin. 
Reach, touch, stretch, attain, gain, arrive at. 
Readiness, promptness, alacrity, aptness, knack. 
Realize, accomplish, achieve, effect, gain, get. 
Realm, kingdom, state, nation, empire, province. 
Reap, gain, get, acquire, obtain. 








SYNONYMS. 



Rear, lift, elevate, erect, breed, raise, train. 
Reason, s. motive, design, end, argument, proof. 
Reason, v. deduce, draw from, trace, infer. 
Reasonable, intelligent, rational, wise, judicious. 
Rebellion, insurrection, revolt. 

Rebound, recoil, reverberate. 

Recall, revoke, reclaim, call back, annul, cancel. 
Recant, recall, abjure, retract, revoke. 
Recapitulate, repeat, recite, rehearse, enumerate. 
Recede, retire, retreat, withdraw, ebb. 

Receive, accept, take, admit, entertain. 

Recent fresh, late, new novel, modern. 
Reception, receiving, levee, receipt, admission. 
Recess, retreat, depth, niche, vacation. 
Reciprocal, mutual, alternate, interchangeable. 
Recite, relate, tell, repeat, rehearse, recapitulate. 
Reckoning, account, bill, charge, score. 

Reclaim, recall, reform, regain, recover. 

Recline, lean, rest, repose, lie. 

Recoil, rebound roll, reverberate, shrink from. 
Recollect, bear in mind, remember, think of. 
Recommend. See Commend. 

Reconcilable, placable, forgiving, consistent. 
Reconcile, conciliate, pacify, propitiate, 

Record, enroll, note, register, minute, chronicle. 
Records, annals, monuments, archives. 
Recreant, cowardly, base, dastardly, craven. 
Recreation, sport, pastime, play, amusement. 
Rectitude, justice, uprightness integrity, virtue. 
Recumbent, leaning, lying, resting, reposing. 
Recur, resort, betake, return, revert. 

Redolent, odorous, aromatic, fragrant, 

Redound, tend, conduce, contribute, add. 
Redundant, superfluous, unnecessary. 

Re-echo, resound, repeat, ring, reverberate. 

Reel, stagger, totter, falter, roll. 

Refer, appeal, allude, advert, relate, belong. 
Referee, umpire, judge, arbitrator, arbiter. 
Reference, regard, relation, hint, allusion. 
Refined, polite, courtly, polished, genteel. 
Reformation, improvement, reform, amendment. 
Refresh, revive, enliven, cheer, renew, vivify. 
Refund, reimburse, pay back, repay, return. 
Refuse, v. deny, reject, repudiate, decline. 
Refuse, s. dregs, dross, scum, rubbish, leavings. 
Refute, disprove, falsify, negative. 

Regain, recover, retrieve, get back. 

Regain royal kingly, imperial, princely. 

Regale, feast, entertain, delight, refresh, gratify. 
Register. Bee Record. 

Rehearse, narrate, repeat, recite, recount, tell. 
Reimburse, refund, repay, satisfy, indemnify. 
Rein, restrain, moderate, govern, controll 
Reject, repel, renounce, decline, refuse. 

Rejoice, delight, joy, gladden, exult, revel. 
Rejoinder, retort, parry, reply, answer. 

Relate, report, tell, recount, narrate, detail. 
Related, cognate, connected, kindred, akin. 
Relatives, kindred, kinsmen, relations. 

Relax, abate, slacken, loosen, soften, relent. 
Release, free, extricate, disengage, liberate. 
Relevant, fit, proper, suitable, appropriate. 

* Reliance, trust, hope, dependence, confidence. 
Relief, succor, aid, help, redress, alleviation. 
Religious, pious, godly, holy, devout, sacred. 
Relish, taste, flavor, piquancy, gusto. 

Reluctant, unwilling, averse, loth, disinclined. 
Remainder, residue, rest, remnant. 

Remark, note, heed, comment, observe. 
Remedial, healing, curative, mitigating. 
Remedy, help, relief, redress, cure, specific. 
Remember, recall, recollect, mind. 

Remnant. See Remainder. 

Remonstrate, object, protest, expostulate. 


Remorse, self-condemnation, anguish. 

Remote, distant, far, secluded, indirect. 
Remove, displace, dislodge, withdraw, suppress. 
Rend, tear, disunite, split, lacerate. 

Render, present, restore, return, requite. 

Renew, restore, furbish, revive, renovate. 
Repair, mend, retrieve, recover, restore. 

Repay, reimburse, reward, refund, return. 
Repeal, abolish, revoke, recall, reverse, rescind. 
Repeatedly, again and again, frequently often. 
Repel, reject, refuse, deter, repulse, beat back, 
Repine, grumble, fret, grieve, murmur. 

Replace, reinstate, refund, restore. 

Reply, response, answer, rejoinder, replication. 
Report, announce, notify, tell, communicate. 
Repose, s. quiet, quietude, peace, ease, rest, 
Repose, v, rest, recline, lie, settle, confide. 
Represent, paint, sketch, portray, delineate. 
Representative, agent, commissioner, deputy. 
Repress, quell, crush, subdue, check, curb. 
Reprieve, pardon, acquittal, respite. 

Reprimand, chide, check, reprove, rebuke. 
Reproach, blame, taunt, upbraid, rebuke. 
Reprobate, villain, ruffian, miscreant, castaway. 
Reproduce, propagate, imitate, represent, copy. 
Reprove, chide, rebuke, reprimand, scold. 
Request, desire, beg, ask, beseech, entreat. 
Requite, reward, compensate, repay, punish. 
Rescind, revoke, repeal, annul, recall, reverse. 
Rescue, save, preserve, recover, recapture. 
Resent, resist, oppose, repel, rebel. 

Reserve, shyness, modesty, coyness, reservation. 
Reside, dwell, sojourn, abide, live. 

Resident, occupant, dweller, tenant, inhabitant 
Residue. See Remainder. 

Resign, relinquish, leave, abandon, abdicate. 
Resist, withstand, oppose, check, thwart. 

Resort, v, fly to, retreat, repair, retire, go. 
Resort, s. haunt, retreat, recourse. 

Resound, echo, re-echo, ring, respond. 

Respect, regard, prefer, venerate, defer. 

Respite, reprieve, interval stop, pause. 

Respond, reply, answer, rejoin, correspond. 
Restitution, return, reparation, amends. 

Restive, obstinate, stubborn, impatient. 

Restrain, repress, check, stop, limit, hinder. 
Resume, recommence, begin again, renew. 
Retain, keep, hold, restrain, retard, detain, 
Retaliate, repay, revenge, requite, retort. 

Retard, clog, impede, obstruct, detain, defer. 
Retire, leave, depart, recede, retreat, withdraw. 
Retirement, seclusion, privacy, retreat. 

Retort, reply, rejoinder, answer, repartee. 
Retract, recall, revoke, recant, abjure, unsay. 
Retribution, penalty, punishment, requital. 
Retrieve, recover, rescue, regain, restore. 
Retrospect, review, reminiscence, survey. 
Return, reappear, recur, revert, repay. 

Reveal, disclose, show, divulge, expose, publish. 
Revel, feast, carouse, luxuriate, banquet. 
Revenge, vengeance, retaliation, requital. 
Revengeful, unforgiving, spiteful, resentful. 
Revenue, produce, income, fruits, proceeds. 
Revert, return, recur, refer to. 

Revise, review, reconsider. 

Revoke, repeal, retract, rescind, annul, cancel. 
Revolt, rebel, resist, shock. 

Revolting, shocking, disgusting, frightful. 
Revolve, turn, circulate, whirl, twirl, wheel. 
Ridicule, laugh at. deride, mock, lampoon. 

Rifle, pillage, plunder, sack, strip, rob. 

Rightful, legitimate, true, lawful, fair. 

Riot, commotion, tumult, uproar, row, confusion. 
Ripe, ready, mellow, complete, mature. 







SYNONYMS. 


190 


Rise, arise, mount, ascend, climb. 

Risible, laughable, ludicrous, comical, funny. 
Risk, hazard, stake, chance, endanger, dare. 

Rite, ceremony, observance, solemnity. 

Rival, antagonist, opponent, competitor. 

Roam, ramble, rove, wander, stray, stroll. 

Roar thunder, peal, howl, yell, vociferate. 
Robbery, theft, plunder, pillage, larceny. 

Roll, v. revolve, wheel, trundle, wallow, peal. 

Roll, s.list, scroll, schedule, register, catalogue. 
Room, hall, chamber, apartment, space. 

Round, circular, entire, spherical, complete. 
Rout, discomfit, beat, defeat, overthrow. 

Route, road, course, march, way, journey, path. 
Rove, wander, stroll, ramble, roam. 

Royal. See Regal. 

Rubbish, fragments, debris, litter, wreck, dross. 
Rugged, uneven, jagged, rough, gruff, harsh. 
Ruinous, destructive, hurtful, deleterious. 
Rumor, hearsay, talk, fame, report, bruit. 
Rumple, pucker, crease, wrinkle, crumple. 

Run, flee, scamper, fly, hasten. 

Rupture, fracture, breach, burst, disruption. 
Ruse, trick, stratagem, dodge. 

Rush, stream, sweep, dash, press, roll. 

Safe, sure, secure, certain, substantial. 

Sake, account, behalf, purpose, end, regard. 
Salary, wages, allowance, pay, stipend, hire. 
Salubrious, healthy, healthful, healing, sanitary. 
Salutation, greeting, address, welcome. 
Sameness, identity, oneness, monotony. 

Sample, specimen, model, pattern, example. 
Sapient, sagacious, discerning, knowing, sage. 
Sarcasm, satire, irony, chaff, ridicule, mockery. 
Satiate, glut, gorge, satisfy, surfeit. 

Satire. See Sarcasm. 

Satisfy, please, gratify, convince, satiate, glut. 
Saturate, steep soak, imbue. 

Saucy, impertinent, rude, impudent, insolent. 
Saunter, ramble, stroll, loiter, linger. 

Savory, tasty, piquant, tasteful, palatable. 

Saw, adage, proverb, maxim, byeword, saying. 
Scale, gamut, layer, flake, balance. 

Scanty, bare, pinched, insufficient, slender. 
Scarce, rare, singular, uncommon, unique. 
Scarcity, dearth, famine, lack, want. 

Scene, spectacle, show, sight, exhibition, view. 
Scheme, design, plan, project, theory, intrigue. 
Scholar, disciple, pupil, student, savant. 

Science, knowledge, learning, scholarship. 

Scoff, jibe, jeer, sneer, deride, taunt, twit. 

Scorn, contempt, disdain, mockery, sneer. 
Scraggy, lean, bony, thin, skinny, gaunt. 

Scrap, bit, fragment, crumb, piece, morsel. 
Scribe, penman, writer, scribbler, scrivener. 
Scruple, hesitate, doubt, waver. 

Scrupulous, strict, nice, conscientious, precise. 
Scrutinize, examine, sift, investigate. 

Season, time, period, occasion, term, spell. 
Seasonable, timely, fit, opportune, convenient. 
Secular, worldly, temporal, civil, lay, profane. 
Secure, certain, sure, safe, fast, fixed, snug. 
Sediment, dregs, dross, refuse, lees, grounds. 
Sedition insurrection, rebellion, revolt, mutiny. 
Seem, look, appear. 

Seemly, fit, suitable, becoming, decent. 

Seldom, rarely, infrequently. 

Select, elect, prefer, choose, pick, cull. 

Sell, vend, dispose of, hawk, retail. 

Send, transmit, forward, despatch. 

Seniority, eldership, superiority, priority. 
Sensibility, feeling, perception, sensitiveness, 
Sensual, carnal, fleshly, voluptuous, animal. 


Sentence, decision, judgment, doom, passage. 
Sequel, eud, close, termination, conclusion. 
Serene, calm, peaceful, unruffled. 

Series, course, process, succession, order. 
Serious, grave, solemn, weighty, solid, earnest. 
Serve, aid, assist, help, work for, forward. 
Service, advantage, use, benefit. 

Servile, mean, low, abject, sneaking. 

Set. put, place, lay, arrange. 

Settle, arrange, adjust, regulate, organize. 

Sever, break, disconnect, dissever, separate. 
Several, sundry, divers, various, many. 

Shade, shadow, dim, obscure, cloud. 

Shake, tremble, shudder, shiver, quake, quiver. 
Shallow, superficial, flimsy, slight. 

Shame, disgrace, dishonor. 

Shape, form, fashion, mould, model. 

Share, portion, lot, division, quantity, quota. 
Shatter, shiver, derange, disorder. 

Shed, pour, effuse, spread, spill, diffuse 
Shelter, cover, screen, lodge, protect. 

Shift, v. transpose, contrive, change, alter, veer. 
Shift, s. evasion, expedient, resource. 

Shine, glow, gleam, glisten, glitter, radiate. 
Shiver, shatter, break, quake, shudder, quiver, 
Shock, brunt, clash, blow, collision. 

Shocking, disgusting, revolting, dreadful. 

Short, brief, concise, curt* compendious. 

Showy, pompous, gorgeous, line, gay, grand. 
Shrewd, sharp, acute, sagacious, keen, 

Shroud, veil, cover. 

Shudder, shake, tremble, quake, quiver. 

Shuffle, equivocate, quibble, cavil, evade. 

Shun, avoid, elude, evade. 

Shut, close, preclude. 

Shy, timid, reserved. 

Sight, seeing, perception, view, vision, spectacle. 
Signalize, distinguish, exalt, immortalize. 
Signify, express, declare, intimate, imply. 
Silence, s. stillness, quiet, calm. 

Silence, v. gag, refute, hush, stifle. 

Silly, simple, imbecile, foolish, witless, unwise. 
Similar, resembling, alike, corresponding. 

Sin wrong, wickedness, iniquity, crime, evil. 
Sink droop, descend, suppress, conceal. 

Sketch, paint, depict, delineate, portray. 

Skilful, clever, expert, apt, dexterous, adroit, 
Skill, aptitude, expertness, contrivance. 

Skulk, sneak, hide, cover, slink, shroud, veil. 
Slack, remiss, careless, negligent, backward. 
Slacken, loosen, unbind, relax, abate, flag. 
Slaughter, bloodshed, carnage, butchery. 
Slavish, drudging, servile, menial, abject. 

Slay kill, murder, assassinate. 

Sleek, glossy, shiny, velvety, silken. 

Slender small, trivial, slight, fragile, slim, thin. 
Slight, a. slender, slim, small, superficial. 

Slight s. neglect, contempt, scorn, disdain. 
Slippery smooth, glossy, unsafe, deceptive. 
Slothful, sluggish, lazy, inactive, idle, indolent. 
Slovenly loose, negligent, disorderly, untidy. 
Slow, dilatory, tardy, sluggish, tedious, dull. 
Sluggish. See Slothful. 

Slur, reflection, stain, spot, blemish. 

Small, little* diminutive, minute, slight, trivial. 
Smear, daub, besmear, begrime, varnish. 

Smell, fragrance, perfume, scent, odor. 

Smite, beat, strike, slay, kill, afflict, chasten. 
Smoke, fumes, vapor, nothing, moonshine. 
Smooth, a. suave, bland, even, level, plain. 
Smooth, v. level, flatten, ease, calm, mollify. 
Snare, trap, net, gin, spring. 

Snatch, pluck, pull, twitch, catch, clutch, grasp 
Snea crouch, cringe, truckle, slink, siculk. 









SYNONYMS. 


2C0 


Sneer, scoff, taunt, jibe, mock. 

Snub, rebuke, reprimand, humiliate, nip, clip. 
Snug, close, compact, concealed, comfortable. 
Soak, wet, moisten, steep, drench, saturate. 
Soar, rise, mount, tower, ascend, aspire. 

Social, civil, civic, sociable, convivial. 

Soften, humanize, mollify, mitigate. 

Sojourn, dwell, reside, lodge, rest, abide, stay. 
Solace, comfort, consolation, relief. 

Sole, only, solitary, single, alone, individual. 
Solicitous, apprehensive, uneasy, concerned. 
Solicitude, carefulness, concern, trouble, care. 
Solve, unriddle, clear up, resolve, explain. 
Song, ballad, carol, ditty, lay, strain, poem. 
Soon, shortly, early, quick, quickly, promptly. 
Sorrow, affliction, distress, grief, trouble. 
Sound, ring, peal, clash, clang, investigate. 
Sovereign, regal, royal, imperial, principal. 
Space, room, interval, extent, expanse, field. 
Spacious, ample, roomy, capacious, extensive. 
Spare, v. afford, give, husband, store, forbear. 
Spare, a. meagre, scanty, frugal, stinted, lean. 
Sparkle, shine, flash, gleam, twinkle, glitter. 
Speak, converse, say, tell, talk, discourse, utter. 
Special, exceptional, peculiar, specific. 

Specify, particularize, state, designate, mention. 
Specimen, model, pattern, sample, illustration. 
Specious, colorable, plausible, showy. 

Spectator, observer, bystander, onlooker. 
Speech, oration, address. 

Speedy, early, quick, fast, rapid, swift, fleet. 
Spirited, lively, racy, animated, vivacious. 

Split, cleave, break, burst, crack, divide. 

Spoil, destroy, mar, impair, injure, plunder. 
Spontaneous, voluntary, willing, gratuitous. 
Spot, place, sight, locality, speck, stain, blot. 
Spring, source, origin, rise, fountain. 

Sprout, s. shoot, germ, twig, stem, scion. 

Sprout, v. bud, germinate, shoot forth, spring. 
Spruce, neat, trim, tidy, foppish, dandified. 
Spur, goad, incite, urge, stimulate. 

Spurious, counterfeit, fictitious, unauthentic. 
Spurn, despise, disdain, scout, scorn. 

Spy, see, discern, discover, view. 

Squalid, foul, filthy, dirty, unclean, mucky. 
Squander, waste, consume, dissipate. 
Squeamish, fastidious, over-nice, scrupulous. 
Squeeze, press, pinch, push, gripe, cram. 
Stagnant, motionless, lifeless, tideless, standing. 
Staid, steady, sober, demure, grave, sedate. 
Stalwart, able-bodied, powerful. 

Stammer, stutter, hesitate, falter. 

Stand, stop, rest, stagnate, endure, halt. 
Standard, criterion, measure, gauge, test, rule. 
Standing, a. stagnant, permanent, fixed. 
Standing, s. status, ground, station, position. 
Starved, famished, lean, ill-fed, emaciated. 

State, condition, predicament, case, province. 
Stationary, Immovable, fixed, motionless. 
Staunch, steadfast, fast, constant, reliable. 

Stay, staff, prop, support, buttress, sustainment. 
Steadfast, constant, staunch, firm, resolved. 
Steady, firm, fixed, constant, regular. 

Steal, purloin, pilfer, filch, embezzle. 

Steep, precipitous, abrupt, hilly, craggy. 

Step, pace, degree, grade, track, proceeding. 
Sterile, unfruitful, barren, desert, unproductive. 
Stern, harsh, severe, austere, rigid, rigorous. 
Stick, hold, fasten, adhere, attach, fix. 

Stigma, mark, brand, infamy, disgrace, blot. 
Stingy, close, mean, niggardly, sparing. 

Stint, limit, stop, restrict. 

Stipulate, bargain, contract, agree on, engage. 
Stir, budge, move, agitate, disturb, excite. 


Stock, hoard, store, fund, supply, accumulate. 
Stolid, obtuse, heavy-headed, doltish, senseless. 
Stoop, bend, yield, condescend. 

Stormy, tempestuous, boisterous, blustering. 
Story, tale, narrative, incident 
Straight, right, direct, undeviating. 

Strain, stretch, tighten, exert, filter. 

Stranger, foreigner, alien. 

Stray, rove, ramble, err, digress, deviate. 
Stream, current, tide, drift. 

Strength, power, might, authority, force, vigor. 
Stress, emphasis, force, accent, strain, weight. 
Stretch, spread, expand, extend, lengthen. 
Stricture, censure, blame, animadversion 
Strike, hit, beat, smite. 

Strip, denude, divest, bare, despoil, rob, rifle. 
Strive, labor, struggle, aim, contend, contest. 
Structure, construction, building, edifice, fabric. 
Studious, diligent, thoughtful, careful, mindful. 
Study, thought, consideration, care, attention. 
Stun, stupefy, confound, bewilder, astonish. 
Stupendous, astounding, amazing, marvellous. 
Stupid, stolid, dull, obtuse, heavy-headed. 
Sturdy, robust, strong, stalwart, muscular 
Subject, matter, question, material, exposed. 
Submerge, inundate, drown, deluge, flood, sink. 
Submit, succumb, comply, yield. 

Subsequent, later, posterior, following. 

Subsist, exist, be, live, continue. 

Substitute, deputy, representative, proxy. 
Subterfuge, evasion,shift, quirk, subtilty. dodge. 
Subtile, fine, thin, rare, delicate, nice, acute. 
Subtle, cunning, crafty, astute, sly, wily, artful. 
Subtract, deduct, subduct, withdraw, remove 
Succeed, flourish, thrive, prosper, follow. 
Success, good fortune, prosperity, victory, issue. 
Successful, fortunate, lucky, happy. 

Succession, order, series, rotation, lineage, race. 
Succinct, brief, short, concise, summary. 
Succumb, yield, submit, comply, resign, give in. 
Suffocate, smother, strangle, stifle, choke. 
Suffrage, vote, voice. 

Suggest, hint, allude, refer, intimate, propose. 
Sulky, sullen, heavy, dull, sluggish, gloomy. 

Sum, amount, quantity, total, whole, problem. 
Summary, short, brief, concise, compendious. 
Summit, top, height, culmination, acme, apex. 
Summon, call, fetch, cite, bid, challenge. 
Sumptuous, costly, expensive, dear, valuable. 
Sunder, part, break, separate, divide, disjoin. 
Sundry, many, different, several, various, divers. 
Superb, princely, grand, splendid, magnificent. 
Superficial, shallow, flimsy, slight, imperfect. 
Superior, higher upper, noble, head. 

Superlative, highest, greatest, extreme. 
Supernatural, miraculous, preternatural. 
Supersede, overrule, annul, set aside, suspend. 
Supple, lithe, flexible, pliant, bending, yielding. 
Supplement, addition, appendix, postscript. 
Supporter, adherent, partisan, follower. 

Suppress, repress, crush, quell, restrain, stifle. 

Task, business, work, labor, toil, lesson. 
Tasteless, flat, insipid, mawkish, vapid, dead. 
Tattle, babble, chatter, prattle, gossip. 

• Tautology, verbosity, repetition, reiteration. 

Tax, toll, duty, rate, assessment, impost. 

Teacher, schoolmaster, professor, preceptor. 
Teaching, instruction, training, education. 

Tear, rend, break, lacerate, sever, sunder. 

Tease, vex, plague, torment, imitate. 

1 empestuous, violent, boisterous, stormy, windy. 
Temporal, worldly, terrestrial, mundane. 
Temporize, fence, manoeuvre, procrastinate. 
Tu.allt, defensible, tound, reasonable. 















SYNONYMS. 


201 


Tenacity, retentiveness, fixity, stubbornness. 
Tender, v offer, proffer, produce, bid 
Tender, a. mild, kind, bland, indulgent, gentle. 
Tenet, doctrine, dogma, principle, position. 
Tenor, meaning, drift, intent, sense, purport. 
Tension, strain, force, tone, stretch, tightness. 
Terminate, close, end, conclude, complete, stop. 
Terrestrial, worldly, earthly, mundane. 

Terrible, awful, terrific, tremendous, fearful. 
Terrify, frighten, horrify, appal,scare. 

Testify, depose, declare, swear, attest, witness. 
Thankful, grateful, obliged. 

Thankless, ungracious, profitless, ungrateful. 
Theft, robbery, depredation, spoliation. 

Theme, subject, topic, text, essay. 

Theory, speculation, scheme, plea, hypothesis. 
Therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence. 
Thinness, slenderness, attenuation, rarefaction. 
Thought, idea, conception, imagination, fancy. 
Thraldom, slavery, enslavement, servitvde. 
Thrilling, stirring, enlivening, awakening. 
Throb, palpitate, heave, beat. 

Throw, propel, cast, hurl, fling. 

Thrust, push, drive, force, impel, urge. 

Thwart, oppose, oppugn, resist, frustrate. 

Tickle, amuse, titillate, gratify. 

Tide, current, stream, course, influx. 

Tidings, news, intelligence, report, advice. 

Tidy, orderly, neat, spruce, clean, cleanly. 

Tie, band, ligament, ligature. 

Tight, tense, stretched, not slack. 

Time, duration, season, period, era, age, date. 
Timely, seasonably, opportune, judicious. 

Timid, timorous, fearful, afraid, pusillanimous. 
Tincture, tinge, dye, color, stain, impregnate. 
Tinge, flavor, taste, color, dye. 

Tint, shade, tinge, hue, color, stain, dye. 

Tiny, small, little, diminutive, wee, lilliputian. 
Tip, point, extremity, top, cap. 

Tipsy, drunk, intoxicated, inebriated, fuddled. 
Tire, exhaust, fatigue, bore, weary, jade, harass. 
Tissue, web, fabric, texture. 

Tittle, jot. whit, iota, atom, grain. 

Toil, work, task, travail, pain, labor, drudgery. 
Tolerable, passable, ordinary, middling. 

Tomb, grave, sepulchre. 

Tone, style, manner, mode, sound, intonation. 
Tongue, speech, language, idiom, dialect, talk. 
Top, summit, apex, head, crown, surface. 

Topic, subject, theme, question, matter. 

Torpor, heaviness, lethargy, dullness, laziness. 
Torrid, burning, hot, parching, scorching. 
Torture, torment, anguish, agony. 

Tortuous, twisted, winding, crooked, indirect. 
Toss, pitch, cast, hurl, shake, rock, buffet. 
Totally, entirely, quite, altogether, fully. 

Totter, falter, reel, rock, tremble, shake. 
Touching, tender, affecting, moving, pathetic. 
Tough, strong, hard, firm, leathery, difficult. 
Tour, excursion, ramble, trip, jaunt, outing. 

Toy, play, sport, frolic, trifle. 

Trace, derive, deduce, follow, pursue, track. 
Track, way, road, path, mark, trace, footprint. 
Tract, district, region, quarter, plot, essay. 
Tractable, docile, manageable, amenable. 
Traditional, oral, uncertain, transmitted. 
Traffic, trade, exchange, commerce, intercourse. 
Tragic, fatal, calamitous, mournful, sorrowful. 
Trait, characteristic, line, feature. 

Tranquil, still, unruffled, peaceful, quiet. 
Transact, perform, conduct, manage, treat. 
Transaction, negotiation, occurrence, affair. 
Transcend, surmount, overstep, exceed, excel. 
Transcribe, copy, transfer. 


Transfer, make over, convey, r move, copy. 
Transform, change, metamorphose, transfigure, 
Transgress, pass, exceed, violate, infringe. 
Transgressor, offender, sinner. 

Transition, change, shifting, variation. 
Transparent , clear limpid, lucid, obvious. 
Transport, bliss, ecstasy, rapture, carriage. 
Transpose, change, reverse, shift. 

Trap, snare, ambush, stratagem, pitfall. 

Trash, nonsense, twaddle, trifles, dross. 
Traverse, cross, pass, thwart, obstruct. 

Treason, treachery, disloyalty, disaffection. 
Treasure, riches, wealth, stock, store, reserve. 
Treatise, essay pamphlet, brochure, tract. 
Treaty, convention, negotiation, agreement. 
Tremble, quake shake, quiver, shudder, totter. 
Tremendous, awful, fearful, frightful, terrible. 
Tremulous, trembling, jarring, quivering. 
Trench, s. drain, sewer ditch, fosse, moat. 
Trench, v. encroach, infringe, invade. 
Trenchant, cutting, sharp, severe, sarcastic. 
Trend, incline, diverge, tend, tend, stretch. 
Trespass, violation, infringement, transgression. 
Tribulation, affliction grief, distress, trouble. 
Trick, fraud, cheat, artifice, stratagem, guile. 
Triflle, s. bauble, toy geegav, kickshaw. 

Trifle, r. toy, play, dally, wanton. 

Trim, compact, snug, neat, nice, tidy, clean. 
Trite, stale, old, ordinary, commonplace. 
Triumphant, elated, victorious, exultant. 

Troop, assemblage, multitude, gang, band. 
Troublous, trying, troublesome, agitated. 
Truant, idling, loitering vagabond, shirking. 
Truce, armistice rest, cessation. 

Truck, genuine., actual, sincere, unaffected. 
Truly, sincerely, surely unfailingly. 

Trumpery, trivial, worthless, tawdry. 

Trunk, stem, stalk, body, proboscis, chest, box. 
Trusty, faithful, reliable, strong, firm. 

Truth, fact, reality, veracity, verity, fidelity. 
Trying, experimental, testing, proving. 

Tug, haul, pull, draw, drag, struggle, strive. 
Tumble, fall, topple, drop, rumple, disturb. 
Tumult, ferment, outbreak, brawl, fray, riot. 
Tune, tone, air, melody, strain. 

Turf, clod, sward, peat, sod, horse-racing. 
Turncoat, renegade, trimmer, deserter. 
Turpitude, depravity, vileness, baseness. 

Tutor, teacher, preceptor, instructor, guardian. 
Twirl, turn, whirl, revolve, wind. 

Twit, taint, mock, jeer, jibe, sneer, scoff. 
Tyrannical, cruel, severe, absolute, arbitrary. 
Tyrant, despot, autocrat, oppressor, persecutor. 

Ulterior, farther, more, distant, beyond. 
Ultimate, farthest, last, latest, final, eventual. 
Umbrage, offence, dissatisfaction, displeasure. 
Umpire, referee, arbitrator, judge, arbiter. 
Unanimity, accord, agreement, unity, concord. 
Unadvised, thoughtless, indiscreet, imprudent. 
Unanimous, agreeing, like-minded. 

Unbind, loosen, untie, unfasten, set free. 
Unblemished, pure, spotless, unspotted. 
Unbounded, boundless, excessive, infinite. 
Unbridled, wanton, licentious, dissolute, loose. 
Unceasing, endless, continual, continuous. 
Unclean, dirty, foul, filthy, sullied. 
Unconcerned, careless, indifferent, apathetic. 
Uncouth, strange, odd, clumsy, ungainly. 
Uncover, reveal, strip, expose, lay bare, divest. 
Under, below, underneath, beneath, lower. 
Undergo, bear, suffer, endure, experience. 
Understand, know, comprehend, apprehend. 
Undertake, engage in, embark m, promise. 








202 


SYNONYMS. 


Unfounded, false, groundless, baseless. 
Unfriendly, inhospitable, ungenial, unkind. 
Ungainly, clumsy, awkward, lumbering. 
Unhappiness, misery, wretchedness, distress. 
Uninterrupted, continuous, perpetual, endless. 
Unique, unequalled, uncommon, rare, choice. 
Unite, join, conjoin, combine, connect, add. 
Unison, harmony, concord, agreement, union. 
Unity, oneness, concord, uniformity. 

Universal, general, all, entire, total, catholic. 
Unreasonable, foolish, silly, absurd, ridiculous. 
Unrighteous, wrongful, unjust, unfair. 
Unrivalled, unequalled, unique, unexampled. 
Unroll, unfold, open, discover. 

Unruly,«• ungovernable, unmanageable. 

Unseen, invisible, unnoticed, unperceived. 
Unsettle, disturb, derange, displaced, ruffle. 
Untruth, be, falsehood, fib, fiction, fabrication. 
Unusual, rare, unwonted, singular, uncommon. 
Uphold, maintain, defend, sustain, support. 
Uproar, tumult, row, riot, disturbance, brawl. 
Upset, overturn, overthrow, overbalance. 

Usage, custom, fashion, practice, prescription. 
Use, employ, exercise, occupy, practice, inure. 
Useless, unserviceable, fruitless, idle, profitless. 
Usurp, arrogate, seize, appropriate, assume. 
Utility, benefit, advantage, profit, service. 
Utmost, farthest, remotest, uttermost, greatest. 
Utter, a. extreme, excessive, sheer, mere, pure. 
Utter, v. speak, articulate, pronounce, express. 

Vacancy, chasm, hollow, cavity, opening. 
Vacant, empty, unfilled, unoccupied. 

Vagrant, wanderer, beggar, tramp, vagabond. 
Vain, useless, fruitless, empty, worthless. 
Valiant, brave, bold, valorous, courageous. 

Valor, courage, gallantry, boldness, bravery. 
Valuable, precious, costly, dear, expensive. 
Vanish, disappear, fade, melt, dissolve. 

Vanity, emptiness, conceit, self-conceit. 
Vanquish, defeat, conquer, subdue, surmount. 
Vapid, dull, flat, insipid, stale, tame. 

Vapor, fume, smoke, mist, fog, steam. 

Variation, change, alteration, diversity. 
Variance, disagreement, dissension, jarring. 
Vaunt, boast, bray, puff, hawk, advertise. 

Veil, s. mask, visor, cloak, blind, screen, shade. 
Veil, v. screen, hide, intercept, mask, conceal. 
Velocity, swiftness, quickness, fleetness, speed. 
Vend, sell, retail, dispose of, hawk. 

Venerable, grave, sage, wise, old, reverend. 
Venom, poison, virus, spite, malice, malignity. 
Vent, opening, touch-hole, outlet, utterance. 
Venture, dare, adventure, risk, jeopardize. 
Venturous, venturesome, intrepid, daring, rash. 
Veracity, truth, truthfulness, credibility. 

Verbal, oral, spoken, literal, parole, unwritten. 
Verdict, judgment, finding, decision, answer. 
Versed, skilled, practised, conversant, clever. 
Version, interpretation, reading, rendering. 

Vex, provoke, tease, torment, harass, plague. 
Vibrate, oscillate, swing, sway, wave, thrill. 
Victim, sacrifice, food, prey, sufferer, dupe. 
Victuals, viands, bread, meat, provisions, fare. 
View, thought, notion, sentiment, opinion, end. 
Vigorous, healthy, strong, powerful, energetic. 
Villanous, base, mean, vile, depraved, knavish. 
Vindicate, justify, assert, uphold, support. 
Vindictive, spiteful, resentful, revengeful. 
Virgin, maid, maiden, girl, damsel. 

Virtuous, just, upright, moral, chaste, pure. 
Vision, sight, ghost, apparition, phantom. 

Vital, living, necessary, essential, indispensable. 
Vivacious, lively, brisk, gay, merry, racy. 


Vivid, lively, clear, lucid, bright, sunny. 

Vogue, usage, way, custom, fashion, practice. 
Volume, book, scroll, bulk, size, capacity. 
Voluntary, free, spontaneous, unconstrained 
Vouch, attest, assure, warrant. 

Vulgar, common, general, popular, ordinary. 
Vulnerable, assailable, weak, exposed, tender. 

Waft, transport, bear, convey. 

Wage, make, carry on, engage in, undertake. 
Waggish, frolicsome, funny, jocular, sportive. 
Waive, forego, relinquish, let go. 

Wake, waken, awaken, arouse, stir up, excite.. 
Wakeful, wary, sleepless, watchful, vigilant. 
Wander, stroll, ramble, gad, rove, roam, urge. 
Wandering, vagrant, roving, strolling. 

Warlike, bellicose, martial, military. 

Ward, avert, parry, fend, repel, turn aside. 
Warm, affectionate, attached, devoted, ardent. 
Warning, notice, caution, admonition. 

Warrant, guarantee, insure, assure, secure. 
Wary, careful, cautious, circumspect, prudent. 
Wash, clean, rinse, wet, moisten, stain, tint. 
Watchful, alert, vigilant, attentive, cautious. 
Waver, hesitate, scruple, fluctuate, vacillate. 
Wavering, unsteady, unsettled, fluctuating. 
Way, method, plan, system, means, manner. 
Wayward, fro ward, obstinate, stubborn, unruly 
Weak, feeble, infirm, enfeebled, debilitated. 
Weaken, enfeeble, debilitate, unnerve, dilute. 
Weakness, feebleness, infirmity, frailty, defect. 
Weal, prosperity, welfare, advantage, well-being 
Wealth, riches, opulence, affluence, plenty. 
Wear, bear, carry, last, consume. 

Wearied, worn, tired, fagged, fatigued. 
Wearisome, tiresome, toilsome, laborious 
Wedding, marriage, nuptials, espousals. 

Weep, bewail, deplore, bemoan, grieve, moan. 
Weight, heaviness, pressure, oppression, load. 
Wheedle, coax, cajole, flatter, entice, decoy. 
Whereas, seeing, since, inasmuch as. 

Whet, sharpen, incite, excite, provoke. 

Whirl, turn, revolve, rotate, wheel, veer, spin. 
Wholesome, nutritious, healthy, salubrious. 
Wide, broad, ample, large, expanded, diffuse. 
Wilful, perverse, stubborn, self-willed. 

Wilfully, designedly, purposely, intentionally. 
Willingly, involuntarily, spontaneously. 

Wing, fly, mount, ascend, soar, tower. • 

Wisdom, sense, knowledge, learning, prudence 
Wish, desire, long for, yearn, hanker, covet. 
Withstand, oppose, resist, thwart, confront. 
AVizard, juggler, magician, conjuror, sorcerer. 
AVoe, distress, sorrow, affliction, disaster. 

Work, labor, toil, drudge, strive, exert, ply. 
Workmanship, handiwork, handicraft. 

Worry, plague, tease, torment, vex, annoy. 
Worth, price, value, rate, desert, merit, virtue. 
AVorthless, useless, valueless, frivolous, corrupt 
Wrap, muffle, envelop, fold, encase. 
Wretchedness, misery, woe, distress. 

Wring, twist, wrench, wrest, distort, squeeze. 
AVriter, scribe, penman, author, scribbler. 
Wrong, abuse, injure, maltreat, oppress. 
AVrongful, unjust, unfair, dishonest, iniquitous. 
AVry, distorted, awry, crooked. 

Yearn, hanker after, long for, desire, crave. 
Yearly, annually, year by year, per annum. 
Youth, boy, lad, minority, adolescence. 
Youthful, young, juvenile, boyish, girlish. 

Zeal, energy, fervor, ardor, earnestness. 

Zest, relish, gusto, flavor. 











MISPRONOUNCED WORDS 


Abdomen, ab-do'men, not ab'do-men. 
Abjectly, ab'ject-ll, not ab-ject'll. So Ab-ject- 
ness. 

Ablative, ab'la-tiv, not ab'l-tiv. 

Absolutory, ab-sol'u-to-rl, not ab-so lu'to-rl. 
Absolve, ab-zolv' or ab-solz'. So Ab-solved'. 
Abstemious, ab-ste'ml-us, not ab-stem'I-us. 
Abstractly, ab'strakt-ll or ab-strakt'-ll. 
Abstruse, ab-stroOs', not ab-strus'. 

Accent ( verb ), ak-sent', not ak'sent. 

Access, ak-ses' or ak'-ses. 

Accessory, ak'ses-so-rl or ak-ses'so-rl. 
Acclimate, ak-kli'mat, not ak'kll-mat. 
Acclimatize, ak-kli'ma-tiz, not ak'kli-ma-txz. 
Accost, ak-kost', not ak-kawst'. 

Accoutre, ak-koo'ter, not ak-kow'ter. 

Accrue, ak-kroo', notak-kru'. 

Acetic, a-set'ik or a-se'tik. 

Acetify, a-set'T-fi or a-se'tl-fl. 

Abjectival, ad'jek-tiv-al or ad-jek-ti'val. 
Admirable, ad'ml-ra-bl, not ad-mi'ra-bl. SoAd'- 
mi-ra-bly 

Adult, a-dult’. not ad'ult. 

Adverse, ad vers, not ad-vers'. So ad'verse-ly. 
Advertise, ad ver-tiz or ad-ver-tiz'. So ad-ver- 
tis'er. 

Advertisement, ad-ver'tiz-ment or ad-ver-tiz'- 
ment, 

iEneid, e-ne'id, not e'ne-id. 

Aerated, a'er-at-ed, not ar'at ed nor a're-at-ed. 
Aerie, e'rl or a'rl. 

Aerolite, aer-o-llt, not a-Or'o-lit. 

Aeronaut, aOr-o-nawt, not a-Or'o-nawt. 
Afflatus, af-fla'tus, not af-fla'tus. 

Again, a-gen', not a-gan' nor a-gin'. 

Agape, a-giip' or a-gap'. 

Aged, a'jed, not ajd, except in compounds, as 
full-aged. 

Aggrandize, ag'gran-diz, not ag-gran'diz. 
Aggrandizement, ag'gran-diz-ment or ag-gran'- 
dlz-ment. 

Agile, aj'Il, not aj'il nor a'jll. 

Agriculturist, ag-U-kult/ur-ist, not ag-rl-kuh'ur- 
al-ist. 

Ague, a'gu, not a'goo. 

Alabaster, ai'a bas-ter. not dl-a-bas'ter. 

Alarum, a-lar'um or a-l&r'uin. 

Albumen, al-bu'men, not al'bu-men. 

Alcove, al'kOv or dl-kov'. 

Aldebaran, ai-deb'a-ran, not dl-de-ba'ran. 
Aldermanic, avvl-der-man'ik, not dl-der-man'ik. 
Aldine, dl'dln or dl'din, not dl-den'. 
Alexandrine, ai-eks-an'drin, not ai-eks-an'drln. 
Algebra, al'je-bra, 7iot, al'je-bra. 

Alien, al'yen, not a'll-en. 

Aliment, ai'i-ment, not al'I-ment. 

Alkali, al'ka-li or al'ka-li. 

Alkalify, al-kal'I-fl or al'ka-li-fl. 

Alkaline, al'ka-lln or al'ka-lln. 

Allegiance, al-le'jance or al-le'ji-ance. 


Allegorist, al'le-go-rist, not al-le-go rist. 

Allegro [It.], al-le'gro or al-la'gro, not al'le-gro. 
Allies (noun and verb), al'llz', not al'llz. 
Allopatliist, al-lop'a-thist, not al'lo-path-ist. 
Allopathy, al-lop'a-thl, not al'lo-path-I. 

Ally (noun and verb), al-ir, not al'll nor al'll. 
Almond, a'mund, not al'mund. 

Alms, amz, not almz nor amz. 

Alpaca, al-pak'a, not al-a-pak'a. 

Alpine, al'pln or al'pln, not al'pen. 

Also, awl'so, not 61'so. 

Altercate, ai'ter-kat, not awl-ter'kat. So al-ter- 
ca'tion. 

Alternate ( adj .), ai-ter'nat, not awl-ter'nat. So 
al-ter'nate-ly, al-ter-na'tion. 

Alternate, (verb), ai-ter'nat, or ai'ter-nat. 
Always, awl'waz, not awl'wuz, nor Ol'wuz. 
Amateur, am-a-tur' or am-a-tur', not am'a-toor. 
Ambrosia, am-bro'zhl-a or am-bro'zlia. 
Ambrosial, am-bro'zlil-al or am-bro'zhal. 
Ameliorate, a-mel'yo-rat, not a-mel'I-o-rat. So- 
a-mel-io-ra'tion. 

Amenable, a-me'na-bl, not a-men'a-bl. 

Amenity, a-men'I-tl, not a-me'nl-tjf. 

America, A-m6r-I-ka, not A-m6r'I-kI, 

Amour, a-moor', not am'oor. 

Ancestral, an'ses-tral or an-ses'tral. 

Anchovy, an-cho'vl, not an'cho-vl nor an-ko'vl. 
Ancient, an'shent, not an'shent. 

And, and, not an. 

Anemone, a-nem'o-ne, not an-e-mo'ne. 

Angel, an'jel, not ftn'jl. 

Animadvert, an-i-mad-vert', not an-I-mad'vert. 
Annihilate, an-ni'hl-lat, not an-nl'lat. 

Another, an-uth'er, not a-nuth'er. 

Answer, an'ser, not an'ser nor an'swer. 
Antarctic, ant-ark'tik, not ant-ar'tik. 
Antepenult, an-te-pe-nult', not an-te-pe'nult. 
Antifebrile, an-ti-feb'ril or an-ti-fe'bril. 
Antipodes, an-tip'o-dez, not an ti-podz. 

Anxiety, angz-i'e-tl, not anks-i'e-tl. 

Anywhere, en'I-hwar, not en'I-hwarz. 

Aorist, a'o-rist, not a-o'rist. 

Aperture, ap'er-tur not a-per'tur. 

Aphelion, a-fe IT-on. not a-fel'yon. 

Aphthong, ap'thong or af'thong. 

Apostle, a-pos'l, not a-pos'tl nor a-paws'l. 
Apotheosis, ap-o-the'o-sis, not ap-o-the-o'sis. 
Appalachian, ap-pa-la'chl-an, not ap-pa-ld'kl-an- 
Apparatus, ap-pa-ra'tus, not ap-pa-ra'tus. 
Apparent, ap-par'ent, not ap-pa'rent. 
Applicative, ap'pll-ka-tiv. not ap-plik'a-tiv. 
Appreciate, ap-pre'shl-at, not ap-pre'shat. 
Apprentice, ap-pren'tis, not ap-prin'tis. 
Approbative, ap'pro-ba-tiv, not ap-pro-ba’tiv. 
Apricot, a'prl-kot, not ap'rl-kot. 

Apron, a'purn, or a'prun. 

Aqueduct, ak'we-dukt, not ak'we-dukt, 

Aquiline, ak'we-lin or ak'vve-lln, 

Arab, Ar'ab or a'rab. 


ale, eat. Ice, Old, use, ooze, good, 


and, Ond, ill, On, Op, arm, fare, ow-1, th-e n, th-in, get, cli-op, li-er. 








204 


M IS PRO NO U N( ’ED \V<) R RS. 


Arabic, ar'a-bik, not a-ra'bik. 

Archangel, ark-an'jel, not arcli-an'jel. 
Archbishop, arch-bish'op, not ark'bish-op, 
Archetype, ar'ke-tlp, not ar'che-tlp. 
Archipelago, ar-ki-pel'a-go, not arch-I-pel'a-go. 
Architect, ar'kl-tekt, not arch'i-tekt. So ar-clii- 
tect'ure. 

Archives, ar'klvz, not ar'chlvz. 

Arctic, ark'tik, not ar'tik. 

Arduous, ar'du-us, not ar'doo-us. 

Are, ar, not aur, 

Area, a're-a, not a-re'a. 

Arid, ar'id, not ar'id nor a'rid. 

Aristocrat, a-ris'to-krat or ar'is-to-krat. 

Armada, ar-ma'da, no: ar-m.'i/da, 

Armistice, ar'mis-tis, not ar-mis'tis. 

Aroma, a-ro'ma, not £ir'o-ma. 

Aromatize, a-ro'ma-tlz cr ar'o-ma-tlz. 

Arqucbuse, ar'kwe-bks, not ar'kwe-bus. 
Arrange, fir-ranj', not ar-ranj'. 

Arrogant, Ar'ro-gant, not i.r'ro-gant. 

Arrow, ftr'ro, not ar'ro. 

Arsenic, ar'sen-ik or ars'nik. 

Artery, ar'ter-I, not ar-trf. 

Asia, a'shi-a, not a'zlia, nor a'zhe-a. 

Asiatic, a-shl-at'ik, not a-zhe-at'ik, 

Aspirant, as-plr'ant. not as'pi-rant. 

Aspirate, as'pl-r&t, not as-plr'at. 

Assets, as'sets, not as-sets'. 

Associate, as-so'shl-at, not as-so'shat. 
Association, as-so-shl-a'shun, not as-so-se-a'shun. 
Asked, askt, not ast. 

Asthma, ast'ma or az'ma. So asth-mat'ic. 
Asylum, a-sl'lum, not as'l-lum. 

Asymptote, as'imp-t.It, not as-imp'tot. 

Ate, at or et. 

Athenaeum, ath-e-ne'um, not a-the'ne-um. 
Attacked, at-takt', not at-tak'ted. 

Attorney, at-tur'ne, not at-tor'nc. 

Auction, awk'slnm, not ork'shun. 

Audacious, aw-da'shus, not avv-dash us. 
Audience, au'dl-ence, not avv'ji-ence. 

Aunt, ant, not ant. 

Aureola, au-re'o-la, not au-re-o'la. 

Aurora borealis, aw-ro'ra-bo-re-a'lis, not au-ro'- 
ar-bo-re-a'lis, 

Auxiliary, awgz-il'ya-rl, not awgz-il'i-a-rl. 
Avalanche, av'a-lansh or av-a-lansh'. 

Avaunt, a-vawnt', not a-vant'. 

Avenue, av'e-nu, not av'e-noo. 

Awful, aw'fdol, net aw'd nor or'fl. 

Awkward, awk'ward, not ork'ard. 

Awry, a-rl', not aw-rl'. 

Axiom, ak'sl-um or aks'yum. 

Ay or Aye (yes), al, not a. 

Aye (always), a, not I. 

Azote, az'ot or a'zot. 

Azure, a'zliur or azh'ur. 

Bachelor, bacli'el-or, not bach'ler. 

Bade, bad, not bad. 

Badinage, bad-I-nazh' or bad'I-nazh, not bad'- 
in-aj. 

Balcony, bal'ko-nl, formerly bal-ko'nf. 
Balderdash, bawl'der-dash, not bdl'der-dash. 


Ballet, [Fr.], bal'la or bal'let. 

Balm, bam, not balm nor bam. 

Balsam, bawl'sam, not balsam. 

Balsamic, bai-sam'ie, not bawl-sam'ic. 

Banana, ba-na'na or ba-na'na. 

Banian, ban'yan or ban-yan'. 

Barbarous, bar'ba-rus, not bar-ba'ri-us. 

Barrel, bar'rel, not bar'ril nor bark 
Barouche, ba-roosh', not ba-rboch'. 

Basalt, ba-sawlt', not ba-zawlt'. 

Basket, bas'ket, not bas'kit. 

Bastile, bas-tel' or bas'tel. 

Bastinado, bas-tl-na'do, not bas-tl-na'do. 

Bath, bath, not bdth. 

Baths, bii^/iz, not baths nor btlths. 

Beauteous, bu'te-us, not bu'che-us. 

Beautiful, bu'tl-fbbl, not be-u'tl-foOl. 

Because, be-kawz', not be'kbz'. 

Bedizen, be-dlz'n or be-dlz'n. 

Bedstead, bed'sted, not bed'stid. 

Beelzebub, be-el'ze-b.ub, not bel'ze-bub. 

Been, bin, not ben. 

Before, be-for', not bu-for'. 

Begone, be-gon', not be-gawn'. 

Behalf, be-haf', not be-haf'. 

Behemoth, be'he-moth, not be-he'moth. 

Belial, bel'yal or be'li-al. 

Believe, be-lev', not blev. 

Bellows, bel'lus, not bel'loz. 

Beloved, (adj.) be-luv'ed; (verb) be-luvd'. 
Beneath, be-neth', not be-neth'. 

Benzine, ben'zin, commonly ben-zen'. 
Bequeath, be-kwef/F, not be-kweth'. 

Bestial, best'yal or best'I-al. 

Bestiality, best-ye-al'T-tl or best-yal'l-tl. 
Bestrew, be-stroo or be-strO'. 

Betroth, be-trbth', not be-trOth'. So be-trotli'at. 
Bevel, bev'el, not bev’l. 

Beyond, be-yond', not be-yund'. 

Biennial, bl-en'ni-al, not bi-en'yal. 

Binary, bl'na-rl, not bin'a-rf nor bi-na'rl. 
Binomial, bl-no'ml-al, not bl-no'ml-al. 
Biography, bi-og'ra-fl, not bl-og'ra-fl. 

Bipartite, bip'ar-tlt cr bl-par'tlt. 

Bison, bi'sun or biz'un. 

Bissextile, bis-seks'til or bis-seks'tll. 

Bitumen, bl-tu'men, not bit'u-men. 

Bivouac, biv'wak or biv'OO-ak. 

Blackguard, blag'ard, not blak'gard. 
Blasphemous, blas'fe-mus, not blas-fe'mus. 
Blasphemy, blas'fe-ml, not blas-fe'ml. 

Blatant, bla'tant, not biat'ant. 

Bleat, blet, not blast (a prolonged). 

Blessed (adj.), bles'ed, not blest. 

Blithe, blit/i, not blltli. 

Blouse, blowz, not blows. 

Boatswain, bot'swan or bos'n. 

Boisterous, bois'ter-us, not bois'trus. 

Bomb, bum, not bom. 

Bombast, bum'bast or bum bast', not bom'bast. 
So Bom-bas'tic. 

Bombazine, bum-ba-zen', not bom-ba-zen'. 
Bonnet, bon'et, not bun'et. 

Booth, booth, not booth. 

Borealis, bo-re-a'lis, not bo-re-a'lis. 


ale, cat, Ice, old, use, ooze, good, and, end, ill, on, up, arm, fare, ow-1, th- cn, thin, get, ch op, h-er. 














MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


205 


Bosom, bMz'um or bdoz'um, not bdbz'm. 
Bounteous, bown'te-us, not bown'che-us. 
Bouquet, boo-ka' or boo'ka, not bo-ka'. 

Bourn, born or boorn. 

Bowline, bo'lln, not bowl'In. 

Bowling, bol'ing, not bowl'ing. 

Bowsprit, bo'sprit, not bow'sprit. 

Bramin, bra'min, not bra'min. 

Bravado, bra-va'do, not bra-va'do. 

Bravo, bra'vo or br&'vo. 

Breeches, brlcli'ez, not brech'ez. Sobreech'ing 
Brethren, bref/Pren, not breUPer-en. 

Breviary, br&v'ya-rl or bre'vi-a-rl. 

Brew, broo, not bru. 

Brigand, brig'and, not brl-g&nd'. 

Brigantine, brig'an-tin, not brig'an-tin. 

Bromide, bro'mld, not bro'mld. 

Bromine, bro'min, not bro'mln. 

Bronchitis, bron-lu'tis, not bron-ke'tis. 

Bronze, bronz or bronz. 

Brooch, broch, not brooch, 

Broth, broth or brawth. 

Brothel, brOf/Pel, not brOth'el. 

Brougham, broo'am or broom. 

Bruit, broot, not broo'it. 

Brutal, broo'tal, not bru'tl. 

Brute, broot, not brut. 

Buddhism, boikl'izm or bud'izm. 

Bulletin, b001'e-tin or bbbl'e-ten. 

Bulwark, bddl'wark, not bul'wark, 

Buoy, bwoi, not boi nor boot. 

Buoyant, bwoi'ant, not boi'ant nor bool'ant. 

So buoy'an-cy. 

Bureau, bu'ro or bu-ro'. 

Burgundy, bur'gun-dl, not bur-gun'dl. 

Bushel, bddsh'el, not bddsh'l. 

Business, biz'nes, not biz'I-nes. 

Bustle, bus'l, not bus'tl. 

Butcher, booch'er, not boo'cher. 

Byzantine, biz'an-tin or bl-zan'tln. 

Cadi, ka'dl, not ka'dl. 

Caisson, kas'son or ka-soon'. 

Calcine, kal-sln' or kal'sTn. 

Caldron, kawl'dron, not k&l'dron. 

Calf, kiif, not kMf (it prolonged.) 

Calisthenics, kal-is-then'iks, not kal-is'then-iks. 
Calliope, kall-li'o-pe, not kal-ll-o'pe. 

Calm, kiim, not kdin. 

Caloric, ka-16r'rik or ka-lo'rik, not kai'o-rik. 
Calve, kav, not kahv (A prolonged). 

Calyx, ka'liks or kal'iks. 

Camelopard, ka-mel'o-pard, not kam-el-lep'ard. 
Camphene, kam-fen' or kam'fen. 

Camphor, kam'for, not kam'flr.J 
Can, kan, not ken. 

Canaanite, ka'ndn-It, not ka'na-fin-Tt. 

Canaille [Fr.], ka-nfil' or ka-na'il, not ka-nel'. 
Canine, ka-nln' not ka'nln. 

Canorous, ka-no'rus, not kan'o-rus. 

Cantata,'[It.], kan-ta'ta or kan-ta'ta. 
Caoutchouc, koo'chdbk, not ka'oo-chbok. 
Capillary, kap'il-la-rl or ka-pil'la-rl. 

Capitoline, kap'I-to-lln,, not kap-l-to'lln. 

Capon, ka'pn, not ka'pon. 

ale, eat, Tee, old, use, ooze, godd, and, dnd, Ill, 


Caravan, kiir'a-van or kar-a-van'. 

Carbine, kar'bln, not kar'bin. 

Carbonaceous, kar-bo-na'slms, not kar-bo-na'- 
se-us. 

Caret, ka'ret, not kiir'et. 

Caribbean, kar-ib-be'an, not ka-rib'be-an. 
Caricature, kftr'I-ka-tur, not khr'l-ka-choor. 
Carmine, kar'min or kar-mln'. 

Carry, k&r'rl, not ker'rl. 

Cartel, car-tel' or car'tel. 

Carthaginian, kar-tha-jin'I-an, not kar-tlia-jen'I- 
an. 

Cartridge, kar’trij, not kat'rij. 

Casement, kaz'ment or kas'inent. 

Cassimere, kas'si-mer, not kaz'i-mer. 

Cassiopea, kas-sl-o-pe'a, not kas-sl-o'pe-a. 
Castanet, kas'ta-net or kas-ta-net'. 

Castle, kas’l ; not kas'tl. 

Casual, kazh'u-al, not kaz'u-al. So cas'u-ist. 
Casualty, kazh'u-al-tl, not kazh-u-al'I-tl. 

Catch, kilch, not kdch. 

Catechumen, kat-e-ku'men, not kat-e-chu'men. 
Caucasian, kaw-ka'shan, not kaw-kash'an. 
Caudal, kau'dal, not kau'dl. 

Cayenne, ka-en', not kl-en' nor kl-an'. 

Celibacy, sel'i-ba-si or se-lib'a-sl. 

Cellar, sel'ler, not sul'ler. 

Cement, [noun), sem'ent or se-ment'. 

Cement, ( verb ), se-ment', not sem'ent. 

Cemetery, sem'e-tSr-I, not sem'e-trl. 

Centenary, sen'te-na-rl, not sen-ten'a-rl. 
Centrifugal, sen-trif'u-gal, not sen-trl-fu'gal. 
Centripetal, sen-trip'e-tal, not sen-trl-pe'tal. 
Cephalic, se-fal'ik, not sef'al-ik. 

Cerate, se'rat, not sdr'at. 

Cerements, ser'ments, not sSr'e-ments. 

Certain, ser'tin, not sert'n. 

Cervine, ser'vln, not ser'vln. 

Chagrin, sha-gren' or sha-grln'. 

Chalcedony, kal-sed'o-nl or kal'se-do-nl. 
Chaldron, chawl'drun or ch&l'dron. 

Chalybeate, ka-lib'e-at, not cha-lib'e-at. 

Cham, kam, not chain. 

Chamber, cham'ber, not chdm'ber. 

Chamois, sliam'I or sha-moi'. 

Champ, champ, not chomp. 

Chaos, ka'os, not ka'us, nor clia'os. 

Character, kar'ak-ter, not ka-rak'ter. 
Characteristic, kdr-ak-ter-is'tik, not krak'ter-is- 
tik. 

Chasm, lcazm, not kaz'um. 

Chasten, cnas'n, not chas'n. 

Chastisement, chas'tlz-ment, not chas-tlz'ment. 
Chemise, she-mez', not she-mes'. 

Chemistry, kem'is-trl or kim'is-trT. 

Chest, chest, not chist. 

Chew, clioo, not chu. 

Chicanery, she-kan'er-I, not shl-kan'er-I. 
Chicken, chick'en, not chick'n nor cliick'ing. 
Child, child, not dill. 

Children, cliil'dren, not chil'durn. 

Chimera, kl-me'ra not chl-me'ra. 

Chimerical, kl-m6r'ik-al, not chl-mer'ik-al. 
Chimney, chim'nT, not chim'll nor chim'bll. 
Chimpanzee, cliim-pan'ze, not shim-pan'ze. 

in, up, arm, fare, ow-1, f/t-en, thin, get, ch op, h-er. 














506 


MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


Chinese, chi-nez', not chi nes', 

Chirography, kl-rog'ra-fl, not chl-rog'ra-fl nor 
klr-og'ra-fl. 

Chiropodist, kl-rop'o-dist, 7iot clu-rop'o-dist. So 
clii-rop'o-dy. 

Chisel, chiz'el, not chiz'l. 

Chivalric, shl-val'rik or shlv'al-rik. 

Chivalrous, shiv'al-rus, not slil-val'rus. 

Chivalry, shiv'al-rl or chiv'al-rl. 

Chloride, klo'rld, not klo'rld. 

Chlorine, klo'rin, not klo'rTn. 

Chocolate, chok'o-lat, not chawk'o-lat. 
Christianity, krist-yan'I-tl or kris-tl-ftn'I-tl. 
Christmas, kris'mas, not krist'mas. 
Chronological, krOn-o-loj'Ik-al or kro-no-loj'ik-al 
Chyle, kil, not chll. 

Cicatrice, sik'a-trls, not sik'a-trls. 

Cinchona, sin-ko'na, not sin-cho'na. 

Circuitous, sur-ku'it-us, not sur'kit-us. 

Citizen, sit'T-zn, not sit'i-zen. 

Civil, siv'il, not siv'l. 

Clandestine, klan-des'tln, not klan-des'tln. 
Clangor, klang'gor, not klang'or. So Clang'or- 
ous. 

Clapboard, klab'bord, not klab'urd. 

Cleanly ( ajd .), klen'li. 

Cleanly ( adverb ), klen'li. 

Clerk, klerk or klark. The latter is universal in 
England, the former in the United States. 
Climateric, kli-mak-t&r'ik or kli-mak'ter-ik. 
Clinch, klinch, not klench. 

Cloth, klOth or klawth. 

Cloths, klOf/iz or klawf/iz, not klOths. 

Clothes, klof/iz, colloquially kloz. 

Coadjutant, ko-ad'ju-tant, not ko-ad-ju'tant. 
Coadjutor, ko-ad-ju'tor, not ko-aj'u-tor. 

Cobalt, ko'bawlt or ko'bolt. 

Cochineal, kOch'i-nel, not koch'i-nel. 

Cockatrice, kok'a-trlce, not kok'a-trls. 
Cockswain, kok'swan or kok'sn. 

Co-exist, ko-egz-ist', not ko-eks-ist'. 

Coffee, kof'e, not kaw'fe. 

Coffin, kof'in, not kawf'in. 

Cognizance, kog'nl-zance or kon'I-zance. 
Cognizant, kog'nl-zant or kon'I-zant. 

Colcliicum, kol'ki-kum or kol'clil-kum. 

Coliseum, kol-i-se'um, not kol-iz'e-um. 

Collation, kol-la'shun, not co-la'shun. 

Collusive, kol-lu'siv, not kol-lu'ziv. 

Colon, ko'lon, not ko'ln. 

Colportage, col'port-aj, not col-port'aj. 

Colporter, col'port-er, not col port'er. 

Column, kol'um, not kol'yum. 

Comatose, ko'ma-tos or kom-a-tos'. 

Combat ( noun and verb), kom'bat or kum'bat. 
Combatable, kom'ba-ta-bl or kum'ba-ta-bl or 
kom-bat'a-bl. 

Combatant, kom'ba-tant or kum'ba-tant, not 
kom-bat'ant. 

Combative, kom'ba-tiv or kum'ba-tiv, not kom- 
bat'iv. So com'bat-ive-ness. 

Comely, kum'li, not kom'll. So Com'li-ness. 
Commensurable, kom-men'-shoo-ra-bl, not lcom 
men'zhoo-ra-bl. So com-men-su-ra-bil'i-ty 
com-men'su-rate, com-men-su-ra'tion. 


Comment ( verb and noun), kom'ment, not kom- 
ment'. 

Commiserate, kom-miz'er-at, not kom-mis'er-fit. 
Commonwealth, kom'mon-welth or kom-mon- 
welth'. 

Communist, kom'mu-nist, not kom-mu'nist. 
Comose, ko-mos' or ko'mos. 

Comparable, kom'pa-ra-bl, not kom-par'a-bl. 
Compeer, kom-per', not kom'per, 

Compensate, kom-pen'sat or kom'pen-sfit. 
Compensative, kom-pen'sa-tiv, not kom'pen-sa- 
tiv. 

Complaisance, kom-pla-zance' or kom'pla-zance,, 
not kom-pla'sance. 

Complaisant, kom-pla-zant' or kom'pla-zant, not 
kom-pla'sant. 

Component, kom-po'nent, not kom'po-nent. 
Composite, kom-poz'It, not kom'po-zit. 

Compost, kom'post, not kom'post. 

Compromise, kom'pro-nilz, not kom-prom'is. 
Comrade, kom'rad, not kom'rad nor kum'rad. 
Concave, kong'kav, not kon'kav. 

Concentrate, kon-sen'trat or kon'sen-trat. 
Concise, konsls', not kon-slz'. 

Conclusive, kon-klu'siv, not kon-klu'ziv. 
Concourse, kong'kors, not kon'kors. 

Concrete ( adj . and nowi ), kong'kret or kon'- 
kret. 

Concubinage, kon-ku'bi-naj, r.ot kon'ku-bl-naj. 
Condemner, kon-dem'ner not kon-dem'er. 
Condemning, kon-dem'ning, not kon-dem'ing. 
Condolence, kon-do'lence, not kon'do-lence. 
Conduit, kun'dit or kon'dir. 

Confessor, kon-fes'ur or kon'fes-ur. 

Confidant, kon-fl-dant', not kon'fl-dant. 

Confine (noun), kon'fin or kon-fln'. 

Confiscate, kon-fis'kat or kon'fls-kat. 

Confluent, kon'flu-ent, not kon-flu'ent. 

Confront, kon-frunt', not kon-front'. 

Congenial, kon-jtn'I-al or kon-jen'yal. Socon- 
genial'ity. 

Congruent, kong'groo-ent, not kon-groo'ent. So 
con'gru-ence. 

Conjure, (to practice magic), [kun'jur, noCkon'- 
jur. 

Connate, kon-nat' or kon'nat. 

Connoisseur, kon-nis-sur' or kon-nis-sur'. 
Conquer, kong'ker, not kon'ker nor kon'kwer. 
Conquerer, kong'ker-er, not kongk'rer. 
Conservator, kon'ser-va-tor or kon-ser-va'tor. 
Considerable, kon-sid'er-a-bl, not kon-sid'ra-bl. 
Consistory, kon'sis-to-ri or kon-sis'to-rl. 

Consols, kon-solz' or kon'solz. 

Conspiracy, kon-spir'a-sl, not kon-spi'ra-sf. 
Construe, kon'stroo, not kon-stroo' nor kon'- 
ster. 

Consummate (verb), kon-sum'mat or kon'sum- 
mat. 

Consummate (adj.) kon-sum'mat, not kon'sum- 
mat. 

Contemner, kon-tem'ner, not kon-tem'er. So 
con-tem'ning. 

Contemplate, kon-tem'plat or kon'tem-plat. 
Contemplator, kon-tem'pla-tor, or kon'tem-pla- 
tor. 


ale, eat, Ice, Old, use, ooze, gOOd, find, Ond, Ill, On, up, arm, fare, ow-1, th-e n, th in, get, cli-op, h-er. 












MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


207 


Contents, kon-tents'*or kon'tbnts. 

Contoui, kon-tdor', not kon'toor. 

Contribute, kon-trib'dt, not kon'trl-but nor kon- 
trib'fit. 

Contrary, kon'tra-rl, not kon'trl nor kon-tra'rl. 
Controvert, kon'tro-vert, not kon-tro-vert'. 
Contumacy kon'tu-ma-sl, not kon-tu'ma-sl 
Contumely, kon'tu-me-11, not kon-tu'me-11. 
Convenient, kon-ven'yent or kon-ven'I-ent. 
convenience. 

Conversant, kon'ver-sant, not kon-ver'sant. 
Conversely, kon'vers-ll or kon-vers'll 
Convex, kon'veks, not kon-veks'. So con'vex-ly. 
Convivial, kon-viv'I-al or kon-viv'yal. 

Convoy {verb), kon-voy' {noun), kon'voy. 

Cony, ko'nl, eolloquially kun I. 

Cooper, kooper or kdtiper 
Copaiba, ko-pa'ba not ko pe'ba, 

Coquet, {verb), ko-ket', not ko-kwet'. 

Coquette, (noun), ko-ket', not ko-kwet'. 
Coquetfy, ko-ket'rl, not ko'ket-rl. 

Coral, kor'al, not ko'ral. 

Cordial, kord'yal or kor dl-al. So cordial'ity. 
Corollary, kor'ol-la-rl, not ko-rol'la-rl. 

Coronal, kor'o-nal or ko-ro nal. 

Corridor, kor'rl-dor, not kor'rl-dor. 

Corse, kors or kors. 

Coruscote, ko-rus'kat, or kor'us-kat. 

Corvine, kor'vin, not kor'vln. 

Cost, kdst or kawst. So cost'ly. 

Costume, kostum' or kos'tum. 

Coterie, ko-te-re', not ko'te-re nor kOt'er-e. 
Cotyledon, kot-I-le'don, not ko-tl-le'don. 
Cotyledonous, kot-I-led'on-us or ko-tl-le'don-us. 
Coupon, koo'pon, not ku'pon. 

Courier, koo'rl-er, not kur'rl-er nor koo'rer. 
Courteous, kurt'e-us or kort'yus. 

Courtesan, kurt'e-zan, kurt-e-zan or kort-e-zan. 
Courtesy {a depression of the body), kurt'sl, 
nofkurce'I. 

Covenant, kuv'e-nant, not kov'e-nant. 

Covetous, kuv'et-us, not kuv'e-chus. 

Cowardice, kow'ar-dlce, not kow'ar-dlce. 
Cranberry, kran'b6r-rl, not kram'brl. 

Braunch, kranch, not krawnch. 

Credence, kre'dence, not krld'ence. 

Creek, krek, not krik. 

Crept, krept, not krep. 

Crinoline, krin'o-lln or krin'o-lln. 

Crocodile, krok'o-dll, not krok'o-dll. 

Crouch, krowch, not krooch. 

Crude, krood, not krud. 

Cruel, kroo'el, not kru'el. 

Cruise {to sail to and fro), krooz, not kroos. 
Crupper, krup'er or krddp'er. 

Cruse, kroos, not krooz. 

Cucumber, ku'kum-ber, not kow'kum-ber. 
Cuirass, kwe-ras' or kwe'ras. 

Culinary, ku'll-na-rl, not kul'I-na-rl. 

Cupola, ku'po-la, not ku'pa-lo. 

Curator, ku-ra'tor, not ku'ra-tor. 

Current, kur'rent, not kurnt. 

Cursed {adj.), kur'sed, not kurst. 

Curtain, kur'tm, not kurt'n. 

Cushion, kdosh'un, not kwish'un. 

ale, Sat, Ice, old, use 


Cyclopean, si-klo-pe'an, not si-klo'pe-an. 
Cynosure, si'no-shoor or sin'o-shoor. 

Daguerreotype, da-ger'o-tlp, not da-g6r'e- 
o-tlp. 

Dahlia, ddl'ya or dal'ya. 

Damning, dam'ning, not dam'ing. 

Dandelion, dan'de-li-on or dan-de-li'on. not dan 
de-lln. 

Danish, dan'ish, not dan'ish 
Data, da'ta, not da'ta. 

Daub, dawb, not dob. 

Daunt dant, not davvnt. 

Deaf, d£f, not def. So deaf'en. 

Decade, dek'ad, not dek-ad'. 

Decadence, de-ka'dence, not dek'a-dence. 
Decantation, de-kan-ta'shun or dek-an-ta'shun. 
Declarative, de-kldr'a-tlv, not de-klar'a-tlv. 
Decorous, de-ko'rus or dek'o-rus. 

Decrepit, de-krep'it, not de-krep'id. 

Defalcate, de-fdl'kat, not def'dl-kat nor de- 
fawl'kat. 

Defalcation, de-fai-ka'sliun or def-al-ka-shun. 
Deficit, def'I-sit, not de-fis'it. 

Defile, {noun), de-fil' or de'fil. 

Delivery, de-liv'er-I, not de-liv'ri. 

Demise, de-mlz, not de-mis'. 

Demonstrate, de-mon'strat or dem'on-strat. 
Denationalize, de-nash'un-al-lz, not de-na'shun- 
al-Iz. 

Denudation, den-u-da’shun or de-nu-da'shnn. 
Denunciate, de-nun'shl-at, not de-mm'shat. 
Depends, de-pends', not de-nenz'. 

Deposition, dep-o-zish'un or de-po-sizh'un. 
Depot, de-po' 01 da-po', but commonly de'po. 
Depreciate, de-pre'slil-at, not de-pre'shat. 
Depths, depths, not deps nor debtlis. 

Deputy, dep'u-tl, not deb'u-tl. 

Derelict, d6r'-e-likt, not d&r-e-likt'. 

Dereliction, dSr-e-lik'shun, not d6r-e-lek'shun. 
Derisive, de-ri-slv, not de-ri'ztv. 

Desiccate, de-sik'kat or des'ik-kat. 

Design {noun and verb), de-sin' or de-zln'. 
Designate, des'ig-nat, not dez'ig-nat. 

Desist, de-sist', not de-zist'. 

Desolate, des'o-lat, not dez'o-lat. So des-o-la' 
tion. 

Despefrado, des-pe-ra'do, not des-pe-ra'do. 
Despicable, des'pl-ka-bl, not des-pik'a-bl. 
Dessert, dez-zert', not dez'ert. 

Destine, des'tln, not des'tln. 

Desultory, des'ul-to-rl, not de-zult'o-ri 
Detail, {noun), de'tal or de-tal'; {verb), de-tdl'. 
Detestation, det-es-ta'sliun or de-tes-ta'sliun. 
Devastate, dev-as-tat or de-vds'tat. 

Devil, dev'l, not dev'il. 

Dew, du, not doo. 

Diaeresis, dl-fr'e-sis, not di-e-re'sis. 

Dialogue, dl'a-16g, not dl'a-lawg. 

Diamond, dl'a-mund or dl'mund. 

Diatribe, di'a-trlb, not di-at'ri-be. 

Didactic, dl-dak'tik, not dl-dak'tik. 

Different, dif'fer-ent, not dif'rent. 
Differentiate, dif-fer-en'shl-at, not dif-fer-en 1 ’ 
■ shat. 


ooze, g<56d, dnd, §nd, Ill, on, dp, arm, fare, ow-1, th-en, th-in, get, ch-op, h er. 

,<j t >■ . . ' _ v^** * 












208 


MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


Diffuse, (« dj.), dif-fus', not dif-fuz'. 
Diffusive, dif-fu'-siv, not dif-fu'zlv. 
Digression, dl-gresh'un, not dl-gresh'un. 
Dilapidate, dl-lap'I-dat, not dl-lap'I-dat. 
Dilate, dl-lat' or dl-lat'. 

Dilemma, dl-lem'ma or dl-lem'ma. 
Dimension, dl-men'shun, not dl-men'shun. 
Diocese, dl'o-ses or dl'o-sOs. 

Diorama, di-ora'ma or di-o-ra'ma. 

Diphtheria, dif-the'rl-a, not dip-the'rl-a. 
Diphthong, dip'thong, or dif'thong.* 

Diploma, dl-plo'ma, not dl-plo'ma. 

Diplomacy, dl-plo'ma-sl, not dip'lo-ma-sl. 
Diplomatic, dip-lo-mat'ik, not dl-plo-mat'ik. 
Diplomatist, dl-plo'ma-tist, not dl-plo'ma-tist. 
Direct, dl-rekt', not dl-rekt' nor drekt. 
Disable, dis-a'bl or diz-a'bl. 

Disarm, diz-arm', not dis-arm'. 

Disaster, diz-as'ter, not dis-as'ter. 

Disband, dis-band' or diz-band'. 

Disburden, dis-bur'dn or diz-bur'dn. 

Disburse, dis-burse' or diz-burse'. 

Discern, diz-zern', not dis-sern'. 

Discourteous, dis-kurt'e-us, not dis-kOrt'e-us. 
Discoverer, dis-kuv'er-er, not dis-kuv'rer. 
Discovery, dis-kuv'er-I, not dis-kuv'rl. 
Discrepance, dis'kre-pance or dis-krep'ance. 
Disdain, diz-dan', not dis-dan'. 

Disease, diz-ez', not dis-ez'. 

Disfranchise, dis-fran'chlz, not dis-fran'chlz. 
Disgorge, dis-gorj' or diz-gorj'. 

Disgrace, dis-grace' or diz-grace'. 

Disguise, dis-glz' or diz-glz'. 

Disgust, dis-gust' or diz-gust'. 

Dishabille, dis-ha-bll', not dis-ha-bel'. 
Dishevelled, dl-she'ld, not dis-liev'ld. 

Disjoin, dis-join' or diz-join'. 

Disjoint, dis-joint' or diz-joint'. 

Disjunctive, dis-junc'tiv or diz-junc'tiv. 
Dislike, dis-lik' or diz-llk'. 

Dislodge, dis-loj' or diz-loj'. 

Disloyal, dis-loy'al or diz-loy'al. 

Dismantle, dis-man'tl or diz-man'tl. 

Dismast, dis mast' or diz-mast'. 

Dismay, dis-ma' or diz-ma'. 

Dismember, dis-mem'ber or diz-mem'ber. 
Dismiss, dis-mis' or diz-mis'. 

Dismount, dis-mownt' or dlz-mownt'. 
Disoblige, dis-o-bllj', not dis-o-blej'. 

Disorder, dis-or'der or diz-or'der. 

Disorganize, dis-or'gan-lz or diz-or'gan-Iz. 
Disown, dis-on' or diz-on'. 

Dispossess, dis-poz-zes', not dis-pos-ses'. 
Disputable, dis'pu-ta-bl, no! dis-pu'ta-bl. 
Disputant, dis'pu-tant, not dis-pu'tant. 

Disrobe, dis-rob' or diz-rob'. 

Disruption, dis-rup’shun or diz-rup'shun. 
Dissemble, dis-sem'bl, not diz-zem'bl. 
Dissociate, dis-so'slil-at, not dis-so'shat. 
Dissolve, diz-zolv', not dis-solv'. 

Dissyllable, dis-sil'la-bl or dis'sil-la-bl. 

Distich, dis'tik, not dis'tich. 

District, dis'trikt, not de'strikt. 

Divan, di-van', not dl'van. 

Divaricate, di-var'I-kat, not dl-var'I-kat. 
Diverge, dl-verj', not dl-verj'. 


Divert, di-vert, not di-vert'. 

Divest, di-vest', not di-vest'. 

Divulge, dl-vulj', not dl-vulj'. 

Do, doo, not dloo* 

Docile, dos'Il, not do'sll. 

Does, duz, not dOOz. 

Dog, dog, not dawg. 

Dolorous, dOl'o-rus, not do'lo-rus. 

Domain, do-man', not do'man. 

Domicile, dom'I-sil, not dom'I-sll. 

Dominic, dom-I-nl, not do'mf-nf. 

Donative, don'a-tlv, not do'na-tlv. 
j Donkey, dong'kf, not dung'kf. 

Doric, ddr'ik, not do'rik. 

Dost, dust, not dost. 

Doth, dutli, not doth. 

Drama, dra'ma or drdm'a. 

Dramatist, dram'a-tist, not dra'ma-tist. 
Draught, draft, not dravvt. 

Drawers, draw'erz, not draw'uz nor drawz. 
j Drollery, drol'er-I, not drdl'er-I. 

Dromedary, drum'e-da-rl, not drom'e-da-rl. 
Dross, dros, not draws. 

Drown, drown, not drownd. 

Drowned, drownd, not drown'ded. 

Druid, droo'id, not dru'id. 

Ducat, duk'at, not du'kat. 

| Ductile, duk'tll, not duk'tll. 

! Duet, du-et', not doO-et. 

Duke, duk, not dook. 

Duress, du'res or du-res' 

Duty, du'tl, not doo'tl. 

Dwarfs, (n.pl.), dwawrfs, not dwawrvz. 
j Dynasty, dl'nas-tl or dln'as-tl. 

Dysentery, dis'en-t&r-r, not diz'en-tfr-r. 

Early, er'lT, not ar'II. 

Eastward, east'ward, not east'ard. 

Eclat, a-kla' or e-klii', not e-klavv'. 

E’er, ar, not er'. 

Effort, ef'furt or ef'fdrt. 

Effrontery, ef-frunt'er-I, not ef-frdnt'er-I. 
Egg, eg, not ag. 

Egotism, e'go-tizm or eg'o-tizm. So egotist. 
Egregious, e-gre'jus or e-gre'jl-us. 

Either, e'lhe r or 1'ther. 

Elegiac, e-le'jl-ak or el-e-jl'ak. 

Elephantine, el-e-fan'tln, not el-e-fan'tln. 
Eleven, e-lev'n, not levn. 

Elm, elm, not el'urn. 

Elusive, e-lu'slv, not e-lu'zlv. 

Elysium, e-lizh'I-um, not e-liz'I-um. 
Emaciate, e-ma'shl-at, not e-ma'shat. 
Emollient, e-mol'yent, not e-mol'll-ent. 
Empiric (norm), em'plr'ik or em'plr-ik. 
Empyrean, em-pl-re'an or em-plr'e-an. 
Encore, dng-kor', not dng'kor. 

Endive, en'div, not en'div. 

Enervate, e-ner'vat, not en'er-v&t. 

Engine, en'jln, not en'jln. 

Enginery, en'jrn-rl, not en'jln-rr. 

Engross, en-gros', not en-grds' nor en-graws 
Ennui, iin-we' or dng-we', not dng'we. 
Envelope (noun), en've-lop or iing've-lop. 
Environs, en-vi'runz or en'vl-runz. 
Ephemeral, 6-fem'er-al, not ef-fem'er-al. 


41e, eat, ice, Old, use, OOze, gOOd, And, Ond, Ill, On, Op, arm, fare, ow-1, M-en, th in, get. cli-op, U-er, 

















MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


200 


Epicurean, ep-I-ku-re'an, not ep-I-ku're-an. 
Epistle, e-pis'l, not e-pis'ti. 

Epoch, ep'ok or e'pok. 

Equable, e'kwal-bl or ek'wa-bl. 

Equation, e-kwa'shun, not e-kwa'zhun. 

Equerry, ek'wdr-rl or e-kwfir'-rl. 

Equipage, ek'wl-pej, not e-kwip'ej. 

Equipoise, e'kwl-poiz, not ek'wl-poiz. 

Erasure, e-ra'zhur, not e-ra'shur. 

Ere, ar, not er. 

Ermine, er'mln, not er'raln. 

Err, er, not £r. 

Errand, dr'rand, not ar'ant nor er'rand. 
Erring, gr'ring or er'ring. 

Erudite, droo-dlt, not fir'u-dlt. 

Erysipelas, fir-I-sip'e-las, not Ir-I-sip'e-las. 
Espionage, es'pe-o-mlj or es'pe-o-nazh. 

Esquire, es-kwlr', not es-kwar'. 

Essayist, es'sa-ist or es-sa'ist. 

Etiquette, et'I-ket, not et'I-kwet. 

European, u-ro-pe'an, not u-ro'pe-an. 

Evasive, e-va'siv, not e-va'ziv. 

Every, ev'er-I, not ev'rl. 

Exacerbate, egz-as'er-bat, not eks-a-ser'bat. 
Exact, egz-akt', not eks-akt'. 

Exaggerate, egz-aj'er-at, not eks-aj'er-at. 

Exalt, egz-awlt, not eks-awlt'. 

Examine, egz-am'In, not eks-am'In. 

Example, egz-am'pl, not eks-am'pl. 

Exasperate, egz-as'per-at, not eks-as'per-at. 
Excellent, eks'sel-lent, not eks'lent. 

Excise, eks-slz', not eks'slz. 

Exciseman, eks-slz'man, not eks'sls-man. 
Exclusive, eks-clu'siv, not eks-clu'zlv. 
Excretive, eks-kre'tlv or eks'kre-tlv. 

Excretory, eks-kre'to-rl or eks'kre-to-rl. 
Excruciate, eks-kroo'shl-at, not eks-kroo'sliat. 
Excursion, eks-kur'shun, not eks-kur'zhun. 
Executive, egz-ek'u-tiv, not eks-ek'u-tiv. 
Exemplar, egz-em'plar, not eks-em'plar. 
Exemplary, egz'em-pla-rl, not egz-em'pla-rl. 
Exemplify, egz-em'pll-fi, not eks-em'pll-fl. 
Exempt, egz-emt', not eks-emt. 

Exert, egz-ert', not eks-ert'. 

Exhibition, eks-hI-bish'un, not egz-I-bish'un. 
Exhortation, eks-hor-ta'shun, not egz-or-ta'shun. 
Exist, egz-ist', not eks-ist'. 

Exonerate, egz-on'er-at, not eks-on'er-at. 
Exorcise, eks'or-siz, not eks-or'siz. 

Exordium, egz-or'dl-um, not eks-or'dl-um. 
Exoteric, eks-o-t6r'ik, not eks-ot'er-ik. 
Expatiate, eks-pa'shl-at, not eks-pa'sliat. 
Expiration, eks-pl-ra'shun, not eks-pl-ra'slmn. 
Expletive, eks'ple-tlv, not eks-ple'tiv. 
Explicable, eks'pll-ka-bl, not ex-plik'a-bl. 
Exploit, eks-ploit'. not eks'ploit. 

Explosive, eks-plo'slv, not eks-plo-zlv. 
Exponent, eks-po'nent, not eks'ponent. 
Expurgate, eks-pur'gat or ek 'pur-gat. 
Expurgator, eks-pur'ga-tor or eks'pur-ga-tor. 
Exquisite, eks'kwl-zit, not eks-kwiz'it. 

Extant, eks'tant, not eks-tant'. 

Extempore, eks-tem'po-re, rot eks-tem'por. 
Extol, eks-tdl', not eks-tol'. 

Extra, eks tra, not eks'trl. 


Me, eat, Ice, old, use, ooze, 


Extrude, eks-trood', not eks-ud'. 

Exult, egz-ult', not eks-ult'. 

Eyry, ar'I, not I'rl. 

Fabric, f&b'rik, no f fa'brik. 

Facade, fa-sad' or fa-sad'. 

Fac-simile, r ak-sim'i-le not fak-sim'll. 

Factoi-y, fak'to-rl, not fak'trl. 

Falcon, faw'kn, not fai'kn. So fal'con-er. 
Farina, fa-rl'na or fa-re'na. 

Faro, far'o, not fftr'o nor fa'ro. 

Farrago, fttr-ra'go, not f&r-ra'go. 

Faucet, faw'set, not fas'et. 

Favorite, fa'vor-It, not fa'vor-It. 

Febrile, fe'bril or feb'ril. 

February, feb'roO-a-rl not feb'u-a-rl, 

Fecund, fek'und, not fe'kund. 

Fecundate, fek'un-dat or fe-kun'dat. 
Feme-covert, fem-kuv'ert, not fem-koo-vert'. 
Feme-sole, fem-sol' or fam-sol', not fem-sol'. 
Feminine, fem'I-nln, not fem'I-nln, 

Ferrule (a ring), fer'ril or fer'rool. 

Fertile, fer'tll, not fer'tll. 

Ferule (a rule), ffr'il or f6r'ool. 

Fetid, fet'id, not fe'tid. 

Fidelity, fl-del'I-tl, not fl-del'I-tl. 

Fierce, ferce, not furce 

Figure, fig'yur, not flg'ur. So lig'ured. 

Finale, fe-nii'le, not fi'nal. 

Financier, fm-an-sSr', not fl-nan-ser' 

Finesse, fe-nes', not fl-nes'. 

Flaccid, flak'sid, not tlas'id. 

Flageolet, tlaj-o-let', not flaj-e-o-let'. 

Flaunt, flant, not flavvnt. 

Florid, fldr'id, not flo'rid. 

Florin, fldr'In, not flo'rin. 

Florist, flo'rist, not fl5r-ist. 

Folio, fol'I-o or fol'yo. 

Forbade, for-bad', not for-bad'. 

Forecastle, for'kas-1, not fok'a-sl. 

Forefather, fdr'fa-;7ier or for-fa'i/ier. 

Forehead, fdr'ed or for'hed. 

Forest, for'est, not for'ist. 

Forge, forj, not fawrj. 

Forgery, forj'er-I, not for'jeri' nor fawjf. 
Forget, for-get', not for-git'. 

Formidable, for'ml-da-bl, not for-mid'a-bl. 
Forray, fdr'ra or fdr-ra'. 

Forthwith, forth-with' or forth-wit/i'. 

Fortnight, fort'nlt or fort'nlt. 

Fortress, for'tres, not fort'res. 

Fountain, fown'tin, not fownt'n. 

Fragile, fraj'II. not fraj'll. 

Fragmentary, frag'ment-a-rl, not frag-ment'a-ri. 
Franchise, fran'chlz, not fran'chlz. 
Frankincense, frank'in-sense or frank-in'sense. 
Fraternize, fra-ter'nlz, not fra'ter-nlz. 
Fratricide, frat'rl-sld, not fra'trl-sld. 

Friends, frendz, not frenz. 

Friendship, frend'ship, not fren'ship. 

Frontier, frdn'ter or frun'ter. 

Frontispiece, front'is-pes, not frunt'is pes. 
Frugal, froo'gal, not fru'gl. 

Fruit, froot, not frut 
Fuchsia, f€i'shr-a or fook'sl-a. 


good, and. 6nd, III. <5n, dp, arm. fare, ow-1, th-e n, thin, get, cli-op, h er 


O 










210 


MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


Fulcrum, f&l'crum, not fddl'crum. 

Fulsome, ffU'sum, not fddl'sum. 

Fusil ( adj .), fu’zil, not fu'sil. 

Futile, fu'tll, not fu'tll. 

Gallows, gal'lus, not gal'loz. 

Gamboge, gam-booj' or gam-boj'. 

Gangrene, gang gren, not gan'gren. 

Garden, gar'dn, not gar'den. 

Garrulous, gdr’roo-lus, not gdr'yoo-lus. 
Gaseous, gdz'e-us, not gds'e-us. 

Gasometer, gaz-om'e-ter, not gas-om'eter. 
Gaunt, gant, not gavvnt. So gaunt'let. 
Generally, jen'er-al-11, not jen'rul-11. 

Genius, {inborn faculty), jen'yus or je'nl-us. 
Genius {a spirit), je'nl-us, not jen'yus. 
Gentlemen, jen'tl-men, not jen'tl-mum. 
Genuine, jen'u-in, jen'u-in. 

Geography, je-og'ra-fl, not jog'ra-fl. 

Geometry, je-om'e-trl, not jom'e-trl. 

Gherkin, gur'kin, not jur'kin. 

Ghoul, gool, not gowl. 

Gibbet, jib et, not gib'et. 

Gibbous, gib'us, not jib'us. 

Giraffe, jl-raf' or zhe-raf', not jl-raf'. 

Glacial, gla'shl-al or gla'shai. 

Glacier, g-las'I-er, not gla'ser. 

Gladiator glad'I-a-tur, not gla'dl-a-tur. 

Glisten, glis'n, not glis'tn. 

Golden, goid'n, not gold'en. 

Gondola, gon'do-la, not gon-do'la. 

Gooseberry, gdoz'bSr-ri, not goos'ber-rl. 
Gordian, gor'dl-an, not gord'yan. 

Gorgeous, gor'jus, not gor'je-us. 

Gospel, gOs'pel, not gaws'pel. 

Got. got, not gut. 

Gothamite, go'tham-It or goth'am-it. 

Governor, guv'ern-ur, not guv nur. 

Gown, gown, not gownd nor gdoon. 

Granary, gran'a-rl, not gran'a-rl. 

Gratis, gra'tis, not gra tis. 

Gravel, grav'el, not grav'l. 

Grease {noun), gres, not grez. 

Grievous, grev'us, not grev'I-us. 

Grimace, gri mace', not grim'ace. 

Grimalkin, gri mal kin, not grl-mawl'kin. 
Grimy, gri'ml, not grim'I. 

Grindstone, grlnd'ston, colloquially, grln'ston. 
Groat, grawt, not grot. 

Grovel, grov'l. not grov'el. 

Guardian, gard'I-an, not gar-den' nor gar'jan. 
Guava, gwa'va, not gvvaw va nor gwa'va. 
Guerdon, ger'dun, not gwer'dun. 

Guild, gild, not gild. 

Guillotine, gil-o-ten', not gil'o-tin. 

Gum-arabic, gum-dr'a-bik, not gum-a-rd'bik. 
Gums, gumz, not goomz. 

Gutta-percha, gut'ta-per'cha, not gut'ta-per'ka. 
Gymnasum, jim-na'zl-um or jim-na zhl-um. 
Gypsy, jip'si, not gip'sl. 

Halcyon, lidl'si-un or hdi'shl-un. 

Half, hat, not hdf. 

Ilaive, hav, not lidv. 

Handbook, hand'bdbk, not han'bbdk. 


Handful, lian^fdbl, not lian'fdtil. 

Harass, liar'as, not ha-ras'. 

Harem, ha'rem, not hdr'em. 

Haslet, lids'let or ha'slet. 

Haunch, liiinch, not hawnch. 

Haunt, hiint, not hawnt. 

Heard, herd, not herd. 

Heaven hev n. not hev'un. 

Hebe, lie be, not heb. 

Heinous, lia'nus, not han yus, nor lie'nus. 
Heliotrope, he'll-o-trop, not hel'I-o-trop. 
Hellenic, hel-len'ik or liel-le'nik. 

Hemistich. hem'I-stik, not hem'I-stich. 

Herb, erb or herb. So herb'age, herb'y. 
Herbaceous, her-ba'shus, not her-ba'se-us. 
Herewith her-with’ or her-wi th\ 

Heroine. hdr'o-In, not h6r o-In nor he'ro-in. 
Heroism hdr o-izm, not he'ro-izm. 

Hesitate, hez'I-tat, not hes'I-tat. 

Hiccough, hik'up or hik'kof. 

Hideous, liid'e-us, not he jus, noo liij'us. 
Highwayman, hi wa-maa not lii-wa'man. 
Hilarity, hl-lar'I-tl or hl-idr'I-tl. So liila rious. 
Hindoo, hin-doo' or liin'doo. 

Hirsute, lier-sut, not her'sut. 

Historj 7 , ius'to-ri, not hls'trl. 

Holm, horn or holm. 

Holocaust, liol'o-kawst, not ho'lo-kawst. 
Homage, lioin aj, not om'aj. 

Homely, horn'll, not hum'll. 

Homestead, hom sted. not liom'stid. 

Honest, on est, not on'ist. 

Hoop, hoop or li06p. 

Horizon, ho-ri zun not lior'I-zn. 

Horrid, hdr'id, not hawr'id. So hor'ri-ble. 
Horseradish, horse rad-isli, not horse'red-ish. 
Horologe, hor'o-loi or hor o-ldj. 

Hospitable, hos'pl-ta-bl, not hos-pit'a-bl. 
Hospital, hos pl-tal, not os pl-tal, nor haws'pl-tl. 
Hostage, hds'taj, not haws taj. 

Hostile, lios til, not lios-tll nor liaws'tll. 

Hound, liownd, not liown. 

Hovel. hOv'el. not huv'el. 

Hover, huv er not hOv er. 

Hundred, hun dred. not han'durd. 

Hungry, hung gri not hung’ger-I. 

Hurrah, hoor-ra not hur-raw'. 

Hussar, liuz-zar not hdbz-zar'. 

Hustle, hus'i, not kus'tl. 

Huswife, huz it or huz wlf. 

Huzza, lido-za . not hfiz-zar'. 

Hydatid, hi’da-tic, or hid'a-tid. 

Hymeneal, hi me-ne'al, not hi-me'ne-al. 
Hymned, hlmd or hlm'ned. So hym'ning. 
Hyperbole, hi-per bo le, not lii per-bol. 
Hyjiothenuse, lii poth'e-nus, not hi-potl^e-nuz. 
Hypothetic, hi-po-thet'ik or hip-o-thet'ik. 
Hyssop, his'up or liiz'up. 

Idea, i-de'a, not i-de'. 

Ignoramus, ig-no-ra mus, not ig-no-ra'mus. 
Illusive, il-lu'siv, not il-iu'ziv. 

Imagery, im'aj-rl or im'a-jdr-I. 

Imbecile, im-be-sel', im be-sll, or im-bes'il. 
Imbrue, im-broo', not im-bru'. 


ale, eat, Ice, old, use, ooze, gddd, dnd, $nd, ill, dn, up, arm, fare, ow-1, th-e n, th-in, get, cli-op, h-er. 









MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


211 


Immediate, im-me'dl-at, not im-me'jat. 
Impetus, im'pe-tus, not im-pe'tus. 

Impiously, im'pi-us-11, not im-pi'us-11. 
Implacable, im-pla'ka-bl, not im-plak'a-bl. 
Importune, im-por-tun', not im-por'tun 
Imposter, im-pds'ter, not im-paws'ter. 
Imposthume, im-pOs'tum or im-pOst'hum, 
Imprimatur, im-prl-ma'tur, not im-prl-ma'tur. 
Improvise, im-pro-vlz', not im'pro-vlz. 
Inamorata, in-am-o-ra'ta, not in-am-o-ra'ta. 
Inaugurate, in-au'gu-rat, not in-au'g&r-at. 
Inchoate, ing'ko-at or in'ko-at. 

Inchoative, in-ko'a-tiv, not in-cho'-atlv. 
Incisive, in-si'siv, not in-si'ziv. 

Incisor, in-si'sor or in-si'zor. 

Inclusive, in-klu'siv, not in-klu'ziv. 

Increase (noun), in'kres or in-kres'. 

Increment, in'kre-ment or ing'kre-ment 
Incubate, in'ku-bat or ing'ku-bat. 

Incubus, in'ku-bus or ing'ku-bus. 

Indecorus, in-de-ko'rus or in-dek'o-rus. 

Indian, ind'yan or in'dl-an, not in'jun. 
Indicatory, in'dl-ka-to-rl, not in-dik'a-to-rl. 
Indigenous, in-dij'e-nus, not in-dige-nus. 
Individual, in-dl-vid'u-al, not ln-dl-vid'oo-al 
Indocile, in-dos'il, not in-do'sil. 

Industry, in'dus-trl, not in-dus'trl. 

Inertia, in-er'shl-a, not in-er'sha. 

Infamously, in'fa-mus-ll, not in-fa'mus-11. 
Infantile, in'fan-tll or in'fan-tll. 

Infantine, in'fan-tln or in'fan-tln. 

Inferrible, in-f&r'rl-bl, not in-fer'rl-bl. 
Ingenious, in-jen'yus or in-je'nl-us. 

Ingrate, in'grat or in-grat'. 

Ingratiate, in-gra'slil-at, not in-gra'sliat. 
Ingredient, in-gre'dl-ent, not in-gre'jent. 
Inimical, in-im'I-kal; in-I-mi'kal is obsolescent . 
Initiate, in-I'shl-at, not in-I'shat. 

Innate, in-nat' or in'nat. 

Innocent, in'no-sent, not in'no-sunt. 

Inquiry, in-kwl'rl, not in'kwl-rl. 

Insects, in'sekts, not in'seks. 

Insition, in-sicli'un or in-sizh'un. 

Inspiratory, in-splr'a-to-rl or in'spl-ra-to-rl. 
Instead, in-sted', not in-stid'. 

Instinct, (adj.), in-stingkt', not in'stingkt. 
Integer, in'te-jer, not in'te-gur. 

Integral, in'te-gral, not in-te'gral. So in'te-grant. 
Intercalary, in-ter'kal-a-rl, not in-ter-kal'a-rl. 
Interest, in'ter-est, not in'trest. 

Interested, in'ter-est-cd, not in-ter-est'ed. 
Interesting, in'ter-est-ing, not in-ter-est'ing. 
Internecine, in-ter-ne'sln, not in-ter-ne'sln. 
Interpolate, in-ter'po-lat, not in-ter-po'lat. 
Interstice, in'ter-stls or in-ter'stis. 

Intestine, in-tes'tln, not in-tes'tln. 

Intrigue (noun and verb), in-treg', not in'treg. 
Intrude, in-trood', not in-trud'. 

Inure, in-yOOr', not in-oor'. 

Invalid (noun), in'va-lid or in-va-led'. 

Invasive, in-va'siv, not in-va'ziv. 

Inventory, in'ven-to-rl, not in-ven'to-rl. 
Involucre, in-vo-lu'-ker, not in'vo-lu-ker. 

Iron, i'urn, not Trim. 

Irrational, Ir-rasli'un-al not Ir-ra'shun-al. 


Irrefutable, Ir-ref'u-ta-bl or Ir-re-fu'ta-bl. 
Irreparable, Ir-rep'a-ra-bl, not Ir-re-par'a-bl. 
Irrevocable, Ir-rev'o-ka-bl, not ir-re-vo'ka-bl. 
Isochronal, I-sok'ro-nal, not l-so-kro'nal. 
Isosceles, I-sos'se-lez, not I-sos'lez. 

Isothermal, I-so-therm'al, not is'o-therm-al. 
Isthmus, ist'mus or is'mus. 

Italian, l-tal'yan, not l-tal'yan. 

Italic, I-tal'ik, not I-tal'ik. 

Jaguar, jag-u-ar', not jag-war' nor ja'gwar. 
Jalap, jiH'ap, not jol'ap. 

January, jan'u-a-rl, not jen'u-a- d. 

Jasmine, jaz'mln or jas'min. 

Jaunt, jiint, not jawnt. 

Javelin, jav'lin, not jdv'e-lin. 

Jewsliarp, juz'liarp, not jus'harp. 

Jocose, jo-kos', not jok-os' nor jo-koz' 

Jocund, jok'und, not jo'kund. 

Jonquille, jon'kwil or jung'kwil. 

Jostle, jos'l, not jos'tl. So jost'ling. 

Joust, just, not jOOst nor jowst. 

Jovial, jo'vl-al, not jov'yal. 

Jugular, ju'gu-lar, not jug'u-lar. 

Jujube, ju'jub, not ju'ju-be. 

Junior, jun'yur or ju'nl-ur. 

Juvenile, ju've-nll, not ju've-nll. 

Kettle, ket'tl, not kit'tl. 

Khan (a Tartar chief), lcawn or kan. 

Kindness, klnd'nes, not kin'nes. 

Kitchen, kitch'en, not kitcli'n nor kitcli'ing. 

Label, la'bel, nona'bl. 

Laboratory, lab'or-a-to-rl, not la-bor'a-to-rl. 
Laborer, la'bor-er, not la'brur. 

Lachrymose, lak'rl-mOs or lak-rl-mos'. 
Lamentable, lam'en-ta-bl, not la-ment'a-bl. 
Landau, lan'daw or lan-daw'. 

Landlord, land'lord, not lan'lurd. 

Lang-syne, lang-sin', not lang-zin'. 

Languor, lang'gwur, not lan'gwur. 

Laniate, la nl-at or h\n I-at. 

Lapel, la-pel', not lap-el'. 

Larum, lar'um, not lar'um. 

Larynx, lar'inks, not liir'inks nor la'rinks. 
Latent, la'tent, not lat'ent. 

Lathe, la'/i, not lath. 

Launch, lanch, not hlnch nor lawnch. 

Laundry, lan'drl, not lawn'drl. See laun'aress. 
Laurel, law'rel or ltir'el. 

Leaped, lept or lept. 

Learned, (adj.), lern'ed, not lernd nor lun'ed. 
Leeward, le'ward or loo'urd. 

Legend, lej'end or le'jend. 

Legume, leg'um or le-gQm'. 

Leisure, le'zhur, not lezh'ur nor la'zhur. 
Lenient, le'nl-ent, not len'I-ent. 

Leper, lep'er, not le'per. 

Lessor, les'sor or les-sor'. 

Lettuce, let'tis, not let'toos nor let'tus. 
Levantine, le-van'tln lev'an-tin. 

Level, lev'el, not lev'l. 

Lever, le'ver or lev'er. 

Leyden-jar, ll'dn-jar or la'dn-jar. 


ale, eat, Ice, Old, use, Ooze, goOd, &nd, 6nd, Ill, On, tip, arm, fare, ow-1, th-e n, th in, get, ch-op, li-er. 










212 


MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


Libel, li'bel, ,iot li'bi. 

Libertine, lib'er-tln not lib'or-tin. 

Library, li'bra-rl, not li'brf. 

Lief, lef, not lev nor llvz. 

Lien, le'en or li'en, not len. 

Lieutenant, lu-ten'ant or lev-ten'anc 
Lilac, li'lak, not li'lok nor la'lok. 

Liquor, lik'ur, not lik'wur. 

Listen, lis'n, not fis'tn. 

Lithe, \ith, not lith. So Lithe'some. 

Little, lit'tl, not le'tl. 

Livelong, llv'long, not llv'long. 

Livre [Fr.], le'ver or li'ver. 

Loath ( adj .), loth, not loth nor lawth. 
Loathsome, lof/i'sum, not lfith'sum. 
Long-lived, long'llvd, not long'llvd. 

Loyal, loi'al, not law'yal. 

Lucid, lu'sid, not loo'sid. 

Lucre, lu'kur, not lookur. 

Ludicrous, lu'dl-krus, not loo'dl-krus. 

Lure, lur, not lofir. 

Luxury, luks'u-rl, not lugz'u-ri. 

Lyceum, li-se um, not li'se-um. 

Maelstrom, mal'strum, not mfil'strom. 
Magazine, mag-a-zen', not mag'a-zen. 
Magnesia, mag-ne'zhl-a or mag-ne'zha. 
Magnoka, mag-no'll-a, not mag-nol'ya. 
Maintain, man-tan' or men-tan'. 

Malaria, ma-la'rl-a, not ma-la'rl-a. 

Malefactor, nfil-e-fak'tur or mal'e-fak-tur. 
Manes (L. pi.), ma'nez, not manz. 

Manger, man'jer, not mfin'jer. 

Mangy, mail'jI, not mfin'jl. 

Mania, ma'nl-a, not man'ya. 

Maniacal, ma-ni'a-kal, not ma'nl-ak-al. 
Manoeuvre, ma-noo'ver, not ma-nu'ver. 
Marital, mfir'i-tal, not mar'i-tal. 

Maritime, mar'I-tlm. not mar'f-tlm. 

Market, mar'ket, not mar'kit. 

Marvel, mar'vel, not mar'vl. 

Masculine, mas'ku-lin, not mas'ku-lin. 
Massacred, mas'sa-kerd, not mas'sa-kred. 
Master, mas'ter, not mos'ter. 

Matron, ma'tron, not mat'ron. 

Matronal, ma'tron-al, or mat'ron-al. 

Mattress, mat'tres, not ma'tras. 

Mausoleum, maw-so-le'um, not maw-so'le-u 
Measure, mezli'ur, not mazh-ur. 

Mechanist, mek'an-ist not me-kan'ist. 
Medal, med'al, not med'l. 

Medicinal, me-dis'in-al, not med-6-sf'nal. 
Medium, me'dl-um, not me'jum. 

Meliorate, mel'yo-rat or me'lf-o-rat. 

Mellow, mel'low, not mel'ler. 

Melodrama, mel-o-dm ma, not mel-o-dra'ma. 
Memoir, mem'wor or mem'wor. 

Memory, mem'o-rf, not mem'rl. 

Metal, met'al or met'l. 

Miasma, ml-az'ma, not me-az'ma. 
Microscope, mi'kro-skop, not mik'ro-skop. 
Mineralogy, min-er-dl'o-ji, not min-er-ol'o-^ 
T.Iiniature, nnn'I-tur or min'“-a-tur. 

Minus, mi'nus, not mln'us. 

IMinute (adj.), inf-nut' or mi-nut'. 


| Minute (noun), min'it or min'ut. 
j Miracle, mlr'a-kl, not m&r'a-kl. 

1 Miraculous, ml-rak'u-lus, not ml-rak'u-lus. 
Mirage, mf-razh', not mlr'aj. 

Mischievous, mis'chlv-us, not mis-chev'us. 
Misconstrue, mis-kon'stroo, not mis-kon-stroo'. 
Misery, miz'er-I, not miz'rl. 

Mitten, mit'ten not mit'n. 

Model, mod'el, not mod'l. 

Modest, mod'est, not mod'ist. 

Moiety, moi'e-tl or maw'e-tl. 

Moisten, mois'n, not mois'tn. 

Molecular, mo-lek'u-lar, not mo'le-ku-lar. 
Molecule, mdl'e-kiil, not mol'kul. 

Momentary, mo'ment-a-rl, not mo-ment'a-ri. 
Monetary, mun'e-ta-rl or mou'e-ta-rl. 
Monogram, mon o-gram, not mo'no-gram. 
Monument, mon'u-ment, not mon-i-ment. 
Morale, mo-ral', not mo-ral'. 

Morphine, mor'fln, not mor'ftn. 

M*rsel, mor'sel, not mor'sl. 

Mortal, mor'tal, not mor'tl. 

Mountain, mown'tin, not mown'ting. 
Mountainous, mown tin-us, not mown-tan'I-us. 
Municipal, mu-nis'I-pal, not mu'nl-sip-al. 
Murderer, mur'der-er, not mur'drer. 

Museum, mu-ze'um, not mu'ze-um. 

Naked, na'ked not nek'cd. 

Nape, nap, not n&p. 

Naptha, nap'tlia or naf'tha. 

Narrate, mlr-rat' or ndr'rat, not nar-rat'. 
Narrow, ndr'ro, not nar'ro. 

Nasal, na-zal, not na'sal. 

National, nash un-al, not na'shun-al. 

Nature, nat'yur, --ot na'tur. 

Nausea, naw'she-a, not naw'se-a. 

Nauseous, naw'shus, net naw'se-us. 

Negotiate, ue-go'shi-dt, not ne-go'shat. 

Negro, ne'gro. not nig'ro. 

Neighboring, na'bur-ing, not na'bring. 

Neither, ne'f/ier, or nl'tker. 

Nephew, nev'yoo or nef'yoo. 

Nepotism, n6p'o-tizm, not ne'po-tizm. 

Nestle, nes'l, not nes'tl. 

Nethermost, neZA'er-most, not neth'er-most. 
Neuralgia, nu-ral'jia not nu-ral'il-jl. 

Neutral, nu'tral, not noo'tral. 

New, nil, not noo. 

Newspaper, nuz'pa-per, not noos'pa-per. 
Nicety, nl'sl-tl, not nls'tf. 

Nickel, nik'cl, not nik'l. 

Nicotine, nik'o-tln, not nik'o-ten. 

Nominative, nom'I-na-tlv, not nom' 

None, nun, not non. 

Nook, nook, not n56k. . 

Noose, nooz or noos. 

Nothing, ndth'ing, not nbth'ing. * 

Novel, nov'el, not nov'l. 

Novitiate, no-vlsh'l-at, not no-vl'shat. 
Nuisance, nu'sance, not noo'sance. 
Numerous, nu'mer-ous, not noom'rus. 

Nuncio, nun'slil-o, not nun'sho nor nun'sl-o. 
Nuptial, nup'slial, not nup'chal. 

Nutriment, nu'trl-ment, not noo'trl-ment. 


file, eat, Ice, old, use, ooze, gdbd, find, find, Ill, fin, up, arm, fare, ow-1, th-o n, th-in, get, ch-op, h-er. 


















MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


213 


Oasis, o'a-sis or o-a'sis. 

Oath, oth, not oth. 

Oaths, othz, not oths. 

Obdurate, ob'du-rat or ob-du'rat. 

Obeisance, o-ba'sance or o-be'sance. 

Obesity, o-b£s'I-tT, not o-be'sl-tl. 

Objurgate, ob-jur'gat, not ob'jur-gat. 
Obligatory, ob'll-ga-to-rl, not ob-lig'a-to-rl. 
Oblige, o-blij, not o-blej'. 

Oblique, ob-lek' or ob-lik'. 

Obscenity, ob-sen'i-tl, not ob-sen'i-tl. 
Obsequies, ob'se-kwiz, not ob-se'kwiz. 

Obsolete, ob'so-let, not ob-so-let'. 

Obtrude, ob-trood' not ob-trud'. 

Obtrusive, ob-troo'siv, not ob-troo'ziv. 

Occult, ok-kult', not ok'kult. 

Octavo, ok-ta'vo, not ok-ta'vo. 

Odeon, o-de'on, not o'de-on. 

Odious, o'dl-us, not o'jus. 

Officiate, of-fish'I-at, not of-fish'at. 

Officinal, of-fi-si'nal or of-fis'I-nal. 

Offspring, of'spring, not awf'spring. 

Often, of’n, not of'ten nor awf'ten. 

Ogle, o'gl, not og'l. 

Olden, old'n, not olden. 

Olefiant, o'le-fi-ant or o-lef'I-ant. 

Omelet, om'e-let or om'let. 

Ominous, om'in-us, not o'min-us. 

Once, wuns, not wunst. 

Onerous, on'er-us, not o'ner-us. 

Only, on'II, not un'II. 

Onyx, o'niks, not 6n'iks. 

Opinion, o-pin'yun, not h-pin'yun. 

Opponent, op-po'nent, not op'po-nent. 

Or, or, not ur. 

Orange, or'enj, not ornj. 

Orchestra, or'kes-tra or or-kes'tra. 

Orchestral, or'kes-tral, not or-kes'tral. 

Ordeal, or'de-al, not or-de'a. 

Ordinary, or'di-na-rl, not ord'na-rl. 

Orgies, or'jlz, not or'jez. 

Orison, or'I-zun, not or'I-sun. 

Ornate, or'nat, not or-nat'. 

Ostrich, os'trich, not os'trij nor aws'trich. 
Ought, awt, not ort. 

Overseer, o-ver-ser', not o'ver-ser. 

Overt, o'vert, not o-vert'. 

Overthrew, o-ver-throo\ not o-ver-thru'. 

Oxide, oks'Id, not oks'Id. 

Pacificator, pa-slf-l-ka'tur or pas-I-fl-ka'tur. 
Pageant, paj'ent or pa'jent. So pag'eant-ry. 
Palace, pal'ds or pal'as. 

Palaver, pa-la'ver, rot pa-lav'er. 

Palfrey, pawl'frl or p&l'frl. 

Palm, pam, not pdm. 

Palsied, pawl'zid, not pfil'zid. 

Paltry, pawl'trl, not pal'trl. 

Pannier, pan'yer or pan'nl-er. 

Panorama, pan-o-ra'ma or pan-o-ra'ma. 
Pantaloons, pan-ta-106nz' not pan'ta-loonz. 
Pantheon, pan-the'on or pan'the-on. 
Pantomime, pan'to-mlm, not pan'to-mln. 

Papa, pa-pa', not pa'pa. 

Parcel, par'sel, not par'sl. 


Paregoric, pfir-e-gdr'ik, not pfir-e-gawr'ik, 
Parhelion, par-he'll-un or par-liel'yun. 
Parisian, pa-riz'yan or pa-rizh'I-an. 

Parquet, par-ka' or par-ket'. 

Partiality, par-shl-al'I-tl not par-shal'It-I. 
Participle, par'tl-sip-l, not part'sip-1. 

Partisan, par'tl-zan, not par-tl-zan'. 

Partner, part'ner, not pard'ner. 

Partridge, par'trij, not pftt'rij. 

Pastime, pas'tim, not pas'tim. 

Patent, pat'ent or pa'tent. 

Pathos, pa'thos, not pftth'os. 

Patrimony, pat'rl-mo-nl, not pa'trbme-nf. 
Patriot, pa'trl-ot, not pdt'rl-ot. So pa-tri-ot'ic. 
Patron, pa'tron, not pdt'r*n. 

Peculiar, pe-kul'yar or pe-ku'll-ar. 

Peculiarity, pe-kul-I-dr'I-tl or pe-kul-ydr'I-tl. 
Pecuniary, pe-kun'ya-rl or pe-ku'nl-a-rl. 
Pedagogy, ped'a-go-jl or ped'a-g6j-I. 

Pedestal, ped'es-tal, not pe-des'tal. 

Penance, pen'ance, not pe'nance. 

Pencil, pen'&il, not pens'l. 

Penult, pe'nult or pe-nult'. 

Peremptory, p6r'em-to-rI, not pe-rem'to-rf. 
Perfect (verb), per'fekt or per-fekt'. 

Perfume (noun), per'fum or per-fum'. 
Perfume (verb), per-fum', not per'fum. 
Perhaps, per-haps', not praps, nor pre-haps'. 
Periodic, pe-rl-od'ik, not per-I-od'ik. 

Permit, (noun), per'mit or per-mit'. 

Persian, per'shan, not per'zhan. 

Persuasive, per-swa'siv, not per-swa'ziv. 
Peruse, pe-r6oz', not pe-ruz'. 

Petal, pet'al or pe'tal. 

Petrel, pet'rel, not pe'trel. 

Pewit, pe'wit, not pu'it. 

Phaeton, fa'e-ton, not fe'ton. 

Phalanx, fa'lanks or fal'anks. 

Philistine, fl-lis'tln, not fil'is-tln. 

Philology, fl-lol'o-jl, not fl-lol'o-jl. 

Philosophy, fl-los'o-fl, not fi-los'o-fl. 
Phosphorus, fos'fo-rus, not fos-fo'rus. 
Photographist, fo-tog'ra-fist, not fo'to-graf-ist. 
Phrenologic, fren-o-loj'ik, not fre-no-loj'ik. 
Physiognomy, fiz-I-og'no-ml, not fiz-I-on'o-ml. 
Piano, pl-a'no, or pe-an'o. 

Piano-forte, pl-a'no-for'te, not pl-an'o-fort. 
Piazza, pl-az'za, not piaz'za. 

Pigeon, pij'un, not pij'in. 

Pilaster, pl-las'ter, not pil'as-ter. 

Pincers, pin'serz, not pin'cherz. 

Pinchbeck, pincli'bek, not pinch'bak. 

Piquant, pik'ant or pe'kant. 

Pith, pith, not peth. 

Placable, pla'ka-bl, not plak'a-bl. 

Plagiarism, pla'jl-a-rizm o» pla'ja-rizm. 

Plague, plag, not pleg. 

Plaiptiff, plan'tif, not plan'tif. 

Plait, plat, not plet. 

Plateau, pla-to', not plfit-o'. 

Platinum, plat'I-num or pla-ti'num. 

Plenary, ple'na-rl or plen'a-rl. 

Plenitude, plen'I-tud, not plen'I-tood. 
Poignant, poin'ant, not poin'yant. 

Poison, poi'zn, not pl'zn. 


ale, eat, Ice, old, use, ooze, g66d, find, 6nd, Ill, 6n, f.p, arm, fare, ow-1, th-en, th in, get, ch-op, h-er. 









214 


MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


Police poles', not pies 
Polonaise, po lo naz not pftl-o naz 
Pomade, po-mad . not po-mad 
Poniard, pon'yard. not poin yaid 
Porcelain, por'se lan or pors no. not pors'lin 
Porch, porch, not pavvrch, 

Portent, por tent, not por tent 
Port folio, port-fo'll-o or port fol yo. 

Portrait, por'trat, not pbr trat. 

Position, po-zish'un, not pO-zish'un. 

Possess, poz-zes', not pos ses'. 

Potable, po ta-bl, not pot a bl. 

Potato, pb-ta'to, not pu-ta'to. 

Potentate, po'ten-tat, not pot'en-tat. 

Prairie, pra'rl, not per-a'ri. 

Precedence, pre-sed'ence, not pres' e clence. 
Precept, pre sept, not pres'ept. 

Preceptory, pre-sep'to-ri or pres ep-to rl. 
Precise, pre-sis' not pre-siz'. So pre-cise'ly. 
Predatory, pred'a-to-rl, not pre'da to ri 
Preface. (noun and verb) preface not pre face. 
Preferment pre fer'ment. not pref ei-merit. 
Prelacy, prel a si, not pre la-si. 

Prelate, prel'.at, not pre lat. 

Prelude ( noun) prel'ud or pre lud. 

Premier, pre mi er or prem'yer. 

Preposterous pre pos ter us not pre pos'trus. 
Presage, (noun) pres aj or pre'saj. 

President. prez'I-dent, not pre'zl-dunt. 

Prestige pres'tezh or pres tij. 

Pretence, pre-tence . not pre'tence. 

Pretext, pre-tekst' or pre'tekst. ’ 

Pretty, prit'I. not prfit'i nor pObt'T. 

Preventive, pre-ventiv nor pre-ven'ta-tiv. 
Primary, pri'ma-rl not pri m6r I. 

Privacy, prl'va-sl, not prlv'a-sl. 

Privily, prlv'l-ll, not prl'vl-ll. 

Proceeds, pro sedz or pros edz. 

Process, pros es, not dro'ses. 

Prodigy, prod'l-jl, not proj'I-dl. 

Produce, prod'uce, not pro'diice. 

Product, prod'ukt, not pro dukt. 

Profuse, pro-fils', not pro-fuz'. 

Prohibition, pro hl-bisli'un, not pro-i-bish'un. 
Prohibitory, pro-hib'i-to-rl, not pro-hib'I-ta-rl 
Project (noun), proj'ekt, not pro'jekt. 
Prologue, prol'Og or pro'lbg. 

Promenade, prom-e-nad' or prom-e-nad'. 
Promissory prom'is-so-rl, not pro-nns'so-rl. 
Promulgate pro-mul'gat, not prom'ul-gat. 
Prophecy, prof e-sl not prof'e-sl. 

Prophesy (verb), prof'e-sl, not prof'e-sl. 
Propitiate. pro-pish'I-at, not pro-pish'at. 
Prosaic, pro-za'ik, not pro-sa'ik. 

Prosperous pros'per-us, not pros'prus. 

Protean, pro'te-an or pro-te'an. 

Protest, pro'test or prot est. 

Protrude, pro trood', not oro-trud . 

Protrusive, pro-troo'slv not pro-troo'ziv. 
l’rovocative. pro-vo'ka-tiv or pro-vok'a-tiv. 
Provoke, pro-vok', not pur-vok'. 

Provost, prov'ust or pro-vo . 

Prudence, proo'dence not pru'dence. 

Prune, proon, not prim. 

Psalms, samz, not samz. 


i Psalter, sawl'ter or sai'ter. 

Puerile, pu er-Il, not pu'er-Il 
Puissant, pu'is-sant or pu-is sant. 

Pumice, pu mis or pum'is. 

Purulent po roo-lent, not ;n‘ir-yoo-lent. 

Put (to place) pOOt, not put. 

Pyrites, pi ri tez, not plr'I-tez. 

Pythoness, pith o nes, not pl-tho'nes. 

Quaggy, kwag'gl. not kwog'gi. 

Quagmire, kwag mlr, not kwog'mlr. 

Quality kwol ltl. not kwol'fl-tl. 

Quandary kwon da-rl or kvvcn da'rf. 

Quantity, kwon tl-ti, not kwon'tu-Li, 

Quarrei kwOr el. not kwOr'l 

Quinine, kwl-nin or kwln In, or kwl nln. 

Quoin, kwoin or koin. 

Quoit, kwoit, not kwat. 

Quoth, kwoth or kwuth. 

Rabbi, rab'bl or rab'bl. 

Radish, rad ish. not red ish. 

Raillery, rai er-I, not rai'er-f. 

Rapin. rap In, not ra'pen. 

Rather, r&th'er or ra^r'er, not, vnth'er. 

Ratio, ra’slil o or ra'sho, not ra'slio. 

Ration, ra'sliun, not rash'un. 

Rationale, rash-i-o-na'le or ra-shl-o na'le. 

Rebel, reb el, not reb'l. 

Receptivity, res-ep-tiv'I-tl, not re-sep-tiv'I tt. 
Recess, re-ses' not re'ses. 

Rechabite, re'kab It, not rek'ab-It. 

Reciprocity, res'I-pros'i-tt, not re-sl-pros'l-tl. 
Recitative, res-I-ta-tev', not re-slt'a-tiv. 

Recluse re-klus', not re-kluz'. 

Recognizable, rek'og-nlz-a-bl or re-kog'nl-za-bl. 
Recognize, rek'og-nlz, not rek'o-nlz. 

Recourse, re-korce', not re'korce. 

Recovery, re-kuv'er-I, not re-kuv'rl. 

Recreant, rek're-ant, not re'kre-ant. 

Recruit, re-kroot', not re-krut'. 

Rectitude, rek'ti-tud, not rek'tl-tood. 
Referable, r6f'er-a-bl, not re-fer'a-bl. 

Refuse, ref'yoos. not ref'yooz. 

Refutable, re'fat'a-bl, not ref'u-ta-bl. 

Regular, reg'u-ler, not reg'ler. 

Rendezvous, ren'de-v5o or ren'de-vooz 
Renew, re-nu', not re-nOO'. 

Reparable, rep'a-ra-bl, not re-par'a-bl. 

Repartee, rep-ar-te'. not rep'ar-te. 

Reptile rep'tll, not rep'til. 

Reputable, rep'u-ta-ble?ioi re-put'a-bl. 

Requiem, re'kwl-em or rek'wl-em. 

Research, re-serch', not re'serch. 

Residue, rez'I-du, not rez'I-doo. 

Resonance, rez'o-nance, nol res'o-nance. 
Resource, re-sorce', not re'sorce. 

Respirable, re-splr'a-bl, not res'pl*-ra-bl. 
Rspited, res'pit-ed, not re-splt'ed. 

Restorative, re-stor'a-tlv, not res-tbr'a-tlv. 
Retailer, re-tai'er or re-tai-er. 

Reveille, re-val'ya or re-vai'. 

Revelry, rev'el-rl, not rev'l-rl. 

Reverie, rev-er-e' or rev'er-e. 

Revery, rev'er-I, not rev-er-e'. 


ale eat Ice, old. use, ooze, good, and, £nd. Ill, on tip, arm, fare, ow-1, th-e n, th-in, get, ch-op, li-er. 









MISPRONOUNCED WORDS. 


215 


Revocable, rev'o-ka-bl, not re-vo'ka-bl. 

Revolt, re-volt, or re-vblt'. So revolting. 
Rhubarb, rbo'barb, not roo'bub. 

Rhytham, rithm or rif/im. 

Rhythmic, rith'mik or ri;7Pmik. 

Ridicule, rid'i-kul, not red'i-kul. 

Ridiculous, rl-dik'ulus, not rl-dik'lus. 

Rinse, rinse, not rense. 

Risk, risk, not resk. 

Robust, ro-bust', not ro'bust. 

Romance, ro-mance', not ro'inance. 

Roof, roof, not rbbf nor ruf. 

Rook, rbbk, not rook. So rook'er-y. 

Room, room, not rbdm. 

Root, root, not rbbt. 

Route, root or rowt. 

Routine, roo-tSn, not roo'ten. 

Rudiment, roo'dl-ment, not ru'dl-ment. 
Ruffian, ruf'yan or ruf'I-an, not ruf'in. 

Ruin, roo'in, not rii'in, So ru'in-ous. 

Rule, rool, not rul. 

Rumor, roo'mur, not ru'mur. 

Rural, roo'ral, not ru'ral. 

Ruthless, rooth'les, not ruth'les. 

Saccharine, sak'a-rln or sak'a-rln. 
Sacrament, sak'ra-ment, not sa'kra-ment. 
Sacrifice (noun), sak'rl-flz or sak'rl-fls. 
Sacrifice (verb), sak'rl-flz, not sa'kr'-flz. 
Sacrilege, sak'rl-lej, not sa'krl-llj. 

Sagacious, sa-ga'shus, not sa-gash'us. 

Said, sed, not sad. 

Salary, sal'a-rP not sal'rl. 

Salient, sa'11-ent, not sal'I-ent. 

Saline, sa-lln, or sa'lln, not sa'len. 

Salute, sa-lut', not sa-loot'. 

Salver (a plate), s&l'ver, not sii'ver. 
Samaritan, sa-m&r'I-tan, not sa-ma'rl-tan. 
Sandwich, sand'wich or sand'wij. 

Sanguine, sang'gwln, not san'gwln. 

Sapphire, saf'fur or saf'flr. 

Sardine (a fish), sar'den or sar'din. 

Sardonyx, sar'do-niks, not sar-do'niks. 
Sarsaparilla, sar-sa-pa-ril'la, not sas-a-pa-ril'la. 
Sat, sat, not sot. 

Satiate, sa'shl-at, not sa'shat. 

Satin, sat'in, not sat'n. 

Satyr, sa'ter, or sat'er. 

Saucy, saw'sl, not sds'I nor a'si. 

Saunter, san'ter or sawn'ter. 

Sausage, saw'sej, not s&s'ej. 

Scalene, ska-len', not ska'len. 

Scallop, skol'lup, not skal'lup. 

Scared, skard, not skart. 

Scathing, skath'ing or skaf/Ping. 

Scenic, sen'ik or sen'ik. 

Sceptic, skep'tic, not sep'tik. 

Schedule, sked'yool or sed'yool or shed'yool. 
Schism, sizm, not siz'um. 

Schooner, skoon'er, not skddn'er. 

Scoundrel, skown'drel, not skown'dl. 

Screw, skroo, not skru. 

Scrofula, skrdf'u-la, not skrawf'u-la. 
Scrupulous, skroo'pu-lus, not skroop'lus. 
Scrutinize, skroo'tl-nlz, not skru'ti-nlz. 


• 

Seamstress, sem'stres or s&m'strcs.; 

Seclude, se-lclud', not se-klood'. 

Secretary, sek're-ta-rl, not sek'd-ta-rl. 

Secretory, se-kret'o-rl or se'kre-to-rl. 

Seine, sen, not san. 

Sentiment, sen'tl-ment, not sen'tl-munt. 
Separatist, sep'a-ra-tist, not sep-a-ra'tist. 
Sepulture, sep'ul-tur, not se-pul'tur. 

Sequel, se'kwel, not se'kwil. 

Series, se'rl-ez or se'rez. 

Servile, ser'vil, not ser'vll. 

Several, sev'er-al, not sev’rul 
Sew, so, not su. 

SeAver (a drain), soor or su'er. 

Shall, slnll, not sli’l. 

Shew, sho, not sliu. 

Shire, slier or shir. 

Shone, shun or shun. 

Short-lived, short'-llvd, not short'-llvd. 

Shrewd, shrood, not shrud nor srood. 

Shrill, slifil, not sril. 

Shrine, shrln, not srln. 

Shrub, shrub, not srub. 

Shrug, shrug, not srug. 

Shut, shut, not shet. 

Simile, slm'I-le, not sim'll. 

Simony, sim'o-nl, not sl-mo-nl. 

Simultaneous, sim-ul-ta'ne-us. 

Since, since, not sence. 

Sinecure, si'ne-kur, not sin'e-kur. 

Singular, sing'gu-lar, not sing'glar. 

Sleek, slek, not slik. 

Slept, slept, not slep. 

Sliver, sii'ver, or sliv'er 
Sloth, sloth, not sloth. 

Slough (a scab), sluf, not sltloo. 

Slough (a mire-hole), slow, not sluf. 

Sloven, sluv'en or sluv'n, not slov'n. 

Snout, snowt, not snoot. 

Sociable, so'slil-a-bl or so'sha-bl. 

Sociality, so-shl-al'I-tl, not so-shal'I-tl. 

Sofa, so'fa, not so'fi. 

Soiree, swa-ra' or swaw-ra'. 

Solder, sol'der or saw'der. 

Solemn, sol'em, not sol'um. 

Solution, so-lu'shun, not so-106'zhun. 

Sombre, som'ber or sdm'ber. So som'brous. 
Something, sum'thing, not sun'tliin. 

Sonnet, sOn'net, not sun'net. 

Sonorous, so-no'rus, not son'o-rus. 

Soporific, sop-o-rif'ik, not so-po-rif'ik. 

Sortie, sor'te or sor-te'. 

Sough, suf, not sow. So sough'ing. 

Souse (verb), sows, not sowz. 

Southerly, suf/Per-11 or sow7Per-H. 

Sovereign, suv'er-in or sbv'er-in. 

Spasm, spazm, not spaz'um. 

Species, spe'shez or spe'shez. 

Specious, spe'shus, not spesh'us. 

Spheroid, splie'roid, not spher'oid. 

Spiracle, splr'a-kl or spi'ra-kl. 

Spirit, splr'it, not sper'it nor spe'rit. 

Spouse, spowz, not spows. 

Squalid, skwbl'id, not skwhl'id nor skwawl'id. 
Squalor, skwa'lawr, not skwOl'er. 


ale, eat, Ice, old, use, ooze, gbbd, find, fnd, Ill, bn, up, arm, fare, ow-1, th-e n, th in. get. ch-op, h-er 










MISPRONOUXCEI) WORDS. 


21G 


Squirrel, skwbr'el or skwlr'el or skw&r'el. 
Stalwart, stawl'wart, not stftl'wart. 

Stamp, stamp, not stamp. 

Stanch, stanch, not stanch nor stawnch. 

Stand, stand not stan. 

Starboard, star-bord, colloquially , starb'urd. 
Steelyard, stel'yard, colloquially, stll'yard. 
Sterescope. ste're-o-skop or star'e-o-skop. 
Steward, stu'ard, not stoo'ard. 

Stint, stint, not st&nt. 

Stolid, stol'id, not sto'lid. 

Stone, ston, not stun. 

Storm, storm, not stawm. 

Strata, str&'ta, not stra'ta. So Stra'tum. 
Strategic, stra-te'jik or stra-tej-ik. 

Strength, strength, not strenth. 

Strew, stroo or stro. 

Student, stu'dent, not stoo'dent nor stud'nt. 
Stupid, stu'pld, not stoo'pid. 

Subaltern, sub'ai-tern or sub-awl'tern. 

Subdue, sub-du', not sub-doo'. 

Subjected, sub-jekt'ed, not sub'jekt-ed. 
Subpoena, sub-pe'na, not sup-pe'na. 

Subsidence, sub-sid'ence, not sub'si-dence. 
Substantiate, sub-stan'shl-at, not sub-stan'shat. 
Subtile (thin or rare) sub'til, not sub'tll. 
Subtle (sly), sut'l not sub'tl. 

Succumb, suk-kumb', not suk-kum'. 

Suffice, not suf-flz', not suf-fls'. 

Suggest, sug-jest, or sud-jest'. 

Suicidal, su'l-sid-al. not su-l-sld'al. 

Suite, swet, not sut nor so6t. 

Summary, sum'ma-rl, not sum'm8r-I. 
Summoned, sum'mund, not sum'munzd. 
Superficies, su-per-flsh'I-ez or super-fish'ez. 
Supple, sup'l, not soo'pl. 

Suppose, sup-poz', not spoz. 

Surnamed, sur-namd', not sur'namd. 

Surprise, sur-priz', not sup-prlz. 

Surveillance, sur-vai'y&nce, not s5or-val-yance'. 
Survey (noun), sur'va or sur-va'; (verb,) sur-v&‘. 
Swept, swept, not swep. 

Swiftly, swift'll not swif'll. 

Sword, sord, not sw r ord. 

Synod, sin'od, not si'nod. 

Syrup, sirup, colloquially, shr-up. 

Tabernacle, tab'er-na-kl or tab'er-nak-1. 
Tableau, tab-lo' or tab'io. 

Talisman, t&l'iz-man, or t&l'is-man. 

Tapestry, tap'es-tri, not taps'trl. 

Tapis, ta'pis or ta-pe'. 

Tartaric, tar-tar'ik, not tar-tar'ik. 

Tassel, t&s's&l or tos'l, not taw'sel 
Tavern, t&v'ern not tar'vern. 

Tedious, te'dl-us or ted'yus. 

Tenacious, te-na'shus, not te-nash'us 
Tenure, t£n'y60r, not ten'yOor. 

Tepid, tep'id, not te'pid 
Therewith, Mar-with' or thar-with'. 

Thither, thith'e r, not thUA'er. 

Thoroughly, thur'o-11, not thur'ft-lT. 

Thousand, thow'zand, not thow'zan. 

Thraldom, thravTdum, not thrdl'dum. 
Threshold, threshold or thresh'hold. 


Threw, tliroo, not thru. 

Thyme, tun, not thim. 

Tierce, terce or turce. 

Tiny, ti'nl. not te'nl nor tln'I. 

Tirade, rl-r&d' or tl-rad', not tl'rftd. 

Tomato, to-ma'to or to-ma'to. 

Tonsure, ton'shur, not ton'sodr. 

Toothache, tooth'&k, not teeth'ak. 

Tortoise, tor'tiz or tor'tis, not tor'tois. 
Tottering, tot'ter'ing, not tot'tring. 

Tour, t50r, not towr. So tour'ist. 

Toward, td'urd, not tO-wawrd'. 

Tranquil, trang'kwil. not tran'kwil. 

Transact, trans-akt', not tranz-akt'. 

Transition, tran-sizh'un, not trans-ish'un. 
Transparent, trans-par'ent, not trans pa rent. 
Travel, trav'el, not trav'l. 

Traveler, trav'el-ler, not trav'ler. 

Treatise, tret'iz or tret-is. 

Treble, treb'l, not trib'l nor thrib'l. 
Tremendous, tre-men'dus, not tre-mend'yoo-us, 
nor tre-men'jus. 

Tremor, tre'mur or trem'ur. 

Tribunal, tri-bu'nal, not trl-bu'nal. 

Tribune, trib'un. not trl'bun. 

Trio, trio or trS'o. 

Tripartite, trip'ar-tit not trl-par'tit. 

Triune, tri'un, not tri'66n. 

Trivial, triv'I-al, not triv'yal. 

Troche, tro'kS, not trOk nor tro'che. 

Troll (a fabled dwarf), trbll, nol troll. 
Trombone, Irom'bOn (Italian trom-bo'na), not 
trom-bon'. 

Trophy, tro'fl, not trdf'I. 

Trough, trof, not trawf nor trawth. 

Trow, tro, not trow. 

Truculent, troo'ku-lent, not trdk-u-lent. 

True, trod not tru. 

Truths, trooths. not Xxoothz. 

Tryst, trlst, not trlst. So tryst'ing-place. 

Tube, tab, not toob. 

Tuberose, tub'rOz or tu'ber-Os. 

Tuesday, taz-dl not toSz'dl. 

Tulip, tulip, not tbO'lip. 

Tumor, tu'mur, not tbo'mur. 

Tumult, tu'mult, not tbO'mult. 

Tune, tan, not toon. 

Turbine, tur'bln, not tur'bxn. 

Turquoise, tur-koiz' or tur-kez. 

Typhus, tl'fus, not ti'pus. 

Typographical, tlp-o-graf'ik-al or ti-po-graf'ik- 
al. So typog'ra-phy, typog'ra-pher. 

Tyrannic, tl-ran'nik, not tl-ran'nik. 

Ultimatum, ul-tl-ma'tum. not ul-ti-ma'tum. 
Umbrageous, um-bra'ius or um-bra-je-us. 
Umbrella, um-brel'la, not um-brll'la. 

Uncouth, un-kooth', not un-koo'A'. 

Unctuous, unkt'yo6-us, not unk'shas. 
Underneath, un-der-nef/i', not un-der-n6th'. 
Unerring, un-8r'ring, or un-er'ring. 
i Unguent, ung'gwent, not un'gwent. 
j Unison, yoo'nl-sun, not yoo'ni-zun. 

| Unscathed, un-skatht' or un-skaMd'. 

Uranus, u'ra-nus, not u-ra nus. 


a>°. eat ; Ice, old, Use, ooze, good, and, 8nd, III, fin, ap, arm, are, ow-1, t/i-en, th-in, get, chop, h-eT. 










MISPRONOUNCED WORDS 


217 


Undersigned, un-der-slnd. not un'der-slnd. 
Usage, yoo'zij, not yob'sij. 

Usufruct, u'zu-frukt, not, u'su-frukt. 

Usurious, ybb-zhbb'rl-us or ybo-zb'rl-us. 
Usurp, u-zurp', not u-surp'. So u-sur-pa'tion. 

Vaccine, vak'sin or vak'sin. 

Vaccinate, vak'sl-nat, not vas'sl-nat. 

Vagary, va-ga'rl, not va'ga-rl. 

Valet, val'et or val'a. 

Valise, va-les' or va-lez'. 

Valuable, val'u-a-bl, not valy'b-bl. 

Variegated, va'rl-e-gat-ed, not va-ri'e-ga-ted. 
Varioloid, vb'rl-o-loid, not vAr'I-o-loid. 

Vase, vas or viiz. 

Vaunt, vawnt or vant. 

Vehement, ve'he-ment, not ve-he'ment. 

Velvet, vel'vet, not vel'vit. 

Vendue, ven-diY, not van-dob'. 

Venial, ve'nl-al, not ven'yal. 

Venison, ven'Izn or ven'zn. 

Verbose, ver-bbs', not ver-boz'. 

Verdigris, ver'dl-grbs, not ver'dl-grls. 
Vermicelli, ver-ml-chel'll or ver-ml-sel'll. 
Vessel, ves'sel, not ves'l. 

Veterinary, vet'er-e-na-rl, not vet'rl-nur-I. 
Vibratory, vi'bra-to-rl, not vib'ra-to-rl. 

Vicar, vik'ar, not vi'kar. 

Vicinity, vl-sin'I-tl, not vl-sin'i-tf. 

Victory, vik'to-rl, not vik'trl. 

Vignette, vin-yet', not vin-et'. 

Vigorous, vig'o-rus, not vig'rus. 

Villain, vil'lin, not vil'un. 

Vindicative, vin'dl-ka-tiv, not vin-dik'a-tiv. 
Vineyard, vin'yard, not vln'yard. 

Violent, vi'o-lent, not voilent. So vi'o-lenee. 
Violet, vi'o-let, not voi'let. 

Violoncello, ve-o-lon-chel'lo or ve-o-lon-sel'lo. 
Viscount, vl'kownt not vis'kownt. 

Virago, vl-ra'go or vl-ra'go, not vl-ra'go. 

Virile, vl'rll or vlr'Il. So viril'ity. 

Visor, viz'ur, not vi'zur. 

Vitiate, vish'l-at, not vish'&t. 

Vitriol, vit'rl-ul, not vit'rul. 

Vituperate, vl-tu'per-at or vl-tu'per-at. 
Vivacious, vl-va'shus or vl-va'shus. 

Vizier, vlz'yer or vl-zer', not vlz'yer. 

/ocable, vo'ka-bl, not vok'a-bl. 

Vocule, vbk'ul or vbk'ul. 

Volatile, vol'a-tll, not vol'a-tll. 

Volume, vol'yum or vol'yoom. 

Volute, vo-lut', not vol'ut. 

Voyage, voi'ej, colloquially , voij. 1 
Vulpine, vul'pln, not vul'pln. 

Wainscot, wan'skot, colloquially , wen'skut. 
Waistcoat, wast'kot, colloquially , wes'kut. 
Walnut, wawl'nut or wbl'nut. 

Walruls, wawl'rus or wbl'rus. 

Wampum, wawm'pum or wbm'pum. 
Wandering, wbn'der-ing, not wbn'dring. 

Want, wawnt or wbnt. 

Warrant, wbr'rant, not wawr'ant. 

Warrior, wawr'yur or wbr'ri-ur. 

Was, wbz, not wuz. 


Wassail, wos'sil, not wAs'sal. 

Water, waw'ter, not wot'er. 

Weapon, wep'un, or wep-n. 

Weary, we'rl or wer'I. 

Weasand. we'zand or we'znd. 

Well, wel, not will. 

Wept, wept, not wep. 

Were, wer, not wftur. 

Westward, west'ward, not west'urd. 

Wharf, hworf, not worf. 

What, hwot, not wot. 

Whether, hweM'er, not wef/i'er. 

Which, liwich, not wich. 

While, hwll, not wll. 

Whinny, hwin'nl, not win'nl. 

Whisk, hwisk, not wisk. 

Whiskey. hwisk'I, not wis'kl. 

Whistle, hwis'l, not hwis'tl nor wis'l. 

White, hwlt, not wit. 

Whither, hwif/i/er, not wP/t'er. 

Whole, hbl, not hul. So Whole'sale. 

Whorl, hworl or hwurl. 

Why, hwl, not wl. 

Wife’s (possessive case), wlfs, not wlvz. 
Window, win'do, not win'der. 

Windpipe, wlnd'plp or wlnd'plp. 

Windrow, wln'ro or wlnd'ro. 

Windward, wlnd'ward, not wlnd'urd. 
Wiseacre, wlz'a-ker, not wlz-a'ker. 

Withe, with, not with. 

Won’t, wont, not wbnt. 

Worse, wurs, not wus. 

Worship, wur'ship, not wush'ip. 

Worst, wurst, not wust. 

Worsted, wbors'ted or wbbs'ted. 

Worth, wurth, not wuth. 

Worthy, wur'f/il, not wuf/i-I. 

Wound (noun and verb), woond or wownd. 
Wrath, rath or rawth. So wrath'ful. 

Wreath (noun), reth, not reth. 

Wreaths (n. jil.), rethz, not reths. 

Wrestle, res'l, not res'tl nor ras'l. 

Wristband, rist'band, colloquially , riz'band. 
Wrong, rong, not rawng. 

Wroth, rawth or rbth. 

Xylographic, zl-lo-graf'ik, not zll-o-graf'ik. 
Xiphoid, zif'oid, r.ot zl'foid. 

Yacht, yot, not yat. 

Yea, ya; ye is obsolete. 

Yellow, yel'lo, not yel'ler nor y&l'lo. 

Yes, ybs, not yls nor ydbs nor yb. 

Yesterday, yes'ter-da, not yis'ter-da. 

Yet, ybt, not ylt. 

Yolk, yok or yolk. 

You, yoo, not yloo nor yb. 

Yonder, yon'der, not yen'der nor yun'der. 
Yourself, yoor-self', not ybr-self'. 

Youths, yooths, not yoothz. 

Zealot, zbl'ut, not zel'ut. 

Zenith, ze'nith, not zen'ith. 

Zoology, zo-ol'o-jl not zbo-ol'o-jl nor zoo'lo-jl. 
Zoological, zo-o-loj'I-kal, not zbo-o-loj'I-kal. 
Zouave, zbb-av' or zwav, not zoo-bv'. 


ale, eat, Ice, old, use v OOze, gbbd, And, bud, III, bn, bp, arm, fare, ow-1, th-c n, th-in. get, ch op, h-er. 











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CONTENTS. 


V 


Legal. Page. 

Assignments. 26 

Form of an assignment. 27 

Bonds. 14 

Form of a common bond. 14 

Bill of sale. 13 

Form of a common bill of sale. 13 

Bank note. 8 


Chattel mortgage. 18 

Form of a chattel mortgage. 19 

Notice of sale on chattel mortgage .... 20 

Due bill. 11 

Deeds. 15 

Form of a deed without covenants .... 15 

Form of a deed with full covenants .... 15 

Form of a quit-claim deed. 16 

Proof of deed. 17 

Homestead laws of each state. 27 

Inland drafts.•. 11 

Judgment note. 9 

Joint negotiable note payable at a bank . . 9 

Joint note. 8 

Landlord and tenant. 20 

Form of a landlord’s agreement of lease . 21 

Form of a tenant’s agreement. 21 

Form of a notice to quit by landlord ... 21 

Form of a notice to quit by tenant.... 21 

Mortgages. 17 

Form of a mortgage. 17 

Satisfaction of mortgage. 18 

Notes and drafts.*. 7 

Note on demand. 8 

Note on demand with interest. 8 

Note on time. 8 

Negotiable note, payable in merchandise . . 9 

Note not negotiable. 9 

Note negotiable by endorsement. 9 

Note negotiable without endorsement. ... 9 

Order for money. 11 

Partnerships. 22 

Form of articles of copartnership. 23 

Receipt on account. 10 

Receipt in full. 10 

Statement of account. 10 

Statute of limitations on open accounts, 

notes, judgments, etc. 34 

Wills. 23 

General form of a Will. 23 

Finance. 

Board by the week. 54 

Benefit of saving banks. 40 


Finance (Continued). „ Page. 

Caution in sending drafts or checks. 40 

Caution to retail dealers. 40 


Converting avordupois into troy weight. . . 51 
Foreign money, its value in U. S. coins . . . 57-58 

Fire insurance, short rates. 60 

Interest tables, from $1.00 to $1,000,14 to 10 


per cent. 41 

Inteiest laws. 37 

Interest rule, the best. 38 

Interest rules, excellent. 39 

Multiplication table, instantaneous. 53 

Money, how it is made, its fineness, etc ... 55 

Number of days from one date to another . 60 

Per cent, table. 39 


Single value of articles sold by the dozen . . 54 

Wages tables, $2X0 to $25.00 per week .... 52 

Population and Statistics. 

Cabinets of every President of the U.S.. . 92 


Copyright laws. 97 

Churches in United States. 86 

Cities of 300,000 and over.110 

Electoral and popular votes for Presidents 

of the United States. 91 

Exports of various countries.108 

Foreign statistics.110 

Farm averages.107 

Farm crops, average of.105 

Growth of American cities. 85 

Internal Revenue taxes.95-97 

Postal laws. 101-703 

Public lands, how and where to obtain 

them.98-100 

Patent fees. 97 

Population of the United States, 1880 .... 63-64 

Population of the United States, 1790-1880. . 65-66 

Population of principal cities. 68 

Population by counties. 71 

Receipts and expenditures of United States 

government, 1857-1881 . 89-90 

Rank of States in farm productions .... 106 

Rulers of principal nations.1C9 

Salaries of United States officers. 95 

Statistics of the globe. 88 

State mottoes. 85 

Size of States, comparative. 67 

Troops furnished the general government 

during the late war. 91 

Temperature of the United States.104 

Distances. 

Distances from one city to another .... 111-116 















































































220 


CONTENTS. 


Weights and Measures Page. 

Capacity of cisterns.126 

Capacity of boxes.123 

Contents of fields and lots.T20 

Grain and hay.122 

Gauging.124 

Grain and bulk.126 

Legal weights in bushels.123 

Lumber measurements.136-134 

Metric system.121 

Railroad freight charges.122 

Superficial areas.126 

Stone work.126 

Tillage.125 


Weights and measures with their equivalents 119 
Miscellaneous. 

’Calendar for two hundred years . . . 142-143 


Differences of time between different cities . 141 

Expectation of life.140 

^Footprints in the sands of time.135 

Origin of the names of the months.138 

Size of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc .... 141 
Wood for fuel, value of.140 

Medical. 

Nutriment in food.146 

Signs used by physicians in writing recipes . 144 
Terms used to express the properties of 
Medicine.144 

Etiquette. 

At the table.155 

Courtship and marriage.159 

Cards and calls.•.151 

Dress and toilet.158 

Introductions.154 

Letter writing.149 

Outdoors.152 

Parties and balls.157 

Salutations.153 

Shaking hands. 154 

Vulgarities and rudenesses.154 

Visiting.161 

Science — Chemistry. 

Air.166 

Atmosphere.167 

Carbon.166 

Carbonic Acid.166 


Science — Chemistry (Continued). Page. 

Clouds. 167 

Dew.167 

Electricity.167 

Fire.170 

Hydrogen.-.166 

Hail.167 

Heat.168 

Light.16-8 

Nitrogen.166 

Ozone.166 

Oxygen.165 

Rain.167 

Rainbow.167 

Snow .167 

Sound.169 

Thunder.167 

Wind.168 

Water.. . 169 

Astronomy. 

• 

Asteroids.178 

Blue Sun.172 

Conjunction.170 

Earth.174 

Elongation.170 

Jupiter.177 

Mercury.172 

Moon.176 

Mars.176 

Neptune.176 

Occulation.171 

Opposition.170 

Right Ascension.171 

Saturn.177 

Sun’s density.171 

Southing.171 

Uranus.177 

Venus.172 

Variable stars.178 

Meteorology. 

Explaining what is meteorology.179 

Forecasting the weather.180 

Sultry days and their cause . 181 

Synonyms. 

Uses of synonyms.182 

Synonyms. 184-201 

Mispronounced words ..202-216 


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